Sleep is a fundamental component of good health, however its promotion in acute hospital settings does not appear to be a priority. This literature review, which considered qualitative and quantitative research methodology, aimed to determine the factors that affect the quality of sleep experienced by patients in hospital, and the effects of sleep deprivation on the health and wellbeing of these individuals. Causes of sleep disruption are varied and include environmental and bio-cognitive factors, including pain, bright light, noise, anxiety and stress. The environmental and bio-cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation on the health and recovery of hospital inpatients are outlined.