Bathgate:
The name of this neighborhood remembers Alexander Bathgate, even though a New York commission once tried to erase his name from the map. Bathgate, a Scottish immigrant, worked the land of the Morris estate in the early nineteenth century, and was eventually able to buy 140 acres from Gouveneur Morris II. His descendants sold the property to the city in 1884, for use as a park which they expected would carry their name. But after a surveying dispute, officials spitefully titled the new green space Crotona Park.

Extension of the elevated line along Third Avenue at the turn of the twentieth century brought to Bathgate a European immigrant population largely drawn from lower Manhattan. (By the mid-twentieth-century, it had been replaced by Latinos and African-Americans.) In 1982, with many of its residential buildings derelict and abandoned, the area welcomed a new development, the Federally-assisted 21-acre Bathgate Industrial Park.

Baychester:
Between the colonial settlements of Westchester and Eastchester, at the mouth of the Hutchinson River and the head of Eastchester Bay, this flat and marshy section was devoted to farming in the nineteenth century. Later plans for an airfield and a brief life as an amusement park were succeeded by the building of Co-op City (1968-70), one of the country's largest commercial housing developments. Home to 60,000 people, many of them former residents of the western Bronx, Co-op City has its own stores, theatres, schools, and fire house. Alongside the 35 apartment towers rise eight multilevel garages: Co-op City was made possible by new highway construction—Long Island bridges, and the Bruckner and Cross-Bronx Expressways, for example—just as earlier Bronx neighborhoods had been the result of subway building.

The Grand Boulevard and Concourse near Bedford
Park Boulevard, 1915
Bronx Chamber of Commerce Collection, Courtesy of Lehman College
Library/CUNY Special Collections

Bedford Park:
In the 1880s, forty "villas," large suburban houses, were built in the northeast Bronx on a 23-acre tract named after a planned "garden" community in London. Its only neighbor, the fashionable Jerome Park Racecourse just to the west, was sold in 1894 to provide land for a new reservoir. Bedford Park retained its rural exclusiveness until the 1920s, when real estate developers, following the Grand Concourse and new El and subway lines northward, started to build smaller residences and apartment houses in the vicinity. Another boost to development: unused land alongside the Jerome Park Reservoir provided sites for some major Bronx institutions—the Kingsbridge Armory (1917), one of the world's largest, the campus of Lehman College (begun in the early 'thirties as Hunter College in the Bronx), and three high schools—Walton, DeWitt Clinton, and the Bronx High School of Science. (Recently the Reservoir itself, with the surrounding green, has been designated a Bronx landmark.)

Belmont:
"Belmont" was the name of the nineteenth-century estate of Jacob Lorillard, adjoining the factory and mill on the Bronx River where he manufactured tobacco products. A small village nearby kept the name after the factory was sold and the estate broken up in the 1880's. (The Lorillard house itself became a hospice, today St. Barnabas Hospital.) A decade later, construction of the neighboring Bronx Zoo and the Jerome Park Reservoir drew immigrant Italian artisans and laborers to Belmont, a population reinforced when the Third Avenue El and IRT connected the neighborhood with downtown Manhattan. The streets around Arthur Avenue, site of the Enrico Fermi Cultural Center, are still lined with Italian markets, bakeries, and restaurants.

Bronxdale:
Originally settled as a village on the Bronx River, surrounded in the nineteenth-century by cloth factories which used (and polluted) the river water, Bronxdale became residential only after the construction of the subway in 1917. White Plains Road, in the shadow of the elevated tracks, is the neighborhood’s main north-south artery. Contrasting Pelham Parkway (officially, "Bronx and Pelham Parkway"), the main east-west thoroughfare, is a broad tree-lined avenue along which cantering horses overtake strollers and bike riders. Joining Bronx and Pelham Bay Parks, it was laid out in 1884, part of an enlightened New York City plan for a greenbelt in the soon-to-be annexed area.

Sentinel lions and pediment
Lion House, 1902-1903
NYS Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo
Bronx Park

Bronx Park:
It occupies a piece of land along the Bronx River approximately 2 miles long and 662 acres in area. Owned during the eighteenth century by the Delancey family, it passed to the Lorillards, manufacturers of tobacco products, who set up a snuff mill that still stands. In 1884, the New York State Assembly authorized the purchase of undeveloped land north of Manhattan to be used as a park system for the increasingly crowded city. Acquired in 1888, Lorillard land north of Fordham Road was allocated to the New York Botanical Garden (1891), the land south of it to the New York Zoological Society, which opened the "Bronx Zoo" in 1899. In both areas, the collections were displayed in remarkable buildings (such as the glass-and-steel Enid Haupt Conservatory [1902] and the zoo's Baird Court). Also to be found in Bronx Park: an impressively violent river gorge and the last surviving forest in the city.

Bronx River:
The Indians called it Aquahung. Settlers named it after Jonas Bronck, the earliest European farmer along the East River shore of the mainland: it was "Bronck’s River." Beginning in Westchester County, near Kensico Reservoir, it winds fifteen miles southward to the base of Hunt's Point, where it enters the East River. Along the way, it cuts through Bronx Park in the dramatic gorge of the New York Botanical Garden, and touches Williamsbridge, West Farms, Soundview, and other Bronx communities. It is the major geographical divider of the borough, the boundary between the hilly areas and the eastern coastal plain, the border between the wards of "North New York" on the Harlem side, annexed in 1874 and given an urban infrastructure, and the much-later-developing sections of lower Westchester. The importance of the river even seems to show up in our borough’s name. Why do we add a definite article—that is, call it "the Borough of THE Bronx" rather than "the Borough of Bronx"? (Compare "the Borough of Brooklyn," for instance.) Some experts think it’s because the name really denotes "the borough of the Bronx River."

City Island:
City Island's name recalls an over-ambitious attempt by Benjamin Palmer, who purchased the one-and-three-quarter-mile-long island (called Minniford by natives) in 1761, hoping to divert southbound trade to a new port on Long Island Sound. With the collapse of these plans, City Island reverted to humbler maritime occupations: the extraction of salt from seawater, the provision of pilots for the dangerous waters of the East River, the building of ships. Today a boating and fishing center, its main street, City Island Avenue, is filled with restaurants.

Claremont:
The 38-acre holding of Martin Zborowski, a western neighbor of the Bathgates, gave this neighborhood its name. The city bought the estates of both families in the 1880s, creating Claremont and Crotona Parks. The neighborhood, densely populated in the ‘twenties and ‘thirties, was severed from Tremont to the north by the Cross-Bronx Expressway, a damaging highway project of the ‘fifties. After Claremont housing and business suffered almost total devastation in the ‘sixties and ‘seventies, nearby Charlotte Street was visited by presidential candidates, who publicized plans for urban rehabilitation. These were largely realized in the following decades.

Clason's Point:
One of several peninsulas which protrude into the East River from the southern Bronx, Clason Point stands between the mouth of the Bronx River and, to the east, Pugsley's Creek. The site of a large Native American settlement, comprising more than seventy dwellings, it was known as Snapakins, "land by the two waters," when the first European settler, Thomas Cornell, established his farm in the mid-seventeenth century. Dotted with summer estates in the nineteenth century (when it borrowed the name of landowner Isaac Clason), the riverside settlement soon attracted excursion steamers from downtown, offering swimming, restaurants, dance halls, and other amusements. With the building of the IRT tracks above Westchester Avenue in 1920, the neighborhood became home to commuting families. In the 1980's, the last of the large beach clubs was replaced by a public housing project.

Crotona Park East:
In 1884, after wrangling with the Bathgate family over details of the land purchase, city commissioners refused to honor an agreement to name a new park after its former owners. Instead, they called it "Crotona"—although no one is any longer sure why they chose that title. Were they commemorating an ancient city of Italy, famed for its athletes and philosophers? Or were they thinking of the New Croton Aqueduct, under construction not far away? Once countryside bordering the town of West Farms, the area around the park had been annexed by New York City in 1874. Crotona, crowded with tenement and apartment houses through the first half of the 20th century, attracted national attention in the ‘seventies with its burned-out buildings and bulldozed vacant lots. Today the neighborhood’s single-family housing developments, such as Charlotte Gardens, bring a suburban character to the central Bronx.

Fordham:
Fordham ("village by the ford") refers to a settlement near a shallow crossing of the Harlem River, until 1693 the only entry to Manhattan from the north. The large manor which took the name originally stretched from the Harlem to the Bronx River, and south from what is today Kingsbridge Road to Highbridge. Divided into farms after the failure of the original sixteenth-century grantholder, John Archer, Fordham's rural anonymity went undisturbed until the New York and Harlem Railroad, pushing north, opened a station at what is now Fordham Road and Webster Avenue in 1841. Two responses to this new accessibility are recalled by sites in the neighborhood. In 1845 Edgar Allan Poe brought his ailing wife from Manhattan to rural Fordham. On Grand Concourse, across the street from its original location, stands the cottage where the Poes lived, and where he wrote "Annabell Lee" and "The Bells". Even closer to the railroad line is the campus of Fordham University, which was opened by Bishop John Hughes as St.John's College in 1841. Like most of the northern Bronx, the Fordham area remained dormant until cheap public transportation supplemented the rail line. In rapid succession, the Third Avenue El (1903), the Jerome Avenue IRT (1914), and the IND under Grand Concourse (1933) opened the neighborhood to emigrees from Manhattan and the lower Bronx. By the 'thirties Fordham Road, the main east-west thoroughfare, had replaced 149th Street as the borough's major shopping and entertainment center.

Highbridge:
This neighborhood takes its name from a monumental crossing of the Harlem River at 173rd Street, the oldest New York City bridge still standing. In 1838, planners debated how the aqueduct bringing water from the Croton Reservoir would cross the Harlem to Manhattan. The alternatives: a pipe set on an embankment just above water level, and one on Roman arches of stone 180 feet above the water's surface. The more difficult but more splendid "high bridge" having been chosen, it took until 1848 for laborers, many of them Irish immigrants housed at the site, to complete what was at the time the longest and highest stone arch bridge in the United States.

The laborers' settlement, "Highbridgeville," was succeeded later in the century by a resort supplied with visitors by steamboats from downtown New York. It was not until after 1918, when north-reaching subway lines arrived in the area, that dense residential development began. In the 50's housing projects were introduced, while the Cross-Bronx Expressway, bridging the Harlem just north of Highbridge, cut a new boundary line for the neighborhood.

Farmer's Square Restaurant Bar and Grill at the Bronx Terminal Market, south of Highbridge, as it appeared in the 1930's
Bronx Chamber of Commerce Collection, Courtesy of Lehman College
Library/CUNY Special Collections

Hunts Point:
The native inhabitants of this peninsula jutting into the East River called it Quinnahung, "the long high place." As at neighboring Clason Point, there was a large Indian settlement and burial ground here. Sale by the Native Americans in 1663 was followed by sparse development: only in the nineteenth century were the Legget and Hunt farms replaced by estates such as that of Col. Richard Hoe, inventor of the rotary press. The sections north of Hunts Point filled with apartment houses in the nineteen- twenties, as the new IRT lines made it possible for renters to move to the "East Bronx," bypassing the crowded neighborhoods of Mott Haven and Morrisania. Today, the industries of Hunts Point have been joined by New York's produce and meat markets, displaced from their old Manhattan locations.

King's Bridge Road near Dyckman's Farm, ca. 1870
Bronx Postcard Collection, courtesy of Lehman College Library/CUNY
Special Collections

Kingsbridge:
The first bridge to Manhattan, over which for nearly a century all land traffic was obliged to pass, stood near what is today the corner of Kingsbridge Avenue and 230th Street, then the bank of Spuyten Duyvel Creek. The short wooden structure was built in 1693 by Frederick Phillipse, lord of Phillipse Manor, whose royal patent justified the name "King's Bridge" and the imposition of highly-resented tolls. A colonial attempt to break the stranglehold, the building of a Farmer's Free Bridge [1759] just to the southeast, showed Phillipseburgh interests which way things were headed. After the Revolution, the Tory manor was seized and divested of its rights.

In the eighteenth century a village had grown up at the bridgehead, feeding and supplying cattle drovers and carters who stopped at the tollgate. Kingsbridge in the nineteenth century came under the control of Yonkers, and later annexed itself to New York City. Serving the nearby Johnson Iron Foundry and offering a depot on the New York Central railroad, the town, centered on 230th street (called Riverdale Avenue), prospered in its rural setting until the Broadway line of the IRT subway was completed in 1907, and urbanization of the area began. By 1923, a canal had been cut almost a mile to the south, and the old creek filled in, leaving the site of the King’s Bridge high and dry.

Longwood/Foxhurst:
Samuel B. White's estate, Longwood Park, stood north of Hunts Point: his former residence is today by the Police Athletic League center on 156th Street. In the late nineteenth century, Longwood and neighboring holdings were subdivided into residential lots. The Longwood Historic District preserves some of the row houses built between 1897 and 1901.

Morrisania Village, ca. 1880
Bronx Chamber of Commerce Collection, courtesy of Lehman College
Library/CUNY Special Collections

Morrisania/East Morrisania:
In 1783 Lewis Morris, legislator and signer of the Declaration of Independence, proposed that the new republic build its capital on his estate, Morrisania, in what is now the southwest Bronx. With more than 2,000 acres on the mainland, and deepwater access, the Morris manor was not an unlikely seat for a new city. Although the offer was tabled, Morrisania retained its local prominence by linking itself, earlier than most of its neighbors, with New York City to the south. The New York and Harlem Railroad was extended from Manhattan to Morrisania in 1842, bringing first laborers and then more substantial residents to the village, incorporated in 1848. German immigrants predominated, establishing piano factories, breweries, turnveriene (athletic clubs) and choral societies. Annexed to New York in 1874, Morrisania filled with tenements after the Third Avenue Elevated Railroad, entering the Bronx in 1888, made it cheap and easy for workers to commute to jobs downtown. In 1904, the first year of its operation, the New York subway crossed southern Morrisania (called Melrose) along 149th Street, intersecting the El at the congested "Hub," which rapidly became the entertainment and shopping center of the borough. By 1920, the section had reached the peak of its population (in which Eastern Europeans had joined Italians, Irish, and Germans) and prestige, although residents were already leaving, following the new subway lines north and east. A later Manhattan legacy were Puerto Rican and African-Americans, often forced from their homes by urban renewal projects, who came to Morrisania in the 1950s. Morrisania has two main east-west streets. Along 149th street are sited Lincoln Hospital (1976), Hostos College (1968), the main Post Office (1937) and the still-thriving shopping center at the Hub, where Third Avenue meets Westchester Avenue. 161st Street, anchored at the west by Yankee Stadium (1923), leads past the Bronx County Building (1934). (An earlier court building ((1906)) still stands at the intersection of 161st and Third Avenue.) The Grand Concourse, which originally began at 161st Street and headed north, was extended southward to 137th Street in 1927, forming, with Jerome Avenue and Third Avenue, Morrisania's north-south axes.

Mosholu/Norwood:
Mosholu, "smooth stones," is a tribal name for Tibbett's Brook, a southward-running stream in the west of the borough. In 1884, when New York laid out parkland in the newly-annexed districts, the broad avenue joining Van Cortlandt and Bronx Parks was named Mosholu Parkway. Between it and Woodlawn Cemetery to the north, on land originally belonging to the Varian farm, grew up a neighborhood particularly well-served by transportation, home to the Williamsbridge Reservoir (1888), now a playground, and Montefiore Hospital (1912). The upper portions of the area, near busy Gun Hill Road, are known as Norwood.

Mott Haven, 138th Street and 3rd Avenue, ca. 1920
Bronx Chamber of Commerce Collection, Courtesy of Lehman College
Library/CUNY Special Collections

Mott Haven:
In 1828, Jordan L. Mott, inventor of a coal-burning stove, established a factory near what is now Third Avenue and E. 134th Street. (The Mott foundry, in operation into the twentieth century, became one of many notable ironworks in the Bronx, along with the nearby Janes, Kirtland and Company, which cast and built the iron dome of the Capitol in Washington [1863].) In 1850 the owner of the works, a vigorous promoter of his land and himself, established a village unembarrassedly named Mott Haven. One rival joked that the Harlem would shortly be rechristened the Jordan River. But commuters were attracted from Manhattan, and soon the name was being applied to the southwest corner of the borough, below 149th Street between the Harlem and East Rivers. Here, from the late nineteenth-century into the nineteen-forties, residential streets with elegant row houses, some now preserved in the Mott Haven Historic District, flourished in the midst of an industrial area (notable for its many piano factories).

Mount Eden:
One of the west-central Bronx neighborhoods (Claremont, Mount Hope, Fairmount) which take their names from hilltop estates, this one the property of Rachel Eden, who purchased it in 1820. Mount Eden was rural until the 1920s, when apartment houses began to line the streets. Bronx-Lebanon Hospital (original building, 1942) marks the intersection of Mount Eden Avenue and the Grand Concourse.

Parkchester:
When the area east of the Bronx River was joined to New York in 1894, Louis Risse, the imaginative engineer who designed the Grand Concourse, had big plans for its development. But his street design, with avenues meeting in monumental traffic circles, was opposed by large landholders, who succeeded in having all but one of the circles expunged from the final 1903 plan. That one survivor, Hugh J. Grant Circle on Westchester Avenue, became the focus of an major East Bronx neighborhood in 1938, when the Metropolitan Insurance Company chose a 129-acre tract just to the northeast for its city-within-the-city of 40,000 residents, Parkchester. The great housing development, with its parks and walkways, still survives, its apartments largely converted to co-ops, its original "whites only" rental policy (challenged and changed in the 1960s) happily forgotten by the multi-ethnic residents.

Port Morris:
A peninsula in the western Bronx, south of the Bruckner Expressway, this waterfront industrial area once had hopes of competing with New York City as a seaport. The ambitious nineteenth-century plans of Gouveneur Morris II came to nothing, but today's Port Morris, its streets and their furniture renewed, is again seeking to attract development as "the Gateway to the Bronx."

Riker's Island:
The island is part of the Bronx, although it’s reached by a bridge from Queens. Bought by New York City in 1884 from the Ryker family, which had farmed it from the seventeenth century, the island in 1932 became home to a prison meant to replace one on Blackwell's (now Roosevelt) Island in the East River. Gradually enlarged to over four times its original size, Riker's Island today houses fifteen thousand prisoners in eleven jails (and a hospital). It is still, in small part, farmland: with the assistance of the New York Horticultural Society, inmates have been growing vegetables since the '80s.

Riverdale:

From 1851 the New York and Hudson Railroad, running along the east shore of the river, offered a connection between Manhattan and a stop at Riverdale-on-Hudson, today's 254th Street. The ridge above the station filled with the estates of wealthy commuters. Greyston (1864), Alderbrook (1880), Stonehurst (1861), and Oaklawn (1863) are mansions which survive; there's also a Riverdale Historic District, calling attention to houses which were once the outbuildings and carriage houses of the grand estates. A bridge and parkway connection to Manhattan brought new houses, smaller but not less opulent, in the decade before World War Two. Today, many of the original estates have been sold or donated to institutions—the Wave Hill Center for Environmental Studies, Riverdale Country School, the Greyston Conference Center among them.

Soundview/Bruckner:
This section, once the site of an Indian settlement, lies along the east side of the Bronx River (and far from any view of the "Sound"). Its residential life developed in two stages. In the 20s, the Westchester Avenue IRT brought tenement refugees to the "East Bronx" and its modest houses. In the 60s, the Bruckner Expressway, a heavily-traveled east-west link, was soon bordered by the towers of housing projects. (Soundview Park, a ninety-three acre tract owned by the city, has thus far been used only for temporary housing, as our picture shows.)

Spuyten Duyvil:
A steep ridge south of Riverdale, overlooking the entry of the Harlem River into the Hudson, the Indians called it "Shorrack-kappock," which is why there is a Kappock Street in the area today. It was named Tippett's and Berrian's Neck, after early settlers who had homes on the hillside. But Spuyten Duyvil is the name the Dutch used, variously explained. Washington Irving attributes it to Peter Stuyvesant's trumpeter, who swore to row across the rough stretch where the waters met "in spite of the devil." What was once Spuyten Duyvil Creek, meandering east, south around the Johnson Iron Works, and then north past Marble Hill, has been straightened and widened into today's Harlem River Ship Canal. Originally to be crossed only upstream at Kingsbridge, it is bridged today by the steel arch of the Henry Hudson Bridge (1936), carrying a parkway, which touches the Bronx not far from the column in Hudson memorial Park. The hill at Spuyten Duyvil is covered with tall apartment houses built in the 50s and 60s.

Throgs Neck:
Named for John Throckmorton, who settled in the area under the Dutch in 1643, the Neck is a peninsula at the extreme southeast of the Bronx, at the base of which a suspension bridge springs off toward Long Island. That span, the Throgs Neck Bridge—designed, like its western neighbor the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, by Othmar H. Ammann—opened in 1961. In the shadow of its north tower is Fort Schuyler, a 19th-century fortification paired with Fort Totten, in Queens, to guard the entrance to the East River. (Today Schuyler houses the New York State Maritime College, a part of the state university.) A beach resort at the turn of the twentieth century, the neighborhood of Throgs Neck today is covered with residences ranging from exclusive beachfront enclaves to a low-income housing project.

Tremont:
A postmaster invented the name for this west central Bronx neighborhood in the mid-nineteenth century, alluding to three estates (Fairmount, Mount Eden, and Mount Hope) that were located here. Served by an east-west streetcar running between the north-south elevated and railroad lines, Tremont developed earlier than many neighboring sections. Its stature was confirmed when the municipal building of what was about to become the Borough of the Bronx opened, in 1897, at East Tremont and Park Avenues. Tremont's decline was equally rapid. In the 1950s, the Cross Bronx Expressway cut across the neighborhood just south of East Tremont Avenue, detaching it from Claremont and Crotona. In the 70s an imaginative set of "scatter-site" residences, called the "Twin Parks" project, helped to stitch Tremont together again.

Bruckner and Boynton Avenue East/Quonset Huts, 1946
Bronx Chamber of Commerce Collection, courtesy of Lehman College
Library/CUNY Special Collections

Unionport:
Despite its name, which reminds us of the river traffic which once plied Westchester Creek, the Village of Unionport, established in 1851, was devoted mainly to farming before its annexation by New York City in 1895. Today, the residential neighborhood is nearly in the shadow of the tangled highway overpasses at the heavily-used Bruckner Interchange, where two interstate highways meet the approach to the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge.

University Heights:
In 1891 Henry Mitchell MacCracken, the Chancellor of New York University, proposed the removal of its undergraduate college from crowded Washington Square to the rural Bronx. Construction of neo-Renaissance buildings by architect Stanford White began in 1894 on the site of the Mali estate, on a portion of the Fordham ridge above the Harlem River which was re-christened University Heights. The NYU campus expanded in the twentieth century, as architectural styles changed from the classicism of the Hall of Fame (1901) to the brutal concrete of buildings by Marcel Breuer in the 1960s. Meanwhile, the area along University Avenue became heavily residential, with elegant apartment houses rising north and south of Fordham Road. After a turbulent period in the 70s and 80s, when residents left for the suburbs and housing was abandoned, a recovered University Heights is today anchored by Bronx Community College, occupying the campus sold by NYU in 1973.

Westchester Heights (Westchester Square):
The Dutch in New Amsterdam regarded this as an outpost on their northeastern border, and named it Ostdoorp (East Town). But to the English from western Connecticut who settled the village, and took possession in 1664, it was West Chester. Set amid farms on a broad creek leading to the East River, it became a significant port and (until 1756) the governmental center of the area which included today’s Bronx and Westchester Counties. The old village center (where St. Peter's Church, organized in 1693, can still be found) is now the busy intersection of East Tremont and Westchester Avenues. The neighborhood, with Westchester Heights to the north, is home to many medical facilities, including Einstein, Jacobi, Calvary, and Bronx State Hospitals.

Williamsbridge:
Farmer John Williams’ colonial tollbridge on the Bronx River gave this neighborhood its name. Farms dominated the landscape for two centuries. Williamsbridge farmers were raided for supplies by British and Colonial irregulars during the Revolutionary War. Fifty years later, they were sending their produce to Manhattan via the new Harlem railroad line. (Metro North has kept its Williamsbridge stop.) Some farms were still here in the 1920s, when the White Plains Road IRT subway began to bring commuters looking for apartments and small houses. Today Gun Hill Road cuts across a heavily residential area, home to much of the Bronx’s Carribean population.

Early subway passenger, ca. 1935 (Broadway IRT)
The Kay Post Collection, Bronx Institute Archives, Courtesy of Lehman
College Library/CUNY Special Collections

Woodlawn:
The nineteenth-century taste for landscaped, park-like burial grounds was gratified by the opening of Woodlawn Cemetery in 1865. Unlike its predecessor, Brooklyn's Green-Wood, rural Woodlawn could be easily reached from Manhattan on the Harlem railroad, which had entered the area in the 1840s. The burial of Admiral David Farragut in 1870 established the reputation of Woodlawn with the New York elite, many of whom commissioned prominent architects to design their mausoleums on the Bronx River hillside. The neighborhood grew with the cemetery. In 1873 forty to fifty houses in the area just to the north, once part of Philipse manor, later the farm of Gilbert Valentine, were incorporated as the village of Woodlawn. The Irish and Italian character of the area was determined in the 1890s, when the construction of the second Croton Aqueduct brought a new population of workers to the village.

Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx, 1639-1913 (New York: by author, 1913); Articles by Edward Bergman, Peter Derrick, Evelyn Gonzalez, Gary Hermalyn, Kenneth Jackson, Jonathan Kuhn, John McNamara, Lloyd Ultan, Joseph Viteritti, Gerard Wolfe,in Jackson, Kenneth T. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of New York City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Jonnes, Jill, We're Still Here: the rise, fall, and resurrection of the South Bronx (Boston: Atlantic Monthly, 1986); McNamara, John, History in Asphalt: the origin of Bronx street and place names (Harrison, NY: Bronx County Historical Society/Harbor Hill Books, 1978); McNamara, John, McNamara's Old Bronx (Bronx: Bronx County Historical Society, 1989);Mead, Edna, Bronx Triangle: A portrait of Norwood (Bronx, NY: Bronx County Historical Society, 1982); Ross, Davis, The Bronx: An Interpretive Chronology (privately printed: rev.1988); Tieck, William, Riverdale, Kingsbridge, Spuyten Duyvil, New York City (Old Tappan, NY: Revell, 1968); Toscano, Jeanine, History of Williamsbridge (Bronx, NY: Williamsbridge Federation, 198?);Ultan, Lloyd and Gary Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years (1890-1925) (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); Ultan, Lloyd, The Beautiful Bronx (1920-1950) (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1979); Willensky, Elliot, and Norval White, AIA Guide to New York City, 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt, 1988); Welcome to Woodlawn Heights (Bronx, NY: Woodlawn Heights Taxpayer and Community Association, 1970).