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Canada Provinces

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Updates: 

According to Canadian government sources, Yukon Territory has changed its name to Yukon.

The name of Newfoundland changed to "Newfoundland and Labrador" ("Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador" in French) on 2001-12-06. This is reflected in Change Notice 8 to FIPS PUB 10-4, dated 2002-06-28, and in ISO 3166-2 Newsletter I-2 (2002-05-21). Subsequently the province's postal designator was changed from NF to NL. ISO 3166-2 Newsletter number I-4, dated 2002-12-10, made the corresponding change to the ISO code.

Nunavut split from Northwest Territories on 1999-04-01. This is reflected in Change Notice 3 to FIPS PUB 10-4, dated 1999-05-17, which added Nunavut, and assigned new codes to it and to Northwest Territories. Update I-1 to ISO 3166-2 (2000-06-21) added Nunavut, with NU as its code.

Country overview: 

Short name CANADA
ISO code CA
FIPS code CA
Languages English (en), French (fr)
Time zone Zones
Capital Ottawa, Ontario

 

Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867. In 1926, an Imperial Conference clarified that the dominions were autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status to Great Britain. The formal name "Dominion of Canada" was phased out from the 1950s to 1982, in favor of simply "Canada". The British Commonwealth of Nations was formally inaugurated on 1931-12-11, with Canada and Newfoundland as members. The Parliament of the United Kingdom retained the power to approve or reject some amendments to the Canadian Constitution until 1982.

Canada began with four provinces in 1867. There have been territorial acquisitions since then, but only one during the 20th century: Newfoundland, in 1949.

Other names of country: 

  1. Danish: Canada
  2. Dutch: Canada
  3. Finnish: Kanada
  4. French: Canada m
  5. German: Kanada n
  6. Icelandic: Kanada
  7. Italian: Canada m
  8. Norwegian: Canada
  9. Portuguese: Canadá m
  10. Spanish: Canadá m
  11. Swedish: Canada, Kanada

Origin of name: 

native word kanata: settlements; named by Jacques Cartier in 1536

Primary subdivisions: 

Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories (French: territoires).

Division HASC ISO FIPS SGC MARC Type Post Conv-E Conv-F Zone Population Area(km.²) Area(mi.²) Capital
Alberta CA.AB AB CA01 48 abc p T Alta. Alb. -7:00~ 3,290,350 661,848 255,541 Edmonton
British Columbia CA.BC BC CA02 59 bcc p V B.C. C.-B. -8:00~ 4,113,487 944,735 364,764 Victoria
Manitoba CA.MB MB CA03 46 mbc p R Man. Man. -6:00~ 1,148,401 647,797 250,116 Winnipeg
New Brunswick CA.NB NB CA04 13 nkc p E N.B. N.-B. -4:00~ 729,997 72,908 28,150 Fredericton
Newfoundland and Labrador CA.NF NL CA05 10 nfc p A Nfld. T.-N. -3:30~ 505,469 405,212 156,453 Saint John's
Northwest Territories CA.NT NT CA13 61 ntc t X N.W.T. T.N.-O. -7:00~ 41,464 1,346,106 519,734 Yellowknife
Nova Scotia CA.NS NS CA07 12 nsc p B N.S. N.-É. -4:00~ 913,462 55,284 21,345 Halifax
Nunavut CA.NU NU CA14 62 nuc t X     -5:00~ 29,474 2,093,190 808,185 Iqaluit
Ontario CA.ON ON CA08 35 onc p KLMNP Ont. Ont. -5:00~ 12,160,282 1,076,395 415,598 Toronto
Prince Edward Island CA.PE PE CA09 11 pic p C P.E.I. Î-P.-É. -4:00~ 135,851 5,660 2,185 Charlottetown
Quebec CA.QC QC CA10 24 quc p GHJ Que. Qué. -5:00~ 7,546,131 1,542,056 595,391 Quebec
Saskatchewan CA.SK SK CA11 47 snc p S Sask. Sask. -6:00 968,157 651,036 251,366 Regina
Yukon CA.YT YT CA12 60 ykc t Y Y.T. Yn. -8:00~ 30,372 482,443 186,272 Whitehorse
13 divisions 31,612,897 9,984,670 3,855,103
  • HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes.
  • ISO: codes from ISO 3166-2. These are the same as "postal designators" - abbreviations used by Canadian Post.
  • FIPS: codes from FIPS PUB 10-4, a U.S. government standard.
  • SGC: province and territory codes from Statistics Canada's Standard Geographical Classification. Groups of provinces with the same first
    digit can be referred to as a region. Region names are Atlantic (1), Prairies (4), and Territories (6).
  • MARC: Machine Readable Cataloging codes
  • Type: p = province; t = territory.
  • Post: Canadian postal codes have the format "ana nan", where each a is a letter and each n is a digit. The first letter in a postal code
    can be used to locate the province. Some provinces can use any one of several letters. This column shows the letters that identify each
    province.
  • Conv-E: Conventional abbreviations used by Anglophone Canadians before standardization. Sometimes Newf. for Newfoundland, P.Q. for
    Quebec (Province of Quebec).
  • Conv-F: Conventional abbreviations used by Francophone Canadians before standardization.
  • Zone: Main time zone for province. Convert from UTC to local time by adding this number of hours. Tilde (~) indicates areas where
    daylight saving time is in effect during summer.
  • Population: 2006-05-16 census.
  • Area: Source [2].

Further subdivisions:

See the Counties of Canada page.

The subdivisions of the Canadian provinces and territories are varied in size, status, and stability. The eastern provinces tend to be divided into counties; the western provinces, sections, divisions, or districts; and Yukon is only subdivided for electoral or census purposes. Prince Edward Island appears to have been subdivided into Prince, Queens, and Kings Counties for as long as it has been a province. Northwest Territory had been subdivided into the districts of Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie since 1912, although their borders had been somewhat modified; then, about 1980, it was changed to five districts (Baffin, Fort Smith, Inuvik, Keewatin, and Kitikmeot).

Other provinces are more complex. The units of local government include cantons, cities, community councils, counties, districts, divisions, muncipalities, parishes, sections, towns, and villages. There are sub-varieties, including county regional municipalities, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, and municipal townships. Many provinces have more than one level of subdivision. Most of them have changed their subdivisions several times. (See source [10].)

Territorial extent: 

  1. British Columbia is separated from Alaska by an indefinite boundary in coastal waters. It contains the Queen Charlotte Islands and Dundas Island, but not Dall Island, Prince of Wales Island, or Sitklan Island. The boundary with Washington follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca between Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula, then turns north between Canada's Sidney Island, South Pender Island, and Saturna Island, and the United States's San Juan Island, Stuart Island, and Waldron Island, until it meets the longitude of 49° N.
  2. New Brunswick is divided from Maine by a line that runs down the Saint Croix River and passes between Deer Island, Campobello Island, Grand Manan Island, and adjacent islets on the Canadian side, across from West Quoddy Head, the easternmost point in the United States.
  3. Newfoundland and Labrador consists of the large island of Newfoundland, a large mainland area on the northeast coast (Labrador), and adjacent islands. Labrador has sometimes been abbreviated LB as if it were a province name.
  4. Northwest Territories includes the Canadian Arctic islands north of 70° N. and between 110° and 136° W. (to a first approximation; for a more accurate description of the boundary with Nunavut, see for example this page ). The largest Arctic islands totally within Northwest Territories are Banks Island and Prince Patrick Island. Northwest Territories also includes large parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island.
  5. Nova Scotia includes Sable Island in the Atlantic Ocean.
  6. Nunavut includes all Canadian islands in Hudson Bay, James Bay, the Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, and the Arctic Ocean between the eastern border of Northwest Territories and the northern tip of Labrador (see source [3]). The border between Labrador and Nunavut runs along Killiniq Island. The division between Nunavut and Greenland follows the Robeson Channel, Kennedy Channel, Kane Basin, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Labrador Bay.
  7. Ontario includes Main Duck Island in Lake Ontario, and Pelee Island in Lake Erie. Middle Island, an islet lying off Pelee Island, is the southernmost point of land in Canada. Ontario also includes Manitoulin Island, between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, the largest lake island in the world. In Lake Superior, Caribou Island belongs to Ontario.
  8. Quebec includes Anticosti Island and the Îles de la Madeleine (Magdalen Islands) in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
  9. Yukon includes Herschel Island in the Arctic Ocean.
  10. Four provinces or territories meet at approximately 60° N., 102° W.: Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Saskatchewan.

Origins of names: 

  1. Alberta: Named for Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, wife of the then-Governor General of Canada and daughter of Queen Victoria of England.
  2. British Columbia: British possession, on the Columbia River, named by Capt. Robert Gray for his vessel Columbia, in turn named for Cristopher Columbus.
  3. Labrador: Portuguese lavrador: laborer, farmer. Probably for João Fernandes, an explorer and farmer.
  4. Manitoba: Probably from Cree maniotwapow: the strait of the spirit, from a belief that a natural noise caused by pebbles on Manitoba Island was the sound of a spirit beating a drum.
  5. New Brunswick: Named in honor of King George III of England, a descendant of the House of Brunswick (Germany).
  6. Newfoundland: Called a "new found isle" by discoverer, John Cabot.
  7. Northwest Territories: Descriptive.
  8. Nova Scotia: Latin for New Scotland.
  9. Nunavut: Inuktitut for our land.
  10. Ontario: Named for Lake Ontario. From native word, possibly onittariio: beautiful lake.
  11. Prince Edward Island: Named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria of England.
  12. Quebec: From the Algonquian word for narrow passage, referring to the Saint Lawrence River at Cape Diamond.
  13. Saskatchewan: Named for the Saskatchewan River. From Cree Kisiskatchewani Sipi: swift-flowing river.
  14. Yukon: Named for the Yukon River. From native name Yu-kun-ah: great river.

Change history: 

  1. Around 1754, the lands which now form Canada were divided between France and Great Britain. Nouvelle-France (New France) was the name for all French territory in North America. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were British colonies. The Hudson's Bay Company held a charter from King Charles II of England, under which it governed Rupert's Land.
  2. 1763-02-10: New France ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris. France retained only the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which now constitute a territorial collectivity of France.
  3. 1763-10-07: Island of Saint John's (French Île Saint-Jean; present-day Prince Edward Island) and Cape Breton Island (French Île Royale) annexed to Nova Scotia. Labrador coast, Anticosti Island, and the Madeleine Islands annexed to Newfoundland.
  4. 1769: Saint John's Island colony (Île Saint-Jean) split from Nova Scotia. Its capital was Charlottetown.
  5. 1774: By the Quebec Act, Quebec province was extended to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and incorporated the Labrador coast, Anticosti Island, and the Madeleine Islands.
  6. 1783-09-03: Treaty of Paris recognized independence of the United States. The part of Quebec south of the Great Lakes became an acknowledged part of the United States.
  7. 1784-06-18: New Brunswick province and Cape Breton Island colony split from Nova Scotia by an Order in Council. Sydney was the capital of Cape Breton Island.
  8. 1788: Fredericton became capital of New Brunswick.
  9. 1791-08-24: Quebec province split into Upper Canada (corresponding to Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec).
  10. 1792-07-26: Capital of Upper Canada established at Niagara, which was simultaneously renamed Newark. The name change was reversed in 1794. The town is now Niagara-on-the-Lake.
  11. 1796-02-01: Capital of Upper Canada moved from Niagara to York.
  12. 1799: Name of Saint John's Island changed to Prince Edward Island.
  13. 1809: Labrador coast and Anticosti Island transferred to Newfoundland.
  14. 1818: Treaty of 1818 fixed the boundary between the United States and Canada at 49° North latitude, westward from Lake of the Woods to the Oregon Territory, which became a condominium of the United States and Great Britain.
  15. 1820: Cape Breton Island merged with Nova Scotia.
  16. 1825: Anticosti Island, and the Labrador coast from Rivière Saint-Jean to Anse Sablon, transferred from Newfoundland to Lower Canada.
  17. 1834: Name of capital of Upper Canada changed from York to Toronto.
  18. 1841-02-10: Under Act of Union, name of Lower Canada changed to Canada East, and Upper Canada to Canada West. The two were united to form the province of Canada. Its capital was Kingston, now in Ontario.
  19. 1842-11-10: Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary between U.S. and Canada (Maine/New Brunswick, Minnesota/Hudson's Bay Company).
  20. 1844: Capital of Canada province moved from Kingston to Montréal (source [1]).
  21. 1846: Oregon Boundary Treaty established the 49° line as the boundary between the Oregon territory and British possessions. The British part was named New Caledonia.
  22. 1849: Vancouver Island organized as a colony.
  23. 1849: Capital of Canada province moved from Montréal to Toronto.
  24. 1851: Capital of Canada province moved from Toronto to Quebec City.
  25. 1855: Capital of Canada province moved from Quebec City to Toronto.
  26. 1855: Status of Newfoundland changed to dominion, with Labrador as its dependency.
  27. 1858: New Caledonia was renamed British Columbia and organized as a colony.
  28. 1859: Capital of Canada province moved from Toronto to Quebec City.
  29. 1859: The remaining unorganized territory between British Columbia and the Arctic Ocean, and between Alaska and Rupert's Land, was claimed by Great Britain and named The North-Western Territory.
  30. 1862: Stickeen territory was split from North-Western territory, extending northward from British Columbia to 62° North latitude.
  31. 1863: Stickeen territory split between British Columbia and North-Western territory, with the line of division following 60° North latitude.
  32. 1865: Capital of Canada province moved from Quebec City to Ottawa.
  33. 1866-11: Vancouver Island merged with British Columbia, which had now reached its present-day borders.
  34. 1867-07-01: By the British North America Act, Canada became a dominion. It had four provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec (these last two formed by splitting the former province of Canada). Its capital was Ottawa.
  35. 1870-07-15: Rupert's Land ceded by the Hudson's Bay Company and merged with North-Western territory to form The North-West Territories. Canada assumed the governance of North-West territories. Manitoba province created, consisting of about the southern third of present-day Manitoba.
  36. 1871-07-20: British Columbia became a province of Canada.
  37. 1873-07-01: Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada.
  38. 1880-09-01: Great Britain transferred its claims to all North American arctic islands to Canada.
  39. 1881-07-01: Manitoba annexed part of Northwest Territories.
  40. 1898-06-13: Yukon territory split from Northwest Territories.
  41. 1905-09-01: Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces formed from parts of Northwest Territories.
  42. 1912-05-15: Parts of Northwest Territories annexed to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec provinces.
  43. 1927-03-01: Labrador hinterland transferred from Quebec province to the dominion of Newfoundland.
  44. 1934-02-16: Status of Newfoundland changed from dominion to crown colony.
  45. 1949-03-31: Newfoundland merged with Canada, becoming a province. Labrador, formerly its dependency, became part of the new province.
  46. 1967-01-18: Yellowknife became capital of Northwest Territories. Formerly, the region had been administered from Ottawa.
  47. ~1993: The Canada Post designator for Quebec was PQ, for "Province du Québec", until it was changed to the current QC. The exact date of the change calls for further research.
  48. 1999-04-01: Nunavut territory split from Northwest Territories (former FIPS code CA06). Canada Post continued to use NT as the designator for both Nunavut and Northwest Territories until 2000-12-12. See source [9] for a sidelight.
  49. 2001-12-06: Name of Newfoundland changed to Newfoundland and Labrador. (Date of proclamation; the Canadian Senate removed the last legal barrier by passing a constitutional amendment on 2001-11-20.)
  50. 2002-10-21: Canada Post changed postal designator of Newfoundland and Labrador from NF to NL (source [8]). A six-month grace period was allowed for the changeover.
  51. 2003-04-01: Name of Yukon Territory changed to Yukon (see source [7]).

Other names of subdivisions: 

  1. British Columbia: Britisch Kolumbien (German); Colombie britannique (French); Columbia Británica (Spanish); Colúmbia Britânica (Portuguese); Columbia Britannica (Italian); New Caledonia (obsolete)
  2. New Brunswick: Neubraunschweig (German); Nueva Brunswick (Spanish); Nouveau-Brunswick (French); Nova Brunswick (Portuguese)
  3. Newfoundland and Labrador: Neufundland [n] (German); Newfoundland (obsolete); Terra Nova (Portuguese); Terranova (Italian, Spanish); Terre-Neuve (French-obsolete); Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (French)
  4. Northwest Territories: Nordwestgebiete, Nordwest-Territorien (German); Territoires du Nord-Ouest (French); Territori di Nordovest (Italian); Territorios del Noroeste (Spanish); Territórios do Noroeste (Portuguese)
  5. Nova Scotia: Acadia (obsolete, also refers to New Brunswick); Neuschottland [n] (German); Nouvelle-Écosse (French); Nova Escócia (Portuguese); Nueva Escocia (Spanish)
  6. Ontario: Ontário (Portuguese); Upper Canada (obsolete)
  7. Prince Edward Island: Île de Saint-Jean (obsolete); Île du Prince-Édouard (French); Ilha do Príncipe Eduardo (Portuguese); Isla Príncipe Eduardo (Spanish); Isola Principe Edoardo (Italian); Prinz Edward-Insel (German)
  8. Quebec: Lower Canada (obsolete); Québec (French, Italian, Portuguese); Quebeque (Portuguese-variant)
  9. Yukon: Territoire du Yukon (French-obsolete); Yukon Territory (obsolete); Yukón (Spanish)

Population history:

  2006-05-16 2001-05-15 1996-05-14 1991-06-04 1986-06-03 1981-06-03 1976-06-01 1971-06-01 1966-06-01 1961-06-01 1956-06-01
Alberta 3,290,350 2,974,807 2,696,826 2,545,553 2,375,278 2,237,724 1,838,037 1,627,874 1,463,203 1,331,944 1,123,116
British Columbia 4,113,487 3,907,738 3,724,500 3,282,061 2,889,207 2,744,467 2,466,608 2,184,621 1,873,674 1,629,082 1,398,464
Manitoba 1,148,401 1,119,583 1,113,898 1,091,942 1,071,232 1,026,241 1,021,506 988,247 963,066 921,686 850,040
New Brunswick 729,997 729,498 738,133 723,900 710,442 696,403 677,250 634,557 616,788 597,936 554,616
Newfoundland and Labrador 505,469 512,930 551,792 568,474 568,349 567,681 557,725 522,104 493,396 457,853 415,074
Northwest Territories 41,464 37,360 39,672 57,649 52,238 45,471 42,609 34,807 28,738 22,998 19,313
Nova Scotia 913,462 908,007 909,282 899,942 873,199 847,442 828,571 788,960 756,039 737,007 694,717
Nunavut 29,474 26,745 24,730 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Ontario 12,160,282 11,410,046 10,753,573 10,084,885 9,113,515 8,625,107 8,264,465 7,703,106 6,960,870 6,236,092 5,404,933
Prince Edward Island 135,851 135,294 134,557 129,765 126,646 122,506 118,229 111,641 108,535 104,629 99,285
Quebec 7,546,131 7,237,479 7,138,795 6,895,963 6,540,276 6,438,403 6,234,445 6,027,764 5,780,845 5,259,211 4,628,378
Saskatchewan 968,157 978,933 990,237 988,928 1,010,198 968,313 921,323 926,242 955,344 925,181 880,665
Yukon 30,372 28,674 30,766 27,797 23,504 23,153 21,836 18,388 14,382 14,628 12,190
Totals 31,612,897 30,007,094 28,846,761 27,296,859 25,354,084 24,342,911 22,992,604 21,568,311 20,014,880 18,238,247 16,080,791

 

  1956-06-01 1951-06-01 1941-06-02 1931-06-01 1921-06-01 1911-06-01 1901-04-01 1891-04-05 1881-04-04 1871-04-02 1861 1851
Alberta 1,123,116 939,501 796,169 731,605 588,454 374,295 73,022 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
British Columbia 1,398,464 1,165,210 817,861 694,263 524,582 392,480 178,657 98,173 49,459 36,247 51,524 55,000
Manitoba 850,040 776,541 729,744 700,139 610,118 461,394 255,211 152,506 62,260 25,228 ---- ----
New Brunswick 554,616 515,697 457,401 408,219 387,876 351,889 331,120 321,263 321,233 285,594 252,047 193,800
Newfoundland 415,074 361,416 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Northwest Territories 19,313 16,004 12,028 9,316 8,143 6,507 20,129 98,967 56,446 48,000 6,691 5,700
Nova Scotia 694,717 642,584 577,962 512,846 523,837 492,338 459,574 450,396 440,572 387,800 330,857 276,854
Ontario 5,404,933 4,597,542 3,787,655 3,431,683 2,933,662 2,527,292 2,182,947 2,114,321 1,926,922 1,620,851 1,396,091 952,004
Prince Edward Island 99,285 98,429 95,047 88,038 88,615 93,728 103,259 109,078 108,891 94,021 80,857 62,678
Quebec 4,628,378 4,055,681 3,331,882 2,874,662 2,360,510 2,005,776 1,648,898 1,488,535 1,359,027 1,191,516 1,111,566 890,261
Saskatchewan 880,665 831,728 895,992 921,785 757,510 492,432 91,279 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Yukon 12,190 9,096 4,914 4,230 4,157 8,512 27,219 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Totals 16,080,791 14,009,429 11,506,655 10,376,786 8,787,949 7,206,643 5,371,315 4,833,239 4,324,810 3,689,257 3,229,633 2,436,297

 

Notes:

  1. The 1996 census reported a population of 64,404 for Northwest Territories, which included Nunavut at that time. The figures shown above for those territories in 1996 were calculated retroactively.
  2. Prior to 1949, Newfoundland had a separate census. Its population was 289,588 in 1935, and 321,819 in 1945.
  3. Populations of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon included in Northwest Territories before 1900.
  4. Population of Manitoba included in Northwest Territories before 1870.
  5. 1951 figures are duplicated to facilitate comparison of successive censuses.

Sources: 

  1. [1] "A Capital for Canada: conflict and compromise in the nineteenth century", David B. Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago, Dept. of Geography, 1977. It describes six times that the capital of Canada was moved in 1841-1867.
  2. [2] Land and freshwater area, by province and territory  on the Statistics Canada website. Figures given in the table above are total area (land plus freshwater; retrieved 2004-12-30).
  3. [3] http://npc.nunavut.ca/eng/nunavut/boundary.html (retrieved 2005-11-12) was a description of the boundary of the Nunavut Settlement Area. Schedule I  of the Nunavut Act describes the boundary between Nunavut and N.W.T.
  4. [4] The Canada Year Book 1945. Edmond Cloutier, Ottawa, 1945.
  5. [5] The Canadian Pocket Encyclopedia, 33rd Edition. Quick Canadian Facts, Ltd., Toronto, 1978.
  6. [6] A Historical Atlas of Canada, by D.G.G. Kerr. Thomas Nelson & Sons (Canada), Toronto, 1963.
  7. [7] Abbreviations and symbols for the names of the provinces and territories  on the Natural Resources Canada website; Yukon Territory name change to Yukon  on the Canadian Library and Archives website (both retrieved 2009-07-17).
  8. [8] http://www.canadapost.ca/business/corporate/about/newsroom/pr/default-e.asp?prid=644 (retrieved 2002-12-13).
  9. [9] Nunatsiaq News  had an amusing article about the choice of postal abbreviation for Nunavut (retrieved 2002-12-13).
  10. [10] Table of Geographic and Administrative Information ... , on the Natural Resources Canada website, summarizes the secondary divisions of each province and territory (retrieved 2009-07-17).
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