The Closed World:
Computers and
the Politics of Discourse
in Cold War America
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996)
by Paul N. Edwards
Associate Professor
School of Information and Residential College
301D West Hall
University of Michigan
550 East University
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1092
The Closed World offers a radically new alternative to the canonical histories of computers and cognitive science. Arguing that we can make sense of computers as tools only when we simultaneously grasp their roles as metaphors and political icons, Paul Edwards shows how Cold War social and cultural contexts shaped emerging computer technology -- and were transformed, in turn, by information machines.
The Closed World explores three apparently disparate histories -- the history of American global power, the history of computing machines, and the history of subjectivity in science and culture -- through the lens of the American political imagination. In the process, it reveals intimate links between the military projects of the Cold War, the evolution of digital computers, and the origins of cybernetics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence.
Edwards begins by describing the emergence of a "closed-world discourse" of global surveillance and control through high-technology military power. The Cold War political goal of "containment" led to the SAGE continental air defense system, Rand Corporation studies of nuclear strategy, and the advanced technologies of the Vietnam War. These and other centralized, computerized military command and control projects -- for containing world-scale conflicts -- helped closed-world discourse dominate Cold War political decisions. Their apotheosis was the Reagan-era plan for a "Star Wars" space-based ballistic missile defense.
Edwards then shows how these military projects helped computers become axial metaphors in psychological theory. Analyzing the Macy Conferences on cybernetics, the Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, and the early history of artificial intelligence, he describes the formation of a "cyborg discourse." By constructing both human minds and artificial intelligences as information machines, cyborg discourse assisted in integrating people into the hyper-complex technological systems of the closed world.
Finally, Edwards explores the cyborg as political identity in science fiction -- from the disembodied, panoptic AI of
2001: A Space Odyssey, to the mechanical robots of
Star Wars and the engineered biological androids of
Blade Runner -- where Information Age culture and subjectivity were both reflected and constructed.
Prizes
The Closed World received an Honorable Mention for the Rachel Carson Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science in 1998.
Reviews
The Closed World has been reviewed in a wide variety of publications, including Nature, Isis, The Nation, American Historical Review, Choice, and The New Scientist. Reviews have appeared in Norwegian, German, French Canadian, and Greek journals.
The following reviews are available via WWW:
The Closed World is presently being translated into Japanese.
View and Download
From this site you can view the full text of the Preface and Chapter 1 in HTML format.
You can also download the Preface, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, and Chapter 3 in PDF.
Winter 1996
ISBN 0-262-05051-X
440 pp., $40.00 (cloth), $17.50 (paper)
Ordering information:
MIT Press,
Amazon Books (includes brief review)
Last updated January, 1999.
