According to Oil & Gas Journal, Oman has total proven reserves of 5.5 billion barrels of oil. Oman’s reserves are found mainly in the north and central onshore areas, comprised of disparate clusters of smaller fields. This geological composition makes production costs some of the highest in the region. The transition into secondary and tertiary extraction techniques will only increase these costs even further. Oman has thus far implemented a successful program to reverse the decline in production experienced for most of the past decade, deploying some of the most sophisticated methods of oil extraction.

Oman’s Ministry of Oil and Gas coordinates the state’s role in the country’s hydrocarbon sectors. Final approval on policy and investment, however, rests with the sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said, who also holds the office of prime minister. The implementation of oil policy is done through an integrated company in which the Sultanate of Oman owns majority stakes. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) holds for more than 90 percent of Oman’s oil reserves and is responsible for 80 percent of its production. Aside from the government’s 60 percent share, Shell (34 percent), Total (4 percent), and Portugal’s Partex (2 percent) all own stakes in PDO.

Given the technical difficulties involved in production, the contract terms for international oil companies (IOCs) have become more favorable than elsewhere in the region, some allowing significant equity stakes in certain projects. Occidental Petroleum has the largest presence of any foreign firm and is the second largest oil-producer in Oman. Other major players with interests in Oman include: Shell, Total, Partex, BP, CNPC, KoGas, and Repsol. In 2010, BG quit Oman because of inadequate findings in exploration at its concession areas.

Oman produced 863,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of total petroleum liquids in 2010, 860,000 bbl/d of which was crude oil. Average oil production in Oman has increased by over 20 percent for the past three years, from a low of 714,000 bbl/d in 2007. PDO owns a concession which previously encompassed most of the country, Block-6, which has since been broken up and parceled out in successive bidding rounds. Much of the production growth has come from the success of international firms in developing former portions of Block-6. Tethys Oil of Sweden in particular has received encouraging results, hitting oil at various wells in two of its onshore blocks in 2010, which could indicate a higher potential for sustained production levels.

In 2002, PDO initiated a review of its mature oil fields to determine the feasibility of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques which would help boost production yet again. A massive EOR program was implemented, using varied techniques on a field-by-field basis, according to the geology. The future of Oman’s oil sector is now dependent upon these EOR techniques.

Oman’s EOR program consists of three different general methods of extracting oil, some of which have never been used on a commercial scale previously. Miscible gas injection, steam (thermal) injection, and polymer flooding are the cornerstone of Oman’s efforts to step up production. Miscible gas injection involves pumping gas, often toxic, that dissolves in the oil, facilitating higher flow rates. PDO is using this method at its operations in the Harweel oil field cluster. Thermal EOR methods are being deployed at Mukhaizna, Marmul, Amal-East, Amal-West and Qarn Alam fields. Thermal EOR entails the injection of steam in various ways and durations so as to facilitate the flow of heavier oil to the well. Mukhaizna has already increased production to 50,000 bbl/d, with Occidental expecting that to rise to 150,000 bbl/d by 2012. When reservoirs contain heavier grades of crude, the viscosity of the oil restricts its flow to the well. With such a heavy grade of crude, water injection might not prove effective, as the disparity in viscosity causes the water to pass the oil, instead of pushing it to the well. At projects such as Marmul, with this heavy oil, injecting polymer fluid is more effective when injected into a well.

Production growth will come from the entire spectrum of oil development in Oman. PDO wants to increase recovery rates at Yibal, a mainstay of Omani production, to 55 percent through traditional water-flooding. Finally, the discovery of al-Ghubar South in 2009 is the most promising discovery for Oman in years. Some officials at the Ministry of Oil and Gas reckon that al-Ghubar South could add as much as 1 billion barrels to reserves. Two significant discoveries were also made at Malaan West and Taliah in the Lekhwair cluster in northwest Oman, which will broaden baseline production in the future.

Other large EOR projects include:

In 2009, Oman consumed approximately 115,000 bbl/d of petroleum products. Consumption has increased over the last decade, more than doubling from a level of 52,000 bbl/d in 2000. This has largely been attributable to Oman’s industrialization and expanding petrochemical sector, along with better roadways and an expanding vehicle fleet.

Though Oman is a significant net exporter of petroleum, they are not a member of OPEC. As is the case with other exports from the Gulf, Asia provides the main consumer markets for Omani crude, led by China and Japan.

Oman’s pipeline system is mostly focused on delivering crude oil to the country’s only oil export terminal at Mina al-Fahal. Located near the capital, Muscat, both the export terminal at Mina al-Fahal and the Main Oil Line feeding the facilities are run by PDO. Pipelines also feed industrial complexes and petrochemical plants, which form an integral part of economic diversification and Oman’s expansion into downstream activities. PDO operates about 1,000 miles of oil pipelines which run throughout the country.

In 2010, Oman had a refining capacity of 222,000 bbl/d, split between Oman’s two refineries. The Mina al-Fahal refinery was Oman’s first, opened in 1982, and has a capacity of 106,000 bbl/d of crude distillation after an expansion in 2007. The Sohar refinery was brought on-stream in 2006, with a refinery capacity of 116,000 bbl/d. The refineries are operated by the Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals Company (ORPC), the result of a 2007 merger between the Oman Refinery Company and the Sohar Refinery Company. ORPC is owned by the Omani Ministry of Finance (75 percent) and Oman Oil Company (OOC) (25 percent). The Sohar refinery is currently tendering contracts for an expansion project, which will bring crude distillation capacity to 190,000 bbl/d by 2013.

Oman continues to pursue the building of a large refinery and petrochemical complex at al-Duqm in southern Oman, which would be geared toward export markets. Under a memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed in July 2009, a joint venture between the Omani government and international investors would build a 200,000–300,000 bbl/d refinery, a crude oil export terminal, and several large petrochemical facilities.