Birth. March 6, 1827, Montedoro, diocese of Castalnisetta (before Agrigento), Sicily.

Education. (No information found).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 22, 1849. (No further information found).

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Siracusa, Sicily, February 23, 1872. Consecrated, March 17, 1872, Palermo, by Michelangelo Celesia, archbishop of Palermo. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Messina, July 5, 1875. Administrator, ad nutum Apostolicae Sedis, of the prelature of S. Lucia de Mela, April 10, 1883. Founder of Apostole della Sacra Famiglia, religious congregation of the Salesian family, June 29, 1889

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of S. Tommaso in Parione, January 19, 1893.

Death. September 22, 1897, Messina. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Messina and buried in the monumental cemetery of that city.

Birth. January 22, 1823, Montefiascone.

Education. (No educational information found). Received the subdiaconate, September 21, 1844; diaconate, May 27, 1845.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1845. Privy chamberlain supernumerary of His Holiness; auditor of nunciature in Austria.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Eliopoli di Fenicia, July 24, 1877. Consecrated, August 12, 1877, Rome, by Cardinal Alessandro Franchi. Apostolic delegate in Ecuador, Perú, Nueva Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua, August 14, 1877. Internuncio in the Brazilian Empire, March 28, 1882. Substitute of the Secretariat of State and secretary of the Cipher, October 18 (or December 22), 1882.

Birth. December 24, 1840, Modena.

Education. Doctorates in theology and in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 19, 1863, Rome. In diocese of Imola, professor of dogmatic theology and canon law; prosynodal examiner.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ascoli Piceno, June 26, 1876. Consecrated, July 9, 1876, cathedral of Fermo, by Cardinal Filippo de Angelis, archbishop of Fermo, assisted by Vincenzo Moretti, archbishop of Ravenna, by Concetto Focacetti, bishop of Montefiascone, and by Tommaso Gallucci, bishop of Recanati e Loreto. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Fermo, September 21, 1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of S. Balbina, January 19, 1893..

Death. June 22, 1895, Modena. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Modena and buried in a chapel built for that purpose in the city's cemetery.

Birth. May 22, 1828, Vivaro Romano, diocese of Tivoli. Received the sacrament of confirmation, October 5, 1829.

Education. Seminary of Tivoli, Tivoli; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, June 8, 1854 or March 3, 1858).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1851, Tivoli. Further studies, Rome. Secretary and pro-vicar general of the bishop of Tivoli; vicar general of the diocese of Ostia and Velletri.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Nisa di Licia and appointed suffragan of Velletri, June 25, 1866. Consecrated, July 1, 1866, Rome, by Cardinal Gustav Adolph von Hohenlohe. Promoted to the titular see of Nazianzo, December 28, 1877. Apostolic delegate and extraordinary legate in Paraguay and Uruguay and in the Argentine Confederation, January 18, 1878. Nuncio in the Brazilian Empire, September 30, 1879. Nuncio in Bavaria, March 21, 1882. Nuncio in Spain, May 23, 1887.

Birth. March 21, 1828, Gandía, archdiocese of Valencia, Spain.

Education. University of Valencia, Valencia (philosophy and law; obtained a bachelor's degree in law in 1848); Seminary of Valencia, Valencia (doctorate in canon law, 1853; and in theology, 1857).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 27, 1852, Valencia. In archdiocese of Valencia, professor of canon law in its seminary, 1851-1857; vice-archpriest of St. Peter Martyr's parish, 1855; provisor, canon magistral and vicar general. In the diocese of Tortosa, canon lector of the cathedral chapter, by opposition, until 1866; provisor and general vicar. Abbreviator in the nunciature in Spain, Madrid. Preacher in the Royal Court, 1864; auditor of the Sacred Rota, Madrid, 1866.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Oviedo, June 22, 1868. Consecrated, November 8, 1868, Salesian monastery of the Visitation, Madrid, by, Alessandro Franchi, titular archbishop of Tessalonica, nuncio in Spain, assisted by Tomás Iglesias Barcone, patriarch of the West Indies, and by Francisco de Sales Crespo y Bautista, titular bishop of Arca, auxiliary of Toledo. Attended the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870; secretary of the Spanish episcopate. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Valladolid, November 18, 1881. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, December 30, 1889.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of S. Eusebio, June 15, 1893. In 1894 presided the pilgrimage of the Spanish workers to Rome.

Death. November 1, 1895, Madrid. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Sevilla.

Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia.; Derecho; 45), p. 39; Orive, A. "Sanz y Forés, Benito." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975. 4 v. Suplemento (1987), IV, 2382; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 36, 48, 309, 431 and 580; "Sanz y Forés, Benito." Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana. 70 vols. Madrid : Espasa-Calpe, 1958, c1907?-1930; 444-445.

Birth. April 12, 1827, Denazé, diocese of Laval, France.

Education. Seminary of Le Mans, Le Mans (theology); Collège de Tessé, Le Mans; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in theology, March 1846). Received the subdiaconate in 1839.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 13, 1840. Further studies in Paris, Münich, and Berlin. Returned to Paris in 1843. Further studies in Rome. Pastoral work in several parishes of the archdiocese of Paris; professor at La Sorbonne University, 1861; vicar general of Paris, 1863.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, March 27, 1865. Consecrated, May 1, 1865, cathedral of Paris, by Henri Maret, titular bishop of Sura (1), assisted by Charles Lavigerie, bishop of Nancy, and by Louis Buquet, titular bishop of Pario. Transferred to the see of Arras, September 25, 1882. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Tours, March 24, 1884.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, June 15, 1893.

Death. January 20, 1896, Tours. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Tours.

Bibliography. Boisonnot, Henri. Le Cardinal Meignan, Paris : Lecoffre, 1899; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 313-314; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp.36, 53, 192 and 573.

Birth. May 29 (1), 1826, Paray-le Monial, diocese of Autun, France.

Education. Seminary of Autun, Autun; Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris (doctorate in theology, 1856).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1850, Paris. Vicar of the cathedral parish of Autun; diocesan missionary; further studies, Paris; vicar general of Autun, 1856-1867.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of La Rochelle, March 27, 1867. Consecrated, May 15 (2), 1867, cathedral of Autun, by Jean-Baptiste-Anna Landriot, archbishop of Reims, assisted by Frédéric de Marguerye, bishop of Autun, and by Jean Devocoux, bishop of Évreaux. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Rouen, March 24, 1884. He was called "Thomas le Magnifique" because of the splendor of his celebrations and the quality of his "Oratorios".

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova e S. Francesca Romana al Foro Romano, June 15, 1893.

Death. March 9, 1894, Rouen. Exposed and buried in the chapel of Sainte-Marguerite, southern nave of the metropolitan cathedral of Rouen. The bombardment of April 19, 1944 damaged his tomb; transferred to the crypt of the archbishops in the chapel of the Sainte Vierge.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 503-504; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 36, 50, 486 and 488.

(1) This is according to Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, p. 503-504; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 488, indicates that he was born on May 30, 1826.
(2) This is according to Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, p. 503-504; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 488, indicates that he was consecrated on May 13, 1867.

Birth. December 1, 1819, Koblenz, diocese of Trier, Germany. Received the sacrament of confirmation, June 16, 1833.

Education. University of Bonn, Bonn (theology); University of Münich, Münich. Doctor in theology by apostolic brief of December 21, 1867.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 27, 1842, Trier. Chaplain of St. Kastor, Koblenz. Honorary canon of the chapter of the cathedral of Trier, 1859; vicar general; elected to the chapter in the third ballot with 7 of 13 votes, October 22, 1867.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ermland, Prussia, December 20, 1867. Consecrated, May 3, 1868, Koblenz, by Paul Melchers, archbishop of Cologne. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. Chairman of the Fulda Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1884-1896. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Cologne, June 30, 1885. Since 1886 he was a chairman of the Fulda Episcopal Conference.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of S. Crisogono, January 19, 1893.

Death. May 6, 1899, Cologne. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Cologne.

Birth. January 30, 1823, Naples. Of a notable family. Son of Francesco Xaverio Persico, an intendent in the Neapolitan army, and Giuseppina Pennacchio, who belonged to an Italian branch of the aristocratic English family Acton. His baptismal name was Pietro.

Education. Jesuit College, Naples (classic studies); Capuchin Novitiate of S. Agnello, Sorrento (philosophy and theology); College of S. Fidele, Rome (apologetics). Joined the Order of the Friars Minor Capuchins, April 25, 1839; took the name Ignazio; final vows, April 25, 1840. He was a polyglot who spoke Italian, French, English, Portuguese and Hindustan.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 24, 1846, Naples, by Gennaro Pasca, bishop of Nola. He asked to work as a missionary and was sent to Rome for further studies. Missionary work in the vicariate of Patna, India, December 1846-1860; he learned English and Hindustan; he also worked in the military base of Dinapore and later, as pastor in Darjeeling and director of schools in August 1848. Secretary of the vicar apostolic of Patna, who had been named administrator of Bombay. In Bombay, he contributed to the establishment of "The Catholic Examiner" in 1850; and was professor and director at the episcopal seminary. In 1853, special agent in Rome and England for Anastasius Hartmann, O.F.M.Cap., titular bishop of Derbe, vicar apostolic of Bombay, to present the Catholic case in the Goanese schism (1), before the pope and the British government; in London, he defended the interests of the Indian Catholics and tried to obtain for them the same privileges enjoyed by the Anglican Church; this mission had a limited success; in Rome, he also presented a reform plan for the Capuchin missions in the Eastern Indies.

Birth. April 26, 1835, Rome. His father was a municipal employee.

Education. Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in philosophy, December 28, 1854; theology, September 9, 1858; and utroque iure, both canon and civil law, September 11, 1861).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 18, 1858, Rome. Further studies, Rome. Professor of theology, Pontifical Urban Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide", 1861-878. Director Journal de Rome, 1881; director of Moniteur de Rome. Canon of the Lateran basilica, Rome. Canon of the Vatican basilica, Rome. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Protonotary apostolic. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, June 28, 1886. Took part in the difficult negotiations to end the Kulturkampf, Berlin, 1887.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Nicea and appointed nuncio in Austria, May 23, 1887. Consecrated, June 5, 1887, Vienna, by Cardinal Cölestin Ganglbauer, O.S.B., archbishop of Vienna.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 16, 1893; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, June 15, 1893. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1893. Archivist of the Holy See, June 25, 1894.

Death. May 7, 1896, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina and buried in the chapel of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome

Bibliography. Furlani, Silvio. "Galimberti, Luigi", Enciclopedia Cattolica, 12 vols. Città del Vaticano: Ente per l'Enciclopedia Cattolica e per il Libro Cattolico, 1949-1954, vol. VI, col. 1881; Maccarrone, Michele. "Card. Luigi Galimberti." La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, pp. 153-155; Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 229-231; Trincia, Luciano. Il nucleo tedesco : Vaticano e Triplice alleanza nei dispacci del nunzio a Vienna : Luigi Galimberti, 1887-1892. Presentazione di Andrea Riccardi. Brescia : Morcelliana, 2001. (Biblioteca di storia contemporanea; Variation: Biblioteca di storia contemporanea (Morcelliana (Firm)).

Birth. October 1, 1840, in his mother's paternal home, Duringings, in Kilmacrennan. The family lived in Carrigart, County Donegal, diocese of Raphoe, Ireland.

Education. St Patrick's College, Maynooth.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 1866, Paris. Professor of dogmatic theology and Belles Lettres, Irish College, Paris, 1866-1874; curate in County Donegal; parish administrator in Letterkenny, diocese of Raphoe, 1874-1876; Maynooth, professor of Irish and theology and dean, 1876-1879.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Raphoe, May 13, 1879. Consecrated, July 20, 1879, pro-cathedral of Raphoe, Letterkenny, by Daniel McGettigan, archbishop of Armagh, assisted by James Donnelly, bishop of Clogher, and by Francis Kelly, bishop of Derry. Promoted to the titular see of Anazarbe and appointed coadjutor of Armagh, with right of succession, April 19, 1887. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Armagh, December 3, 1887.

Birth. February 12, 1832, Keszthely/Sueuedwestungarn, diocese of Veszprém, Hungary. Received the sacrament of confirmation, 1853.

Education. Entered the Order of St. Benedict Hungarica, 1847, Abbey of St. Martin al Monte Pannoni, Martinsberg; professed, June 6, 1854; received the subdiaconate, July 23, 1854; diaconate, July 25, 1854..

Priesthood. Ordained, May 26, 1856. Professor and director of the gymnasial school, archabbey of St. Martin al Monte Pannonia; abbot, April 28, 1885.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Esztergom (Gran) and primate of Hungary, December 13, 1891. Consecrated, February 7, 1892, Esztergom, by Luigi Galimberti, titular archbishop of Nicea, nuncio in Austria. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1892.

Birth. July 25, 1837, Duderstadt, diocese of Hildesheim, Hannover. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 4, 1852.

Education. Auxiliary telegrapher of the Hannoverian Government Service, 1856-1858. Seminary of Hildesheim, Hildesheim (philosophy and theology, 1858-1862).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 28, 1862. In the diocese of Hildesheim, administrator of the parish of Poppenberg; professor at the episcopal orphanage of Henneckenrode; chaplain in Detfurth, June 24, 1864; cathedral lector and assessor of the general episcopal office, January 1, 1866; apostolic notary, February 3, 1871; canon of the cathedral chapter, February 2, 1872; vicar general, February 8, 1872. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, November 19, 1875.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Fulda, November 15, 1881. Consecrated, December 27, 1881, Fulda, by Daniel Wilhelm Sommerwerck, bishop of Hildesheim. Transferred to the see of Breslau, August 9, 1887.

Birth. February 7, 1828, Lyon, France.

Education. Lyceum Henri IV, Lyon; Lyceum St. Louis, Lyon; Ecole Normale, Lyon; professor of history, Lyceum of Angers, 1850-1852. Entered the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip of Neri, Paris, 1852. La Sorbonne University, Paris (doctorate in theology, 1865).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 2, 1854, Paris. Professor and spiritual director, Minor Seminary of Coutances; preacher in several dioceses; professor of ecclesiastical history, La Sorbonne University, Paris, 1866-1874. Member of the Committee of Higher Education, 1870. Chaplain in MacMahon's army, 1870.

Birth. November 11, 1824, Uttlau, diocese of Passau, Bavaria, Germany.

Education. Seminary of Passau, Passau; Germanic College, Rome (1845-1854).

Priesthood. Ordained (no date found), Rome. In Bavaria, catechist to the children of Duke Maximilian. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1854. Professor of philosophy and theology, University of Innsbruck. Rector of the Pontifical Collegio Germanico, Rome, 1867-1880. Consultant to the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and the S.C. of the Inquisition.