A Country Study: Romania

• Romania
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF)
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Charles Sudetic)
  • Early History from Pre-History to the 11th Century
    • The Getae
    • Roman Dacia
    • The Age of the Great Migrations
  • Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia from the 11th Century to the 17th Century
    • The Magyars' Arrival in Transylvania
    • Origins of Walachia and Moldavia
    • The Ottoman Invasions
  • Transylvania Under the Habsburgs, 1688-1867
    • The Uniate Church
    • The Reign of Joseph II
    • The Revolution of 1848
    • Unification of Transylvania and Hungary
  • Walachia and Moldavia Under the Russian Protectorate, 1711- 1859
    • The Phanariot Princes
    • The Russian Protectorate
    • The Crimean War and Unification
  • Romania and Transylvania to the End of the World War I, 1861- 1919
    • Romania under Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    • The Balkan Wars and World War I
    • Greater Romania and the Occupation of Budapest
  • Greater Romania to the End of World War II, 1920-45
    • The Agrarian Crisis and the Rise of the Iron Guard
    • World War II
    • Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation
  • Postwar Romania, 1944-85
    • Petru Groza's Premiership
    • Elimination of Opposition Parties
    • The Romanian People's Republic
    • The Post-Stalin Era
    • Gheorghiu-Dej's Defiance of Khrushchev
    • The Ceausescu Succession
    • Dynastic Socialism and the Economic Downturn

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Sherri Poradzisz)
  • Physical Environment
    • Boundaries and Geographical Position
    • Topography
    • Climate
  • Population
    • Demographic History
    • Demographic Policy
    • Settlement Structure
      • Traditional Settlement Patterns
      • Rural-Urban Migration
    • Systematization: A Settlement Strategy
  • Ethnic Structure
    • Historical and Geographical Distribution
    • National Minorities under Communist Rule
      • Nation-Building and National Minorities
      • Language, Education, and Cultural Heritage
      • Emigration: Problem or Solution?
  • Social Structure
    • The End of the Ancien Régime
    • The New Social Order
      • The Peasantry
      • The Proletariat
      • The Intelligentsia
      • The Ruling Elite
    • Social Mobility
  • Institutions and Organs of Society
    • Family
      • The Evolution of Family Law
      • Changes in Family Structure
      • Family Life
    • Women and Women's Organizations
    • The Education System
      • Administration
      • Political Education and Socialization
      • Education and Legitimacy of the Regime
      • Preschool and Kindergarten
      • Primary Education
      • Secondary Education
      • Higher Education
    • Religion
      • Church-State Relations
      • The Romanian Orthodox Church
      • The Roman Catholic Church
      • The Uniate Church
      • Other Religions
  • Social Conditions
    • Housing
    • Public Health
    • State Welfare Assistance

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (Ronald D. Bachman)
  • Economic Structure and Dynamics
    • Evolution
    • Administration and Control
      • Stalin's Legacy
      • Ownership of Economic Assets
      • Dominance of the Romanian Communist Party
      • Administrative Hierarchy
      • Planning
      • Pricing and Profit
      • The State Budget
      • Revenues
      • Expenditures
    • Banking
      • The Role of Banking in a Centrally Planned Economy
      • Banking institutions
      • Credit policy
      • Currency
  • Natural Resources
    • Land
    • Water
    • Forests
    • Fossil Fuels
    • Other Minerals
  • Labor
    • Distribution by Economic Sectors
    • Unpaid Labor
    • Demographics
    • Productivity
  • Foreign Trade
    • Goals and Policy
    • Trading Partners
    • Structure of Exports and Imports
    • Retirement of the Foreign Debt
  • Industry
    • Geographic Distribution
    • Energy
      • Crisis of the 1980s
      • Electric Power
      • Oil and Gas
      • Coal
    • Machine Building
      • Aircraft Industry
      • Automotive Industry
      • Locomotives and Rolling Stock
      • Machine Tools
      • Computers and Automation Technology
      • Electrical Engineering
      • Shipbuilding
    • Metallurgy
    • Chemicals
    • Light Industry
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
    • Railroads
    • Highways
    • Inland Waterways
    • Maritime Navigation
    • Air Transport
    • Telecommunications
  • Agriculture
    • Agricultural Regions
    • Major Crops
    • Livestock
    • Fishing
    • Farming Practices
    • Farm Organization
    • Administration
    • Procurement and Distribution
    • Consumption
  • Goals for the 1990's

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Sergiu Verona)
  • Governmental System
    • Constitutional Development
  • Structure and Functioning of the Government
    • Central Government
      • Grand National Assembly
      • The State Council
      • President of the Republic
      • Council of Ministers
      • Judicial System
    • Joint Party-State Organizations
    • Local Government
    • Electoral System
  • Romanian Communist Party
    • Membership
    • Organizational Structure
    • Ideology and Party Program
    • Party Training
  • Mass Organizations
    • Union of Communist Youth
    • General Union of Trade Unions
  • Political Developments During the Ceausescu Era
    • Period from 1965 to 1970
    • 1967 Party Conference
    • Rehabilitation and De-Stalinization
    • Tenth Party Congress
    • Eleventh Party Congress
    • Twelfth Party Congress
    • Thirteenth Party Congress
    • Cult of Personality
    • Emergence of an Organized Opposition
  • Mass Media
  • Foreign Policy
    • Administration
  • Relations with Communist States
    • Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
    • Hungary
  • Relations with Non-Communist States
    • West Germany
    • United States
    • Other Western Countries
    • Middle East
    • Africa
    • The CSCE Meeting in Vienna

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Karl Wheeler Soper)
  • Historical Background
    • Defense of Romanian Lands in Ancient Times and the Middle Ages
    • Ottoman Domination and the Struggle for National Unity and Independence
      • Military Development under Alexandru Ioan Cuza
      • War of Independence, 1877-78
    • The Romanian Army in World War I
    • Security during the Interwar Years and the Second World War
    • Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II
  • Military Doctrine and Strategy
    • Evolution of Military Doctrine
    • Military Strategy
    • Arms Control
  • Armed Forces
    • Command and Control of the Armed Forces
      • Government and Party Organization for Defense
      • Party Control of the Military
      • Ceausescu and the Military
    • Armed Services
      • Ground Forces
      • Air Force
      • Naval Forces
      • Border Guards
    • Military Personnel
      • Military Training
      • Officer Education
      • Reserves and Mobilization
      • Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
    • The Military and the National Economy
      • Military Budget
      • Arms Production
      • Naval Construction
      • Aviation Industry
      • Military Labor
    • Foreign Military Relations
      • The Warsaw Pact
      • Arms Sales
  • Law and Order
    • Judicial System
      • Courts
      • Military Courts
      • Penal Code
    • Crime
  • Security and Intelligence Services
    • Ministry of Interior and Security Forces
    • Dissidence
    • Department of External Information

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary