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Selling the Lower East Side

Building the Lower East Side Ghetto

The original development of the Lower East Side tenement district was a product of the city's population and industrial growth in the early and mid nineteenth century. 

The 1811 land-use plan had subdivided Manhattan (most of its area yet to be developed) into a rectilinear grid of twelve avenues running the length of the island (north-south) and dozens of narrow streets spanning its width (east-west). Property lines were drawn within these blocks to create 25 feet wide by 100 feet deep parcels. Manhattan developed northward as commerce and industry expanded. Population increased due to immigration from Europe, pushing the city's middle and upper classes northward. As they departed, speculators and developers turned their former neighborhoods into an enormous working-class manufacturing and residential district.

The tenement prevailed as the dominant housing type in the immigrant ghetto. Tenements best utilized the 25 X 100 feet lot size and could house the most residents. Tenements underwent a series of changes "improvements" in the nineteenth century. Yet despite changes tenements remained cheaply built and ill-suited for occupancy by the growing number of immigrants.

               

The operation of the tenement was based upon economic exploitation at several levels. In addition to the landowner, others included the purchasing landlord, one or two sublandlords, tenant subleasees and borders. The majority of Lower East Side landlords were absentee owners. Most residents had contact with the sublandlord(s), known locally as "cockroach landlords," who made profits from raising rents and by overcrowding buildings. Unable to afford rents, tenant families often rented small spaces in their apartments to borders.

Above: The tenement today.


Links (click to follow)

Read The Tenement as History and Housing, by Ruth Limmer and Andrew S. Dolkart.

What is an old-law tenement?

Tenant.net - The online resource for residential tenants.

Here is a bibliographic index of urban planning, 1794-1918.

Here is information about the Lower East Side tenement museum.


Images (click to enlarge)

Manhattan map-1811

Double-Decker Tenements

The Bowery, 1895.

Winning tenement model, 1878.

Tenement model.

 

 

 



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The book upon which this web site is based,

Selling the Lower East Side,

is available directly through University of Minnesota Press
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Site design © 2000: Kurt Reymers and Dan Webb.
(University at Buffalo, Department of Sociology)