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ENZYME

ENZYME entry: EC 1.1.99.1

Accepted Name
choline dehydrogenase
Alternative Name(s)
choline-cytochrome c reductase
choline oxidase
Reaction catalysed
A + choline <=> AH2 + betaine aldehyde
Comment(s)
  • In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyze the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine.
  • In plants, the first reaction is catalyzed by EC 1.14.15.7 whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalyzed by either EC 1.1.99.1 or EC 1.1.3.17.
  • The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8, appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria.
Cross-references
BRENDA 1.1.99.1
EC2PDB 1.1.99.1
ExplorEnz 1.1.99.1
PRIAM enzyme-specific profiles 1.1.99.1
KEGG Ligand Database for Enzyme Nomenclature 1.1.99.1
IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature 1.1.99.1
IntEnz 1.1.99.1
MEDLINE Find literature relating to 1.1.99.1
MetaCyc 1.1.99.1
Rhea expert-curated reactions 1.1.99.1
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q1QXE1, BETA1_CHRSD Q9L4K0, BETA2_CHRSD Q6FDF9, BETA_ACIAD
B7GYG5, BETA_ACIB3 B7I895, BETA_ACIB5 B2HV79, BETA_ACIBC
B0VST3, BETA_ACIBS B0V945, BETA_ACIBY Q8UH55, BETA_AGRFC
A6X2G7, BETA_BRUA4 A9M9H8, BETA_BRUC2 Q8YFY2, BETA_BRUME
A5VPA6, BETA_BRUO2 B0CKN4, BETA_BRUSI Q8G1Z8, BETA_BRUSU
B1Z034, BETA_BURA4 A0B2F7, BETA_BURCH B4EHJ2, BETA_BURCJ
Q0B711, BETA_BURCM Q39A44, BETA_BURL3 A9AMZ9, BETA_BURM1
Q62CH8, BETA_BURMA B1K707, BETA_BURO0 Q1BQE2, BETA_BURO1
Q3JLL7, BETA_BURP1 Q63KK7, BETA_BURPS Q2T6D0, BETA_BURTA
A4JJG6, BETA_BURVG A8AJN0, BETA_CITK8 A7MFA8, BETA_CROS8
A7ZI50, BETA_ECO24 B7UJG4, BETA_ECO27 B7MCD0, BETA_ECO45
B7L439, BETA_ECO55 Q8X6C6, BETA_ECO57 B5Z1R0, BETA_ECO5E
B7M2V5, BETA_ECO8A B1XE52, BETA_ECODH A7ZWV4, BETA_ECOHS
Q0TKW1, BETA_ECOL5 Q8FKI9, BETA_ECOL6 B1J0W6, BETA_ECOLC
P17444, BETA_ECOLI B7N8L3, BETA_ECOLU B6I074, BETA_ECOSE
B1LIJ7, BETA_ECOSM Q1RFM3, BETA_ECOUT B5Y008, BETA_KLEP3
A6T613, BETA_KLEP7 B2JS89, BETA_PARP8 B2TCJ8, BETA_PARPJ
Q13NG7, BETA_PARXL Q6D6D9, BETA_PECAS C6DKY4, BETA_PECCP
Q6LGH5, BETA_PHOPR B4EX94, BETA_PROMH Q48CM7, BETA_PSE14
A6VEI3, BETA_PSEA7 B7V5R3, BETA_PSEA8 Q02DZ0, BETA_PSEAB
Q9HTJ2, BETA_PSEAE Q1IG70, BETA_PSEE4 Q4K4K7, BETA_PSEF5
C3K3D3, BETA_PSEFS A4XPI5, BETA_PSEMY A5WA97, BETA_PSEP1
Q3K5H3, BETA_PSEPF B0KN19, BETA_PSEPG Q88CW6, BETA_PSEPK
Q88AE7, BETA_PSESM Q4ZM63, BETA_PSEU2 B3PTE0, BETA_RHIE6
Q2KB43, BETA_RHIEC Q1MJU4, BETA_RHIJ3 Q985M5, BETA_RHILO
B5ZUG2, BETA_RHILW P54223, BETA_RHIME B9JBA2, BETA_RHIR8
A8GBX9, BETA_SERP5 Q0T7N0, BETA_SHIF8 C3MIE4, BETA_SINFN
A6U6Y8, BETA_SINMW A7X6Z3, BETA_STAA1 A6U4Z2, BETA_STAA2
Q2FDP9, BETA_STAA3 Q2FV11, BETA_STAA8 A5IW37, BETA_STAA9
Q2YWJ5, BETA_STAAB Q5HCU1, BETA_STAAC A6QK99, BETA_STAAE
P60336, BETA_STAAM P60337, BETA_STAAN Q6GDJ1, BETA_STAAR
Q6G664, BETA_STAAS A8Z5A4, BETA_STAAT Q8NUM0, BETA_STAAW
Q5HL11, BETA_STAEQ Q8CMY2, BETA_STAES Q4L9D7, BETA_STAHJ
Q4A0Q1, BETA_STAS1 Q9X2M2, BETA_STAXY B4SHV9, BETA_STRM5
B2FQ89, BETA_STRMK A7N2P9, BETA_VIBC1 Q8D3K2, BETA_VIBVU
Q7MF12, BETA_VIBVY Q8PPG8, BETA_XANAC Q3BXK8, BETA_XANC5
Q4UYN5, BETA_XANC8 B0RNU9, BETA_XANCB Q8P5D7, BETA_XANCP
A7FKL6, BETA_YERP3 Q1C932, BETA_YERPA B2K8U4, BETA_YERPB
Q8ZGW0, BETA_YERPE Q1CFR7, BETA_YERPN A4TNP2, BETA_YERPP
Q66D54, BETA_YERPS B1JSR0, BETA_YERPY Q8NE62, CHDH_HUMAN
Q8BJ64, CHDH_MOUSE Q6UPE0, CHDH_RAT

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