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Listing of Bachas Scientific Ancestors (in alphabetical order by first name)
Images below from University of Pennsylvania Library, Center for Electronic Text and Image
http://www.library.upenn.edu/etext/smith/chemists.html


Name
Dates
Degree
Degree Date
Degree Place
Adriaan van den Spieghel
1578-1625
 M.D.
 ca. 1603
 Padua
Andrew Plummer
1698-1756
 M.D.
 1722
 Leiden
Anthony H. v.d. Boon Mesch
1804-1874
 Ph.D.
 1826
 Leiden
Antoine F. de Fourcroy
1755-1809
 M.D.
 1780
 Paris
Antoine Lavoisier
1743-1794
 L.L.B.
 1764
 Paris
Antoine P.N. Franchimont
1844-1919
 Ph.D.
 1871
 Leiden
Antoine Vallot 1594-1671 M.D. ca. 1617 Paris
Antonio M. Brasavola
1500-1555
 M.D./Ph.D.
 1520
 Ferrara
Augustin LeRoyer 1793-1863 ?, pharmacist ? Geneva
Burchard de Volder
1643-1709
 M.D.
 1664
 Leiden
Caspar G.C. Reinwardt
1773-1854
 Ph.D.
 1801
 Harderwijk
Charles G. De La Rive 1770-1834 M.D. 1797 Edinburgh
Christoph A. Mangold
1719-1767
 M.D.
 1751
 Erfurt
Christophe Glaser
1615-1678
 M.D.
 1640
 Basel
Claude Berthollet
1748-1822
 M.D.
 1778
 Paris
Cornelis A. Lobry de Bruyn
1857-1904
 Ph.D.
 1883
 Leiden
Ernst G. Baldinger
1738-1804
 M.D.
 1760
 Jena
Franciscus Sylvius
1614-1672
 M.D.
 1637
 Basel
Friedrich A. Kekule
1829-1852
 Ph.D.
 1852
 Giessen
Gabriele Fallopio
1523-1562
 M.D.
 1548
 Ferrara
Garry A. Rechnitz
1936-
 Ph.D.
 1961
 U. of Illinois
Georg E. Hamberger
1697-1755
 M.D.
 1721
Jena
George W. Wedel
1645-1721
 M.D.
 1669
 Jena
Gerard Vrolik
1775-1859
 M.D.
 1796
 Leiden
Girolamo A. Fabrici
1533-1619
 M.D.
 1559
 Padua
Giulio C. Casseri
1552-1616
 M.D.
 1580
 Padua
Guillame F. Rouelle
1703-1770
 Apothecary
 1725
 Paris
Heinrich Will
1812-1890
 Ph.D.
 1839
 Giessen
Herbert A. Laitinen
1915-1991
 Ph.D.
 1940
 U. of Minnesota
Hermann Boerhaave
1668-1738
 M.D.
 1693
 Harderwijk
Isaak M. Kolthoff
1894-1993
 Ph.D.
 1918
 Utrecht
J.G. Spitzley
1690?-1750?
 Apothecary
 ?
 Paris
Jean B.A. Dumas
1800-1884
 Ph.D.
 1832
 Paris
Jean B.M. Bucquet
1746-1780
 M.D.
 1770
 Paris
Johann A. Wedel
1675-1747
 M.D.
 1697
 Jena
Johann C. Wieglieb
1732-1800
 Apothecary
 ca. 1765
 Langensalza
Johann F.A. Gottling
1753-1809
 Apothecary
 1775
 Langensalza
John Allen 1771-1843 M.D. 1791 Edinburgh
Joseph L. Gay-Lussac
1778-1850
 M.A.
 1800
 Paris
Justus von Liebig
1803-1873
 Ph.D.
 1822
 Erlangen
Karl F.W.G. Kastner
1783-1857
 Ph.D.
 1805
 Jena
Louis J. Thenard
1777-1857
 Ph.D.
 1797
 Paris
Louis N. Vauquelin
1763-1829
 M.D.
 1789
 Pais
Mark E. Meyerhoff
1953-
 Ph.D.
 1979
 SUNY - Buffalo
Nicolaas Schoorl
1872-1942
 Ph.D.
 1901
 Amsterdam
Nicolas Lemery
1645-1715
 Apothecary
 ca. 1667
 Paris
Nicolo da Lonigo
1428-1524
 M.D./Ph.D.
1453 
 Padua
Pelope
?
 ?
 ?
 ?
Pierre J. Macquer
1718-1784
 M.D.
 1742
 Paris
Pierre F. Tingery 1743-1821 ? ca. 1770 Paris
Sebald J. Brugmans
1763-1819
 M.D.
 1785
 Groningen
Stupaeus
?
 ?
 ?
 ?
Werner Rolfink
1599-1673
 M.D.
 1625
 Padua
William Cullen
1710-1790
 M.D.
 1740
 Glasgow
Wolter F. Verschuir
1739-1793
 M.D.
 1766
 Groningen

 

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Biographies of Scientific Ancestors









Adriaan van den Spieghel
Professor of anatomy, surgery, and botany; published works on malaria and tapeworms, and one of the first texts on plant anatomy; wrote an influential anatomical text, De humani corporis fabrica, that was published posthumously; also wrote a treatise on human embryology.

Andrew Plummer
Analyzed mineral waters and coal; established teaching of modern chemistry in Britain; developed "Plummerís pills" which were used for nearly 200 years to treat various diseases-the pills contained antimony sulfide and mercuric chloride (calomel).

Anthony H. v.d. Boon Mesch
Studied fermentation, mineralogy, industrial chemistry, soil and agricultural chemistry, construction of voltaic batteries, and boiling points of water-alcohol mixtures.

Antoine F. de Fourcroy
Member of the editorial board of Lavoisierís journal Annales de Chimie; wrote a ten-volume text that organized chemistry with concepts such as elements, acids, bases, and salts; collaborated with Lavoisier, Berthollet, and de Morveau on nomenclature for chemical compounds.

Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Modern Chemistry.  Overturned phlogiston theory and proposed modern view of combustion; established chemical components of water; co-founded modern chemical nomenclature; founded science of calorimetry; discovered law of conservation of matter; established chemical identity of metal oxides; wrote first modern chemistry textbook "Traite Elementaire de Chimie" in 1789; guillotined after French Revolution.

Antoine P.N. Franchimont
Co-discovered triphenylmethane and anthraquinone; studied the acylation of sugars and cellulose; studied nitroamino compounds and discovered "tetryl" which was a popular explosive in the early 1900s; studied chemistry of hydrogen azide, urea, urethanes, nitric acid, and oxalic acid.

Antoine Vallot
Physician (personal physician to King Louis XIV of France); botanist; director of Jardin du Roi.

Antonio M. Brasavola
Physician to Francis I of France, Kaiser Charles V of Germany, King Henry VIII of England, and Popes Paul III, Leo X, Clemens VII, and Julius III; introduced the use of many plants for medical purposes; organized the famous botanical gardens of Belvedere.

Augustin LeRoyer
Pharmacist; discovered presence of iodine in sponges and manufactured iodine for the treatment of goiter; co-advanced a new theory of digestion.  Little information of LeRoyer could be found; he operated a family pharmacy jointly with Tingry, an older man trained as a chemist and who taught classes in Geneva; from this we suggest that Tingry was LeRoyerís teacher.

Burchard de Volder
Professor of natural philosophy and mathematics; enthusiastic follower of Boyle; published studies on the weight of air; improved the air pump; set up the first physics laboratory in Leiden; co-edited the works of Christian Huygens.

Caspar G.C. Reinwardt
Professor of biology, geology, natural history, and chemistry; director of Harderwijk botanical museum; collected botanical specimens in Java and elsewhere in the British East India colonies.

Charles Gaspard de la Rive
Teacher; early supporter of Davyís views on electrochemistry, Daltonís atomic theory, and Berzeliusí theory of definite proportions; studied sound produced by a jet of hydrogen burning in a tube; invented a new galvanometer based on the electrolytic decomposition of water; followed his teacher Allen in attributing animal heat to the combustion in the blood of food particles; invented a qualitative test for the presence of arsenic.

Christoph A. Mangold
Professor of anatomy, chemistry, and philosophy; investigated the chemistry of gunpowder; analyzed cinnabar; proposed a new system of medical thought based on the ideas that a medical diagnosis can only be made after careful comparison to the patientís symptoms and medical tests with those of many other previously studied patients, and that none of the then popular theories of diseases and illnesses was true or useful; recognized the importance of distinguishing the underlying illnesses and overlying complications; recognized that a therapy must not be judged effective just because the symptoms are relieved since some patients get better by themselves.

Christophe Glaser
Professor at Jardin du Roi; described preparation of arsenic trichloride; bismuth oxynitrate, and potassium sulfate; imprisoned in the Bastille for supplying arsenic to Sainte-Croix, who poisoned the Marchioness de Brinvilliers.

Claude Berthollet
Determined composition of NH3, HCN, H2S; the latter two compounds disproved Lavoisierís contention that oxygen was the key component of acids; introduced aqueous chlorine as a bleaching agent; one of the originators of volumetric analysis; showed presence of nitrogen in animal matter; discovered cyanogen chloride and potassium chlorate; co-founded modern chemical nomenclature.

Cornelis A. Lobry de Bruyn
First to prepare free hydroxylamine and hydrazine; studied ammonia derivatives of sugars; popularized use of methanol and ethanol as reaction solvents; studied alkali salts of sugars; used optical scattering and centrifuges to study colloids and suspensions; synthesis and characterization of nitroaromatic compounds; studied kinetics of the formation of ether from organic halides and alkoxides and the effect of water on the rate.

Ernst G. Baldinger
Professor of medicine; founded a chemical library at Marburg; established in 1775 first specialized scientific journal published in any language, Magazine fur Arzte; wrote text on medical ailments of soldiers based on his experiences as a surgeon in the Seven Yearsí War.

Franciscus Sylvius
Physician and professor of medicine; one of the first to defend Harveyís new theory of the circulation of the blood; described the anatomy of the brain and cerebral arteries; champion of iatrochemistry-the idea that illnesses are treatable by chemical medicines; investigated heat given off when acids react with alkalis and iron filings.

Friedrich A. Kekule
Co-founded structural organic chemistry; established structure of benzene, and existence of double and triple bonds; first to recognize that in hydrocarbons the carbon atoms are connected to one another; derived the 2n+2 rule for the stoichiometry of alkanes; studied organic acids, azo, and diazo compounds, electrolysis of dibasic acids, and carboxylation of aryl bromides.

Gabriele Fallopio
Professor of botany, surgery, and anatomy; discovered Fallopian tubes and described the anatomy of the kidneys; described the structure of the skull, especially the muscles and the cranial and facial nerves; studied the ossification of bones and dentition of the teeth during growth; first to describe the cochlea, the vestibules, and the semicircular canals of the ear.

Garry A. Rechnitz
Retired as Professor at University of Hawaii in December of 2000; focuses on bioanalytical chemistry with emphasis on biosensors for biomedicine and biotechnology, particularly biomagnetic neurosensors, immunosensors, receptor-based sensors, and biocatalytic sensors; pioneer in the area of tissue-based sensors.

Georg E. Hamberger
Professor of medicine, surgery, and botany; studied the physiology of respiration, especially the mechanism of breathing; wrote important textbook on physiology and described the function of the thorax muscles, intercostal muscles, and pleural sac; studied reaction of camphor with nitric acid; wrote about the causes of gravitation and the ascension of gases.

George W. Wedel
Professor of surgery, botany, theoretical medicine, practical medicine, and chemistry; prolific author, especially on alchemy and pharmaceutical chemistry; studied plating of copper onto iron from copper sulfate solutions; studied volatile salts obtained from plants; invented new medicines; drew up a new and accurate edition of the Greek Bible translated into German.

Gerard Vrolik
Professor of botany, anatomy, physiology, and obstetrics; was the first professor in Holland to found an obstetric clinic; established a private anatomical museum which became an important part of the Amsterdam Academy collection; expert on the anatomy of the pelvis and its relationship to the birth process and bipedalism in man; wrote texts on the defoliation of plants and the flora of Amsterdam.

Girolamo A. Fabrici
Professor of anatomy and surgery; first to describe in detail the valves in veins; wrote treatises on the anatomy of the larynx, the lens of the eye, the mechanics of respiration, and the actions of muscles; published exhaustive study of the development of the chick embryo and thereby founded fields of comparative and developmental embryology.

Giulio C. Casseri
Professor of surgery and anatomy; gave first detailed descriptions of the organs of speech and hearing, especially of the tympanic nerve and its relation to the hammer and stirrup bones of the ear; published text containing extensive anatomical tables.

Guillame F. Rouelle
Founder of French school of chemistry; geologist and phlogistonist; proposed first modern definition of salts and first to distinguish neutral, acid, and basic salts; explained dehydrating action of sulfuric acid; proposed a theory of distillation; studied the reaction of essential oils with nitric acid; studied the chemical components of plants; analyzed mineral waters; established that the Egyptians used Na2CO3, succinic acid, and coal to effect mummification.

Heinrich Will
Co-inventor of improved method of determining nitrogen in organic compound; co-discoverer of trinitroresorcinol; showed that oil of mustard is allyl thiocyanate; invented a vapor pressure method to determine molecular weights; studied products of the potassium reduction of carbon monoxide.

Herbert A. Laitinen
Leader in synthetic rubber research; carried out research on electrochemistry, polarography, amperometric titrations, diffusion, polarization of microelectrodes, fused salts, environmental science, and surface chemistry.

Hermann Boerhaave
Founder of clinical teaching; established that smallpox is spread by contact; outstanding teacher and writer; introduced exact quantitative methods into chemistry by measuring temperature and using the best available balances; considered the founder of physical chemistry; first to obtain urea and discovered its diuretic properties; demonstrated that water is a product of the combustion of alcohol; provided evidence against the transmutation of metals; proved experimentally that heat is weightless and carried out first calorimetric studies; classified and studied solubilities of salts.

Isaak M. Kolthoff
Studied acid-base titrations; including characteristics of indicators, pH paper, buffers, and pH electrodes; pioneered conductometric analyses, especially end-point detection; coined the terms potentiometric titration and amperometric titration, and carried out many studies of these techniques; studied analytically important precipitates for gravimetric analyses; pioneer in use of radioactive indicators; studied kinetics of emulsion polymerization; developed industrial method for the low temperature synthesis of rubber; wrote many monographs and textbooks, including editing most of well-renown, multi-volume Treatise on Analytical Chemistry.  One of the chemistry buildings at the University of Minnesota is named in his honor.

J.G. Spitzley
 Little is known, birth and death dates are guesses in table.

Jean B.A. Dumas
Wrote a commentary criticizing Berzeliusí radical theory of chemical structure and later discovered the methyl radical; wanted to remove the word atom from chemical vocabulary; invented the type theory of organic structure; developed methods for determining nitrogen content of organic compounds based on combustion, and for measuring the atomic weights of liquid and solid substances based on vaporization; first to isolate anthracene from coal.

Jean B.M. Bucquet
Analyzed zeolite; first to teach Lavoisierís theories in France; collaborator with Lavoisier from 1777; first detailed accounts on plant chemistry; showed CO2 was acidic; analyzed opium; discovered morphine; studied chemistry of NH4Cl and arsenic salts; analyzed blood and isolated fibrin.

Johann A. Wedel
Professor of medicine; published texts on fermentation, camphor, magnesium carbonate, the combustion of sulfur, and on a variety of medical topics.

Johann C. Wieglieb
Phlogistonist; apothecary; founded the first chemical-pharmaceutical institute in Germany; investigated fermentation, alkaline slats in plants, and the combustion of chalk; disputed possibility of the transmutation of elements; reported that oxalic acid is a separate compound.

Johann F.A. Gottling
Developed and sold chemical assay kits and studied processes for extracting sugar from beets, both to supplement his small university salary; studied chemistry of sulfur, arsenic, phosphorus, and mercury; wrote texts on analytical chemistry; studied oxidation of organic compounds by nitric acid; one of first in Germany to take a stand against the phlogiston hypothesis and for the new "French" chemistry of Lavoisier.

Joseph L. Gay-Lussac
Co-discovered Charlesí Law relating temperature to the volume of gases; discovered boron and established elementary nature of iodine and sulfur; analyzed sugar; showed that fluoride was a constituent of bones; discovered law of combining volumes and originator of volumetric analysis; showed that one volume of oxygen reacts with two volumes of hydrogen to give water and established similar relationships for NH3 + HCl, N2 + O2, and N2 + 3H2; developed assay of Ag+ by titration with chloride; studied chemistry of cyanogen; showed that "prussic acid" was HCN; first prepared ethyl iodide, hydrogen fluoride, organic amides, and the peroxides of Na and K; coined the name racemic acid; held world record for manned balloon flight (7019 meters) and pioneered measurement of temperature, pressure, humidity, and magnetic field strength as a function of height.

John Allen
Physician, lecturer, historian; translated Cuvierís "Introduction to the Study of Animal Economy"; wrote books on Spanish history, English royalty, and Scottish independence.

Justus von Liebig
Promoted view that metabolism involved oxidation of food; discovered structural isomers, and concept of functional groups; first to experiment with artificial fertilizers; pioneer in agricultural and food chemistry; devised combustion analysis; one of the great chemistry teachers of all time-he was the intellectual father/grandfather of most chemists of his time; systemized organic acids.

Karl F.W.G. Kastner
Pharmacist; chemist; teacher; wrote many textbooks on chemistry, German industry, and meteorology; studied triboluminescence induced by sublimation or dissolution, catalytic effect of Pt on hydrogen combustion. Chlorination of starch and sugar, medical applications of bisulfates and calcium salts, and preparation of various organic compounds; analyzed mineral waters and developed water purification methods; invented a galvanometer.

Louis J. Thenard
Co-discoverer of boron; worked extensively with devising methods of organic analysis.

Louis N. Vauquelin
Discovered the element chromium; isolated many substances of medical interest including urea, allantoin, asparagine, quinic acid, cyanic acid, and uric acid.

Mark E. Meyerhoff.
Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan; extensive research in the areas of bioanalytical chemistry, electrochemical and optical sensors, liquid chromatography, and immunoassays.

Nicolaas Schoorl
Pioneer in microchemical analyses; studied carbamide derivatives of sugars; developed titrimetric and gravimetric methods for the quantitative determination of metals and metalloids, and for the analysis of sugars, milk constituents, and various organic functional groups; investigated steam distillation methods.

Nicolas Lemery
First to distinguish between organic and inorganic chemistry; adopted an atomic theory assuming that fundamental particles have characteristic shapes; discovered a commercial process for the production of sulfuric acid; obtained boric acid from borax; investigated chemistry of antimony sulfide; analyzed camphor and honey.

Nicolo da Lonigo
One of the most famous scholars of his time and largely responsible for the reformation in medicine in the 16th century; professor of mathematics, Greek philosophy, and medicine; pioneer in the accurate translation of ancient Greek medical texts into Latin, especially those of Galen and Hippocrates; published first scholarly work on syphilis.

Pelope
 ???

Pierre Francois Tingry
Chemist, pharmacist, and mineralogist; professor of natural history and applied chemistry; wrote texts on the chemistry of varnish and on mineral waters; wrote articles on phosphoric acid, phosphorescence, electricity, and fossils.

Pierre J. Macquer
First to notice that water is produced by a hydrogen flame; analyzed gypsum and discovered first arsenate salts; showed Prussian Blue contains Fe and devised a method to use it to dye wool and silk; re-introduced the term "gas"; wrote first modern chemical dictionary; used burning lenses to study effect of high temperatures on platinum and diamonds.

Sebald J. Brugmans
Professor of philosophy, astronomy, botany, natural history, and chemistry; wrote a famous text on gangrene; consulting physician to King Louis Bonaparte of Holland; his oratorical talent was so notable that for years afterward it was proverbial in Holland to say "He speaks like Brugmans".

Stupaeus
 ???

Werner Rolfink
First professor of chemistry in Jena; also taught anatomy, surgery, and botany; gave lectures that involved dissection of executed criminals-an innovation that aroused controversy; first to demonstrate the location of cataracts in the lens of the eye; wrote texts on pharmaceutical chemistry; opposed alchemical and superstitious thinking, and wrote a book on chemical impossibilities such as the transmutation of metals into gold, the resuscitation of a plant from its ashes, obtaining oils from precious stones, etc.

William Cullen
Held the first independent lectureship in chemistry in the British Isles and first at Glasgow to teach in English rather than Latin; discovered the phenomenon of the cold produced by evaporating fluids; first to give symbolic precision to the affinity tables then in vogue; studied various medical phenomena, especially classification of diseases; suggested analysis of soil for nitrate content to determine soil fertility.

Wolter F. Verschuir
Professor of medicine, pathology, and chemistry; wrote works on epidemic fevers, on disorders of the arteries and veins, the inoculation of pustules, and the uses of experiment and observation in medicine; adherent of Cullenís views on chemistry.
 
 

a divider

Background about Leonidas G. BachasResearch interests of other facultySend for application materialsGo to our Departmental home page

[Dr. Bachas' CV]   [Faculty research]   [Application Form]   [Chemistry Homepage]

This page was last updated Friday, November 17, 2000.

This document and associated figures are copyright 1995-2000 by Leonidas G. Bachas . All rights reserved.