Return to Contents "Lé Rouai, Nou’ Duc"[1]Paul Matthews
IntroductionEvery Channel Islander knows that the Queen (or King) land is also the Duke of Normandy [2] . But is that really right? Does the medieval title of "Duke of Normandy" still exist? And, if it does, is it really the Queen who holds it? There is a wealth of historical and legal material, spanning at least three different jurisdictions, bearing on the point. As there is enough here for several doctoral theses, constraints of time and space mean that this article can only include the barest summary. Historians will shudder. But lawyers have a living to earn.
HistoryBy three grants, in 911, 924 and 933, French "Kings" ceded the ar now known as Normandy to Scandinavian invaders. Their leader became known as dux, or duke, of Normandy. The boundaries of the areas ceded are imprecise [3], and there is no clear evidence that they included the Channel Isl, which the Normans may simply have taken by force from whoever was occupying them [4] . Williaormandy succeeded his father Robert as Duke in 1035. In 1066 he became King of England, by conquest if not also by nomination of Edward the Confessor [5] . It would be simple if we could say that every king (and queen regnant) of England since then has also been Duke of Normandy. But it would not be true. It was not even true when King William died. At the timf the Conquest, Normandy was part of France, and the Dukes of Normandy were (at least nominally) vassals of the Kings of France [6] . England was another matter, and its King was no man’s vassal. On William’s death in 1087, his eldest son Robert (Curthose) becake of Normandy, whilst his second son William (Rufus) became King of England [7] . William died a bachelor in 1100 in mysterious circumstances in the New Forest. A third son, Henry (Beauclerc) usurped the English throne from his elder brother [8] . Six years lateposed Robert as Duke of Normandy as well, depriving Robert’s son (William Clito) of his inheritance in the process. When King (and Duke) Henry died 35, he intended hir Matilda (or Maud) to succeed him in both titles [9] . But his nephew Stephen of Blois, preferred by the barons [10], fought a civil war with his cousin, and made himself king and duke. On the other hand, Matilda’s second husband, Geont of Anjou, managed to depose Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and himself became duke in right of his wife [11] . Indeed, in 1149-1150, during his own he transmitted the title to their son Henry [12] . A deal was struck with Stephen, whose eldn Eustace had died [13] . Stephen would remain king for his life, but Henry would succeed him on his death. Stephen died in 1154, and Henry at the age of 21 becam Henry II of England. He was now Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou since his father’s death in 1151, and also Duke of Acquitaine in right of his own wife Eleanor. [14] This valuable collection of French fiefs in the hands of a mined individual [15] would have seemed alarming to the French king. At this timench kings were weak, and their vassals strong [16] . How much territory the French king was really king of depended on many factors. But in pract very much smaller than modern day France [17] . To have a powerful foreign king as a nominal vassal in many different parts of what you claimed as your kingdom was both difficult and dangerous. King Philippe Auguste (who had succeede the French throne in 1180) therefore encouraged Henry’s four sons, Henry the younger [18], Richard, Geoffrey and John, to revolt against their father. In truth theded little encouragement in this [19] . Geoffrey (whom he courtrst) [20] died in 1186, in his father’s lifetime. He left a posthumous son, Arthur. Philippe Auguste turned his attention to Richard (Teart) [21] . Henry died in 1189, to be succeeded by Richard. But Richard was rarely in England, being more interested in the Crusades to the Holy Land. He caused Philippe Auguste little bother. After Richard’s death in 1199, John usurped the place of his young nephew Arthur and became king. Geoffrey’s widow was the heiress of the Duke of Brittany, to which title Arthur in due course succeeded. Philippe Auguste now turned his attention to John. he required John to come to France and appear before the Court of the French barons at Paris, to answer claims of breach of feudal obligations [22] . John refused. Philippe Auguste was thus able to claim before the peers of France that all John’s French possessions were forfe French crown [23] . With Duke Arthur’s assistance, Philippe swept into Normandy and Anjou hn from the mainland of northern France by 1204 [24] . He even managed to occupy the Channel Islands, on at least two occ But only temporarily [25] . The French did so well against John that, with the support of the Pope (wd ordered John’s "deposition"), they even contemplated invading England [26] . However, in 1216 John died, to be succeeded by his own son King Henry III. The threat of invasion receded. But Henry III did not give up the claim to continental Normandy. For much of his reign he was certainly described in legal documents as Duke of Normandy, even though the only parts of the Duchy still remaining even nominally under his control were the Channel Islands. In his confirmatory charter 223 [27], for example, Henry is described as King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Guyan (Guyenne, i.e. Acquitaine) and Earl of Anjou. He waarly described in a Royal Writ issued to the Warden of the Channel Islands in 1248, requiring him to inquire into the laws instituted there by King John [28] . In 1254 Henry conferred an apanage on his elder son Edward, granting him all his remaining French territories - including the Channel Islands - on terms "that they should never be separated from the Crown.t should remain to the Kings of England in their entirety for ever." [29] The Anglo-French conflict over Normandy dragged on until 1259, when the Treaty of Paris wad. By this treaty Henry, concerned to protect his more valuable interests in Acquitaine, expressly gave up all claim to Normandy [30], and never thereafter called himsuke [31] . If matters rested there, there would be no question of any English sovereign thereafter having legal right to the title Duke of Normandy. Irue that Henry’s son Edward protested at his father’s action, both then and once he had become king in 1272 [32] . But Edward subsequently became Couthieu in right of his wife [33], and Normandy became less important to him. So he too renounced an he might have had to Normandy, in the Treaty of Amiens in 1279 [34] . Consistently with this, in known as Britton [35], in his own ation of Magna Carta, in 1297 [36], and in other legal documents, such as a nomination of commi hear a case in Jersey in 1305 [37], Edward I was described as King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Guyan, but (unlike his father in 1223 and 1248) neither as Duke of Normandy, nor as Earl of Anjou. This does not mean that the status of tnel Islands changed [38] . But from now on their overlord was King of England, not Duke of Normandy, and, w French of the time may have thought [39], any nominal suzerainty of the King of France h gone. [40] As Shakespeare might say, the scene now moves to France. In 1314 the King of France, Philippe IV (Le Bel) died, leaving three sons and a daughter. These three sons were to becomn as Les Rois Maudits [41] . Philippe’s wife, their mother (who had predeceased her husband) had been Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne in her own right. Philippe’s eldest son became King Louis X. He died in 1316, leaving a daughter Jeanne, aged 5, and a posthumous son (Jean) who lived only a few days. Jeanne’s claim to succeed her baby brother was ignored iour of her uncle, Philippe Le Bel’s second son, also called Philippe (Le Long) [42] . Philippe was hurriedly crowned King Philippe V. An assembly of nobles, called for the purpose, approved the coronation:
"Etiam declaratum fuit quod ad coronam Franciae er non succedit". [43]
In dynastic terms, this king fared no better. He died in 1322, also leaving a daughter, but no son. The circumstances of the father’s succession hence excluded the daughter. So the third brother, Charles, became king. He reigned until 1328, when he died. He too left a posthumous daughter, but again no son. Jeanne, the daughter of Louis X, was now seventeen, but (given the declaration of 1317) it was too late for her. Philippe Le Bel’s fourth child was a daughter, Isabelle. She had married King Edward II of England, the weak son of Edward I. Edward II had died the year before, and their son, the young Edward III, was now the King of England. Edward was thus the nephew of the last three French kings. That made him their nearest male heir. He was not - like Jeanne - a woman. But he was descended through a woman. And - much worse - he was the king of a deadly rival kingdom. Small surprise, therefore, that the nobles of France instead supported the late king’s first cousin, Philippe De Valois, to become King Philippe VI. Edward was excluded expressly because he claimed through a woman:
"Quod si dictus filius izabellae habereod jus in regno, hoc sibi naturalitur accederit ratione matris; ubi ergo mater nullum jus haberet, per consequens nec filius..." [44]
So Edward III of England was passed over as King of France. His mother, Queen Isabelle, on his behalf sent envoys to protest. But to no l [45] . The claim appears to have been dropped. In 1328 Edward was only sixteen. Indeed, he did homage to Philippe De Valois for his French fiefs, including Aine [46] . But later on resentment grew (as it does). Within a few years his claim to the French throne itself led directly to the Hundred Years’ War. Historians hebated the causes of this war [47] . Was it feudal, in that Edward III disliked doing homage to another king, his equal? Or was it dynastic, in that Edward resented being passed over for the French throne? Did Edward mean his claim to be taken seriously? Or was it just a diplomatic or negotiating tactic to obtain concessions elsewhere? From the point of view of this article, it does not matter very much. What we should note is that frards Philippe De Valois, now King Philippe VI, gave his son Jean (later King Jean II Le Bon) the title Duke of Normandy [48] . Even Froissart, a fairly objective, even anglophile, observer of events, so refers to him in his Chronicles [49] . So it is at he was so known. And, once Jean succeeded his father as king in 1350, he conferred on his own eldest son Charles (later Charles V Le Sage) the title Duke of Normandy in his turn. Froissin followed suit. [50] In 1332 no one on the English side appears to have t to be called Duke of Normandy [51] . Indeed Edward III did not claim the title of King of France 1341 [52] . It was only about a quarter of a century later, about 1357, during his campaigns in Normandy, that Edward III of England appears for a short time t used the title [53] . But unlike the kings of France, who gave it to their eldest sons, Edward kept the title for himself, and did not give it to his own son, the Black Prince. Understandably enough, Edward in his military campaign was seeking to trade on the family association with the surrounding area, despite the fact that it was over a hundred years since any of his ancestors had used the title. In any event the use of the title was ambiguous. Was Edward claiming to be Duke through his father, as successor to King John? Or was he claiming to be Duke through his mother, ie as successor to King Philippe Auguste, who had taken back Normandy lf? Whatever the position, it appears the use of the title was tactical rather than heartfelt [54] . For only a few years later, in the Treaty of Bretigny, in 1360, King Edward III, like his grandfather and great grandfather before him, settled for guarantees about Acquitaine in return for agreeing to give up all claim to France itself and to mainland Nandy [55] . For the third time in a century, an English king in a solemn treaty put Acquitaine first and renounced, for himself and his successors, the title of Duke Normandy [56] . But the Channel Islands themselves continued to be held by the English King and, whatever the pus position [57], for the future it in full ownership [58] . Bretigny marked a pause in the Hundred Years’ War. It did not mark its end. Recriminations on each side, about the other keeping its terms, led in due course to Edward III’s cement in 1369 that he was retaking the name and title of King of France [59], and then to a resumption of hostilities [60] . ed a pitch during the reign of King Henry V, 1413 - 1422. The Black Prince had died before becoming king, and his own son, Richard II, had been deposed in 1399 by his cousin Bolingbroke (Henry IV), the father of King Henry V. Henry V was thus the grandson of John of Gaunt, and the great grandson of King Edward III. Henry however pressed his claim, not be to Duke mandy [61], but to be King of France. Shakespeare makes Henry V say
"Cheerly to sea, the signs of war advance:
No King of England, if not Kinance". [62]
This is not just a great exit line. It accurately encapsulates the dynastic argument according to which the English king was also the person entitled to the French throne, and that the Valois kings were usurpers. In making his claim to the throne of France, Henry was met - seemingly for the first time - with reliance by King Charles VI "Le Fou" (grandson of Jean II Le Bon) on the Salic Law. We will return briefly to this issue later. Henry invaded Fr and (inter alia) won the battle of Agincourt in 1415. English statutes at the time refer to him as "King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland" [63] . Not Duke of Normandy. It is true that, in the period 1417 to 1419, during his campaigns in France, he did relf locally as the Duke of Normandy [64] . But, as with his great grandfather, this may well have been a practical approach. In 1420 the victorious King Henry V entered the Treaty of Troyes with King Charles VI. This achieved everything that Henry wanted. He married Charles’ daughter Catharine, and was recognised as heir to the French throne after the death of Charles. Charles VI’s son, the Dauphin (also Charles) was disinherited. Twy important features of the Treaty of Troyes should be noted. First, Henry no longer claimed to be King of France [65] . Instead he claimed to be heir to the King of France. So he no longer attacked the title of the French king. Instelaimed through it. Secondly, mainland Normandy was in future to be treated in legal terms as a part of France [66] . Once Henry becg of France [67], it was to go where France went, and not separately. Until then, it was to be retained by Henrs own hands [68] . But the Treaty left the Channel Islands in the hands of the English King as King; they were not rejoined to con Normandy [69] . The Treaty was bitterly attacked by Charles the Dauphin, and with reason, since it disinherited him. Unfortunately, Henry V died in 1422, shortly after the birth of his son (who became King Henry VI), and shortly before the French King les VI himself. On the death of Charles VI, mainland Normandy was indeed reunited with France [70] . No attempt appears ever to have been made to reintegrate the Channel Islands into Normandy, let alone into France itself. We will never know what would have happened had Henry V survived. What did happen was a continuation of the Hundred Years’ War. Inevitably, those supporting Henry VI claimed him, following the treaty of Troyes, to be King of France as well as of England. No separat to be Duke of Normandy can be found [71] . Given the favourable terms of the Treaty of Troyes, it would be surprising if any were made. Ns, distinctions between France generally and Normandy in particular were occasionally found [72] . It is unclear whether these had any greater significance than the purely geographical. At that point in the war, the English retained physical control of Normandy, but not all of France. There was accordingly reason why some English statutes should expressly purport to have effect in Normandy, but not in the rest of France. The French, meanwhile, aided by Jeanne D’Arc, made gains. They retook Paris in 1436, and, after the battle of Formigny in 1450, managed to seize back the territory of mainland Normandy. Thereafter, the only Dukes of Normandy so called are found on the French side. They include Charlrry (brother of Louis XI) for a few months in 1465 to 1466, and (centuries later) Louis Charles, the second son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, who from his birth in 1785, until the death in 1789 of his elder brother, the Dauphin, had borne the title of Duke of Normandy. [73]
We have seen how the titles claimed by English (and French) monarchs varied over the late medieval period. It would be sensible to complete the picture by bringing the claiming of titles more or less u All English monarchs from Henry VI on [74], without exception, claimed the title of "King (or Queen) of France", until the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, by which the claim to that title was formally ed [75] . However I can trace no claim by any of them to be Duke of Normandy. This is hardly surprising, as such a claim would be inconsistent with the treaties of Paris, Bretigny, Amiens and of course Troyes, under which the clearest title to be King of France arose. Thus, in an Ord Council of Henry VII [76], the Jersey record shows that Thomas Lemprière was "Bailli de notre Souverain Sire le Roi d’Angleterre en l’Ile de Jersey." In the body of the Order a reference was made to "the subjects of the King of the said Island." Similarly, Orders in Council of King Henry VIII in 1541, addressed (in Latin) to "Hillary Delaroque, lieutenant of the bailiff of our Island of Jersey", referred to the King simply as "King of England and of France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and Head of an Church on Earth. [77] " And, in another Jersey court document referring to a Jersey family, King Philip and Queen Mary were described as King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, and many other princely and noble titles too, but n all in relation to Normandy [78] . The charters to Jersey of lnarchs [79] show only that they claimed to be Kings (or Queens) of England and France, and Lords of Ireland. None of them claimed to be Duke of Normandy. The Cheen Elizabeth I [80] makes some references to Dukes of Normandy, in confirming earlier charters and grants "of our said progenitors formerly Kings of England and Dukes of Normandy", and in reserving rights due "by the prerogative of our Crown of England or the Dukedom of Normandy or otherwise". But there is no suggestion whatever that she claimed herself to be Duke. Subsequent Royal Charters are to similar effect. As against that, there are letters patent of King s in 1615 [81], recording the decision of the Privy Council in a dispute about the right of nomination of Bailiff. Although the opening words in giving his titles refer only to James being king (of England, Scotland, France and Ireland), there is in the body of the document a phrase referring to
"Us our heyres & succes[sors] Kinges of this Realme of England and Duckes of Normandie…."
The act of the Royal Court enrolling these let patent [82] also referred to King James I as "Le Roy d’Angleterre et Duc de Normandie &c". In addition t an extract [83] (probably made in 1617) from the rolls of the Royal Court referring to the king as "Roy de la Grande Bretagne France et Irlande et Duc de Normandie defenseur de la Foy etc". The first of these appears to be an isolated incident, and the others are local actions by Jersey officials, and not consistent with royal claims. However, Advocate Raoul Lemprière has descrn incident at the coronation of King George III where a person apparently "representing the Duke of Normandy" took part in the ceremony [84] . Unfortunately, I have been unable to trace the source of this statement, or any contemporary evidence srting it [85] . This is meagre support indeed for a claim to the subsistence of the title "Duke of Normandy" in the English sovereign. The titles of English kings and queens since 1802 make reference to diverse other territories, from Ireland to India, but never to Normandy as such. Many British and U.K. statutes refer to the Channel Islands, in turn making plain that they are within "Her Majesty’s Dominions". But they do not suggest that the sovereign in relation to these territories is anything other than queen (or king). The present Queen’s title makes no claim to be andy, or, indeed, Duke of anywhere [86] . She is "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northerd and of her other Realms and Territories, Queen, Defender of the Faith and Head of the Commonwealth" [87] . The Channel Islands n the United Kingdom [88], but they are within Her Majesty’s "other Realms and Tes" [89], and of these she claims to be - and is - Queen, not Duke. When a Crown appointment is made in the Channel Island by Letters Patent, the Queen icribed as Queen. Not as Duke of Normandy. In other commonwealth countries her titles are sometimes varied by local legislation [90] . So for example in Canada she is Queen of Canada and in New Zealand she is Queen of New Zealand. But there is no Jersey legislation that I am aware of that makes any similar provision, let alone any that calls her Duke of Normandy.
LawSo much - so shortly - for the history, and the royal titles. What of the law? There is some difficulty in talking about "law" in this area, and particularly in relation to the late medieval period. This is not private law, like contract or tort law. It relates to what we would now call "public" law, law relating to public institutions and authorities. And particularly to international relations : public international law, in fact. Not a well-established subjec late medieval period. Moreover, the actual rules relating to royal succession and titles at this time were simply not settled [91] . But this is a law review, and we must do our best.
First, the Salic Law. This is really like Sherlock Holmes’ mysterious incident of the dog in the night time. We have seen how in 1317 the French nobility (after the event) approved the coronation of Philippe V as King, and for good measure declared that no woman could hold the throne. And in 1328 this was ext to a man claiming through a woman. But no one referred to the Salic Law to justify this view [92] . Indeed, the doctors of the University of Paris in 1317 had used a completely different reason for preferring Philippe to his niece Jeanne, and that was that he was one generation less removed from St Louis (Philippe’s great grandfather) [93] . Strange is view seems to us today, there were a number of late thirteenth century cases of European royal succession apparently o basis. [94] An alternative view might have been ely the nobility. But elective monarchy had disappeared from France centuries before [95], and the notion of legislative power in the bat of the prevailing culture [96] . So even if this was what actually happened, it could not be expressed in that way. It might have been the requirements of the coronation cere Even if, by this time, the ceremony no longer made a king, it had far greater significance in ensuring his recognition than the equivalent English ceremony [97] . It was expl religious. The French King was the "Très Chrétien" [98] . He was anointed and crowned King Son & Holy Spirit" [99] . It was said "women ... could not touch sacred things, which nch Kings must" [100] . But although that might explain why a woman could not be queen, it could not explain why she could not transmit the right of kingship to her own son. In any event, the earliest that this view is found in French sources is in 1418-1419, a century after the events of 1317 and 1328. A further, misogynistic justification for the exclusion of wo advanced by the Chevalier of the Songe du Vergier [101] . Women are prone to tell lies, and hence cannot give evidence in law. "They are uncertain, rash, and malicious; in all things they follow the dictates of their arbitrary desires. They arially, weak.. [A] woman is manifestly less fitted to defend their commonwealth than is a man". [102] But it was in reality a question o man for the job. France needed a strong, French, King. In the circumstances, Philippe de Valois was the best candidate [103] . The Salic Law had nothing to do with it. The essentially practical approach can be illustrated in this way. The Kingdom of Navarre and the County of Champagne had belonged to Louis X, as the eldest son of his mother, Joan, Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne in her own right. No one claiming through the Queen of Navarre could suggest that, as a matter of law (eg the Salic Law) those titles could not be held by a woman. Yet Louis X’s own five year old daughter, Jeanne, was in practice passed over in favour of her uncle, Philippe Le Long, King Philippe V. And after him her other uncle, Charles IV. And on his death, the nobles could support Philippe De Valois as king: he was after all royal, the son of Philippe IV Le Bel’s younger brother. But, and importantly, he had no claim whatever to be King of Navarre and Count of Champagne. These were titles which descended through Philippe IV Le Bel’s wife. So these titles were now, somewhat belatedly, recognised in little Jeanne, aged seventeen. So not only was the Salic Law not expressly invoked in awarding the French throne to Philippe De Valois; it was expressly not applied in relation to the Kingdom of Navarre and County of Champagne. And it does not appear ever to have been invoked in relation to the title Duke of Normandy. Indeed, as we have seen, Stephen of Blois, Geoffrey of Anjou and King Henry II all became Duke of Normandy, the first through his mother Adela, daughter of Henry I; the other two through King Henry’s other daughter Matilda. Geoffrey claimed as husband, II as son [104] . If the point mattered, neither Victoria nor Elizabeth II would be disqualified by sex from holding the title by virtue of the Salic Law. The invocation of the Salic Law as a reason for choope de Valois came much later. The earliest reference seems to have been in 1358 [105], without perhaps anyone rea importance to France. That importance was only brought out by Jean de Montreuil [106] about 60 years later, when Henry V was King of England. And there were other pole to similar effect [107] . But the classic work on the subject was not publ until 1464 [108], a century and a half after the events supposed to be based on it! Nevertheless, the sentiment was lonhe exclusion of women from the throne of France survived into the Constitution of 3 September 1791 [109], under which Louis XVI d as King, the Sénatus-consulte organique of 1804, making Napoleon the Emperor of the French [110], and even the Sénatus-consulte of king Napoleon III Emperor [111] . It also survived into the systems of satellite states, though in Spain it was expressly abolished (in favour of the daughter of Ferdinand VII, who succeeded her father as Isabel II in 1833). The argument based on the Salic law was not strong, in any event. Shakespeare, basing himself on Archbishop Chichele’s statement in Holinshed’s Chronicles, gives the Archbishop of Canterbury in Henry V a powerfully destructive speech: the Salic law applied to a part of Germany, not France; that part was later conquered by the French; French Kings have succeeded to the Crown through women; and lastly the Bible is also invokor good measure. [112] French LawSecondly, French law in general. There are a number of problems for the English lawyer looking at French law from the medieval to the pre-revolutionary period. First of all there is language. The older texts are in late medieval Latin or old French. Second, there is a political and cultural dimension which the modern Englishman finds far more difficult to approach than (say) the equivalent period in English legal history (which is hard enough). Third, there is very little academic material actually available to an English lawyer. French lawyers do not seem very interested in legal history before the Revolution, and the little there is cannot easily be accessed in England. Nonetheless, I have tried to make sense of the few resources I have. We must begin with the fact that William the Conqueror and his successors down to John were peers of France, holding the dukedoms of Normandy and (latterly) of Acquitaine. As the Dukes were Kings of a powerful neighbouring state, there were obvious tensions in the feudal relation between them and the f France. As already described [113], in 1202 John’s refusal to appear before the nobles of France to answer allegations of breaking his feudal obligations may have led directly to (i) a declaration by the Court of France of forfef the title and honours of Duke of Normandy [114], and (ii) the forced taking (or retaking) of possession by the French King, by way of execution of the judgment of the French Court. (In rn times the very existence of the judgment has been controverted by the British side [115], but that need not detain us here: this is the perspective of French law, after all.) But what is clear is that the judgment - if it existed - was not enforced in relation to the Channel Islands. It is difficult to know how medieval lawyers would have viewed this failure. Perhaps they would have seen it as enabling John to continue to be regarded as de facto Duke of (at least part of) Normandy. Or perhaps they would have seen it as simply leaving it open to John to establish a new title, based on war-like occupation and resistance to invasion by the French but attaching to him as King of England. The latter appears to have be preferred view of the judges of the International Court of Justice in the Minquiers and Ecrehous case in 1953 . [116] As to mainland Normandy, on thnd, French lawyers appear to have had no doubt. The Ancienne Coûtume [117], which De Grid [118] was written probably at the end of the thirteenth century, but for which he took the text from that of Le Rouillé’s Grand Coutum 1539 [119], simply said that the King of France now held the lordship and dignity of the duchy. Whilst not all the great writers on the Coutume dma expresew, Bérault [120], Godefroy [121], Routier [122], Base [123], and ard [124] all took the view that the Duchy of Normandy belonged to the Crown of France. The French King indeed granted a Charter to t in 1315 [125] . But in none of these sources is there any reference to the Channel Islands. What is not so clear is whether the French lawyers took the view that their King was the Duke, or whether there was no longer a Duke, and Normandy was held directly by the King. Bérault expressly red to John as "le dernier des Ducs de Normandie" [126] . As already stated [127], there were amples of subsequent French Kings granting the title of Duke of Normandy to their own sons. This supports the view. (In addition, it would be consistent with the English law relating to merger of titles in the Crown. [128] ) The complicating factor is the abolition of the French monar As is well known, this did not happen as a single event, but as a series of events, lasting from the Revolution to the end of the Franco-Prussian War [129] . The original despotic monarchy was replaced in 1791 by a constitutional one, which was then in the following year abolished. The First Republic was succeeded in 1804 by the Empire, and then (in 1815) by the restoration of the Monarchy. But that lasted only until 1848, and the institution of the Second Republic. In 1852, the Seconmpire replaced that, to be itself replaced by the Third Republic in 1871. The constitutional documents governing these changes [130] do not (perhaps unsurprisingly) deal with questions of titles and honours. And I have been unable to locate any discussion of the possible transmission of any residual rights of the King (whether as King or Duke) through to some officer or institution (e.g. the President) of the Republic. But three practical points can be made. First, the pretender to the French throne, the Count of Paris, does not claim to be Duke of Normandy. Indeed, his ancestors have claimed (and held) a wide variety of titles, including Duke of Chartres, Duke of Orleans, and Duke of Guise, but never of Normandy. And his eldest son bears the title Count of Chambord. Second, the French Republic asserted its claim to the Minquiers and the Ecrehous before the International Court of Justice as successor to the French monarchy, based on the forfeiture of King John’s title. That of course would not demonstrate a particular person as holding (in whatever representative or official capacity) the rights due anciently to the Duke of Normandy. The third point may do so. Until 1993, the Prindorra was governed by a medieval system which involved the sharing of the role of head of state by two co-princes [131] . A thirteenth century quarrel over sovereignty was settled in 1278 by awarding it to the Counts of Foix and the Bishops of Urgel jointly. The title of Count of Foix was united with that of the King of Navarre in 1479, and in 1589 Henry, King of Navarre, became King Henry IV of France. So, from 1589 on, the King of France was a co-prince of Andorra. At the Revoations between France and Andorra were suspended, and only resumed under the Empire in 1806 [132] . The French co-prince thereafter was the French Head of State. So it remained, even under the Third, Fourth and Fifth Republics, that the President was the co-prince, as successor to the medieval seigneurial rights of the Counts of Foix. In the absence of other authority, this may prove an appropriate parallel for modern French law to follow, if called upon to do so. Channel Islanders who have hitherto toasted "the Duke of Normandy" may not find the logic very appealing, but, if it is right that the title Duke of Normandy - or the rights attaching to it - survives, then French law, at least, might well treat as the person entitled to exercise those rights the President of the French Republic. Of course, in reality there is no practical possibility of the French president seeking to do so in relation to the Channel Islands. But in relation to mainland Normandy the argument has both practical and juristic merit. English LawLet us now briefly consider English law. The status of the Channel Islands is hardly in doubt. When Philippe Auguste retook possession of continental Normandy in 1204, King ained the Channel Islands. As the International Court of Justice held in 1953, in the Minquiers and Ecrehous case [133], he did not do so as the vassal of the King of France. His right as Duke of Normandy lapsed, and a separate title grew up by force of occupation, which attached to him as King of England. This was confirmed by Bretigny (and Calais) in 136ddition, we have seen [134] that the use of the title Duke of Normandy by English monarchs after 1259 was sporadic and for some temporary purpose during battle campaigns. And it ceased entirely after 1420. Yet the English Kings continued to hold the Channel Islands. It must have been as King of England. There is no suggestion of any grant after 1204 by anyone of any other title relating to the Channel Islands. In the plea De Quo Warranto of 1309, for example, the King’s justices in Eyre asked the commonalty of Jersey what law they used and by what law they claimed to be governed, and other related questions. The questions and answers recorded refer to the current lord as "the Lord the King", never as the "Duke". Indeed, the only reference to the Duke at all is in er given by "Willelmus des Mareys" [dumaresq?] [135], which includes the following words (in translation):
"He says that it is manifest that all the Islanders are of one and the same tongue, and at the time which the Duchy of Normandy had a Duke, the Islands were of that Duke, and as often as the Islanders make a perquisition of the Court of the Lord the King, it is always written at their suggestion according to the law and custom of tlands ..." [136] (emphasis supplied).
On the other hand, a further plea De Quo Warranto, of 1331, recites petitions from the commonalty of the Islands to the King, including these words (in translation):
"Whereas the Islands anciently parcel of the Duchy of Normandy and in such manner hold of our Lord the King as of the Duke ..." [137]
This is ambiguous. It may well mean that they hold of the King as they used to hold of his ancestor, the Duke. On the other hand, it might be taken to suggest that the King was regarded in the Islands as the Duke. But that is as far as it goes. There is no suggestion that the King endorsed this approach, even if that is what was meant. The King’s style and titles in the plea make no reference to Normandy. Coke, in his Institutes, said that
"the possessions of [the Channel Islands] being Puchy of Normandy, are a good seisin for the King of England for the whole duchy." [138]
But as we have seen [139], this di mean that the King was other that a King. Instead, Coke used this statement to justify the use of the "customes of Normandy" there. Hale, writing in the seventeenth century, held that given up the title of Duke of Normandy [140], the Islands were "annexed to the Crown of England", and "infra dominiu Angliae" [141], though "not Parcel of the Realm of England" [142] . Blackstone [143] in the eighteenth c took r view, as dern writers [144] . None of them suggested that the King was also the Duke. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries English case law has confirmed that Jersey and Guernsey, whilst part of the domains of the Crown, and though in a poe part of the United Kingdom [145], are not legally within the United gdom [146] . One modern judicial dictum additionally says that they are "part of the domains of Her Majesty as Duke of Normy" [147] . But this is a lone voice, and it seems that no argument was addressed on whether the Queen really was the Duke. Indeed, it was irrelevant to the decision in the matter, which concerned the construction of the phrase "beyond the seas" in English rules of court. Lastly, wherever Entes [148] refer to the Channel Islands (which is not often) or to the Royal Style and Titles [149], there mention of the Duke of Normandy. Any references are to the King (or Queen) of the United Kingdom. No UK statute changing the succession to the English or British throne, whether in 1689, 1702 or 1936, has ever referred to or dealt with the title Duke of Normandy. This strongly suggests that the title had gone. (Alternatively, it would permit an argument that the current holder of the title was not the Queen, but the Stuart pretender to the British throne, the Prince of Bavaria!) The conclusion, so far as English law is concerned, must be that British monarchs are not Dukes of Normandy, even in respect of the Channel Islands. But even if they could otherwise be, under English law, Dukes of Normandy, there is a further difficulty in the way. As a matter of Enerage law, it seems that when a peer becomes King, the peerage is merged into the higher title, and disappears [150] . Thus, for example, when King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936, and the Duke of York succeeded him as King George VI, the title of Duke of York ceased to exist, and could only be revived or recreated by a new grant, such as occurred in 1986. This can be seen also in relation to the Duchy of Lancaster. John of Gaunt was Edward III’s fourth son, created Duke of Lancaster in 1362. His son Henry Bolingbroke succeeded him in that title on his death in February 1399. His cousin King Richard II abdicated in Henry’s favour in September 1399, and Henry was crowned King Henry IV in October 1399. But, although the new King ceased as a matter of law to buke of Lancaster, he was mindful of the turbulent times in which he lived, and of how he had deposed the previous king [151] . So he went to s to have the lands and revenues of the Duchy of Lancaster administered separately from those of the Crown [152], and to obtain ry approval for this [153] . In that way he would always have something to fall back on if he ceased to be king. This separatin maintained ever since [154] . It is true exist documents referring to the King as Duke of Lancaster. These include instruments under the seal of the Duchy of Lancaster [155], and letters patent under the great seal. In addition Acts of Parliament dealing with Duchy affairs sometimes did so too. One [156] in Victori referred to Queen Victoria as Duchess of Lancaster. Closer still to the title of this essay is the time-honoured form of the loyal toast in Lancashire: "The King, Duke of Lancaster", or, in the reign of Queen Victoria and of the present Queen, "The Queen, Duke of Lancaster". But our concern here is with what the law is, not with what laymen think it is. And the fact is that the Royal style does not include any claim to be Duke of Lancaster. Nor could it, short of Parliamentary sanction. As Lord Cairns said, in a peerage case in 1876,
"The Duchy of Cornwall is held by the Prince of Wales for the time being - the Prince of Wales becomes the sovereign of the country - becoming the sovereign of the country, it is impossible that he can hold any other dignity. The fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity himself. The dignity, therefore, as a dignity to be held by the sovereign terminates, not by virtue of any provision in its creation but from the absolute incapacity reign to hold a dignity." [157]
Of course, this does not apply to foreign dignities. Norman and early Plantagenet kings could claim to be King of England (by conquest) and Duke of Normandy or of Acquitaine (as vassals of the King of France). But we have already dealt with the title Duke of Normandy as a French title, under French law [158] . He considering it as an English title. It may be said that there is a third possibility, that English law might recognise the subsistence of the French title "Duke of Normandy" in someone, though French law would not (or might not) so recognise it. There is not much learning on the conflict of laws as applied to dignities a of honour. The general rule appears to be that English law does not recognise foreign dignities and titles [159] . Whether the So is exempt from that rule is unclear, but there are examples of licences being granted by the Sovereign to accept and enjoy such dignities [160] . At the end of the day, as a practical matter, either the legal system giving rise to the title recognises it or it does not. If it does not, then - whatever English law might think - for all practical purposes it does not exist. Although France is a republic, titles - even those dat to medieval times - are officially recognised [161] . At best it would seem that the pretender to the title would have to apply to the appropriate authority or tribunal in France to adjudicate on the question whether, under French law, the title can still be said to subsist today. There is no prospect of that happening in this case. Jersey LawI turn finally to Jersey law. The status of Jependency of the British (via the English) Crown has already been dealt with [162] . I have also mentioned the Royal Charters, with their almost complete lack e to Dukes of Normandy [163], and the local court documents, with their occasional re to them [164] . Of the Jersey legal writers, I have found nothing in Le Geyt relevant to the argument. Poingdestre wrote a section of his "Les tumes de L’Ile de Jersey" [165] called "Des Droicts de la Couronne d’Angleterre en Jersey". In that section he calls the islands
"le plus ancient Patrimoine & le pable des Roys d’Angleterre ..." [166]
And the islanders
"les plus ancients Subjects desdits royleterre ..." [167]
The only Duke he refers to is the first one, Rou (or Rollo). King eferred to as le Roy Jean [168], and the King at the time he was writing as "Sa sté" [169] . There is no support here for the view that Kings of England after 1259 were also Dukes of Normandy. Le Gros in his Droit mier [170] has a section entitled "De l’organisation judiciaire à l’époque du Vieux Coutumier et des Droits " [171], but this does not appear to be suggesting that English monarchs after 1259 are Dukes of Normandy. De Gruchy’s work on Medieval Laures in Jersey [172]contains a number of references to the Kings of England, but only one to the "Kuke" [173] . Lemasurier’s book Le Droit le de Jersey [174] contains little bearing on the point, though it refers constantly to the King of England rather than to the Duke of Normandy as sovereign. For example, he says that, after 1204,
"Les insulaires ne plus hommage à un roi qui était Duc de Normandie, mais au seul roi d’Angleterre". [175]
As for legislation, there is no Royal Titles legislation that I have found. Nor have I found any independent legislation there dealing with changes to the order of succession, eg after the deposition of James II, or on the accession of George I, or at the abdication of Edward VIII. The Code of 1771 contains, in the Oaths to be taken by various officials, references to "notre Souvrerain... par la Grace de Dieu, Roi de la Grande Bretagne, France et Irlande, et les Dominions qui en dépendent..." In particular, the oath for advocates refers to "cette son Isle de Jersey". The inference is obvious. This is the King’s island, the King’s Court, and so on. Not the Duke’s. A règlement of 1937, concerning the variation of permitted hours for the sale of alcohol at the time of the coronation refers to "la célébration du Couronnement de Leurs Majestés le Roi George V et la Reine Elizabeth." No mention of the Duke (or Duchess). A rare Jersey law that refers to the feudal rights of the Crown is the Seigneurial Rights (Abolition) (Jersey) Law 1966. This makes a number of references to "Her Majesty" and "Her Majesty in Council". There is no reference to the Duchy or the Duke of Normandy. Lastly, letters patent appointing Crown Officers in Jersey, up to and including the office of Bailiff, refer to the British monarch in the style and titles already discussed. Normandy is nowhere mentioned. Accordingly I conclude that there is no basis in Jersey law, as distinct from English law, for treating the Queen as Duke of Normandy. She is the Queen, and that is that. ConclusionLet us summarise the position. Kings of England were Dukes of Normandy, in a real and meaningful sense, up to 1204. They claimed to be so until 1259, when they gave up the title by international treaty. For the next 160 years there were very rare - and short lived - attempts to call themselves Dukes of Normandy, but none after 1420. French law would probably judge the English Kings to have forfeited the title in 1202, and, although it appears to have been granted or used a few times thereafter by French Kings, for most of the following centuries there was, according to French law, no Duke. If there are residual feudal or seigneurial rights relating to the Dukedom in continental Normandy, they have probably passed to the French President. But, in relation to the Channel Islands, the English Kings established a new and original title, effectively by force. English law, however, does not recognise the creation of any separate Dukedom - or other title - in relation to the Islands, and holds that the British monarch is their sovereign, in the capacity of King or Queen. In any event, the King or Queen could not also be Duke under English peerage law. Jersey law accepts - indeed asserts - the status of Crown dependency accorded under English law, but does not provide for, or recognise, any separate title for the British sovereign in Jersey. This is as it should be. In modern times it would plainly be offensive to a friendly neighbour state (France) for the British Crown to assert a right to the title of Duke of a large part of that state. It would also be misleading, as it would suggest a connection - even a power - which no longer exists. Of course Jersey law could provide expressly for the sovereign to be known and referred to there as (say) the Duke of the Channel Islands, or something of the sort. A kind of titular UDI. But that would involve the loss of the immediate and obvious (not to say popular) connection with Britain. In addition, there would be a need for separate legislation whenever the succession was altered, and also for co-ordination with Guernsey. The wisest course is to leave things as they are. The Queen in Jersey is, legally speaking, the Queen. The vestiges of history relating to Ducal titles that remind Jersey of its Norman past are, unlike some other areas of customary Norman law, of no practical importance today. They are best left, as they are, to a f harmless after-dinner whimsy: "To the Queen, our Duke" [176] .
Paul Matthews is a solicitor of the Supreme Court of England and Wales and a consultant with the firm of Withers, 12, Gough Square, London EC4A 3DE. |
Footnotes - (Top) [1] - "The King, our e" [2] - Le Feuvre, Histot Gens d’Jerrì, 1976, 49-50; Lemprière, Customs,Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands, 1976, 25-26; Kelleher, Triumph of the Country, 1994, 13; Mautalent-Reboul, unpublished doctoral thesis, Le Droit Privé Jersiais (1995, University of Caen), p4 n8 [3] - Le Patourel, The N Empire, 1976, 3-13 [4] - See the judgmenevi Carneiro in the International Court of Justice in the Minquiers and Ecrehous case, 1953, 85-86; cf Balleine’s History of Jersey, revised ed 1981, 19, and Bois, A Constitutional History of Jersey, 1972, 14, Mautalent-Reboul, op cit, 11, n34, and Harris, cyber.loi, Ch 1 (www.crills.com/cyber.loi) [5] - Bates, William the or, 1989, Ch 5; Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1986, 54-55 [6] - Le Patourel, The Nopire, 1976, 218-221. [7] - This was apparen a settlement of the dispute between father and eldest son: see Bates, William the Conqueror, 1989, 160-163, 180-181; cf Warren, Henry II, 1973, 46, and Chibnall, op cit, 56 [8] - Chibnall, -67 [9] - Ibi3 [10] - Warren, Henry , 12; Chibnall, op cit. 85 [11] - Warren, op cit, 30-all op cit, 97 [12] - Warren, op cit, 38; Chibnall, ; this was recognised by King Louis VII of France in 1151; Warren, op cit [13] - Warren, op cit, bnall, op cit, 99 [14] - The former wife of is VII of France [15] - See Reynolds, Fiefs ssals, 1994, 272 [16] - See the judgment Levi Carneiro in the International Court of Justice in the Minquiers and Ecrehous case, 1953, 86; see also Selden, Titles of Honor, 1614, 195 [17] - See Guérard, Fra 82; Sumption, The Hundred Years’ War, 1990, 15-18 [18] - He died in 11 issue [19] - Warren, Henry II, 1973, Chenjamin, in Saul (ed) England in Europe 1066-1453, 1994, 73-74 [20] - See Hutto96, 39 [21] - Ib0 [22] - Warren, Ki 1961, 71-74 [23] - Ibid, 74-75; Currydred Years’ War, 1993, 33-34; Hutton, Philip Augustus, 1896, 65-67 [24] - Warren, King 1, 93-99; Gillingham in Saul (ed), op cit, Ch VIII; the name John "Lackland" however comes not from this loss, but from being originally excluded from his father’s intended division of lands: Warren, Henry II, 1973, 594; Warren, King John, 1961, 28 [25] - Balleine’s Histy, revised ed 1981, 27 [26] - Hutton, op cit, 8gham, loc cit, 89 [27] - See Halsbury’s Stand, vol 10, 15 [28] - PRO, Chancery Post Mortem, 32 Hen III, No 6 [29] - Studd, in Saul (ed; Prestwich, Edward I, 2nd ed 1997, 10-11 [30] - Curry, The d Years’ War, 1993, 36 [31] - 1 Co Inst 7b; Powicke, The T 2nd ed 1961, 318; Studd, loc cit, 102 [32] - Ormrod in (ed) Bates & Curry, Englrmandy in the Middle Ages, 1994, 199 [33] - Johnstone (1914) 29 EHR 4, 316-317 [34] - Cu, 39 [35] - Britton, Ed ols 1865, Bk I, Prologue [36] - See Halsbury’s St of England, vol 10, 14 [37] - See Jersey Prison ase, Appendix Part 2, No 58 (October 24th 1305) [38] - Powicke, The Thirtury, 2nd ed 1961, 318 [39] - Mautalent-Rebit, 32 [40] - See the judgment of No7th 1953 of the International Court of Justice in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, at 56, 76, 87 [41] - On the French succession at this ti37) 52 EHR 235, Curry, op.cit, 44-46. [42] - Sumption, The Hundred Yea0, 106 [43] - "Also it was declared that a wucceed to the Crown of France" : Continuator of Guillaume de Nangis, ed Societé de l’histoire de France,vol 1, 434 [44] - "That if the said son of Isabelle ght to the throne, this would naturally have come to him by virtue of his mother; therefore as the mother had no right, consequently neither did the son...." : ibid, vol 2, 83-84 [45] - Curry, op cit, 46-48; r, Temps de crises, temps d’espoirs, 1990 Sumption, The Hundred Years’ War, 1990, 109 [46] - Curr 49 [47] - See eg Curry, op cit; Sut; Demurger, op cit; Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, 1990; Ormrod in Bates and Curry (eds), op cit; Studd, in Saul (ed), op cit [48] - Contamine in Curry (eds), op cit, 227 [49] - Froissart, Chro Penguin ed, 60; see also Selden, Titles of Honor, 1614, 173 [50] - Ibid, 8, 147 [51] - Le Patourel suggests, on very dence, that (in 1331 at least) the English King remained Duke of Normandy to the inhabitants of the Channel Islands: The Medieval Administration of the Channel Islands, 1937, 29; but the plea of Quo Warranto on which Le Patourel relies clearly shows that (whatever the Channel Islanders thought) the King claimed only to be King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Acquitaine: Placita Coram Rege, 5 Edw III, Mich, discussed below in text to n 137. [52] - Rot Parl n 9 [53] - Ormrod, loc cit, 205, 20 cit, 62 [54] - For the alternative view, see cit, 210 [55] - Curry, op cit, 66; the renunciation in fact subsequently omitted in the Treaty of Calais, ratifying Bretigny, later in the year: Ormrod, loc cit, 210; Chaplais, Camden Miscellany, vol xix (1952), 6 [56] - Although he was allowed to kes and lordship of St Sauveur: Ormrod, loc cit, 212), and the French abandoned any claim to the Channel Islands (Falle, An account of the Island of Jersey, 1837, 47; Role de Tractat.Pacis Franc, 34 Edw III m.10; Judgment of Judge Levi Carneiro in the International Court of Justice dated November 17th 1953 in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, p 94) [57] - See text t 40 above [58] - Judgment of the Inte of Justice dated November 17th 1953 in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, p 76 [59] - Rot Parl 43 Edron, Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws, 1993, 20; Jones, Ducal Brittany 1364-1399, 1970, 60 [60] - Curry, op cp cit, Chs III, IV; Perroy, Camden Miscellany, vol xix (1952), viii - xix [61] - His Charter to the Channe14 does not include in his titles any reference to Normandy: PRO, French Roll (Chancery) 1 Hen V, m 1 No 3 [62] - Henry V, Act . [63] - Eg the st419) [64] - Curry, op cit, 99-100; tes and Curry (eds), op cit, 248 [65] - See the statute 8 He0) [66] - Curry in Baty (eds), 236 [67] - Curry, op cit, 105-106, and in Bat (eds), op cit, 237; Demurger, op cit,103 [68] - Waugh, in Little and Poways in Medieval History, 349-359; Demurger, op cit, 103 [69] - See the judgment o Carneiro in the International Court of Justice dated 17 November 1953 in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, at 94-95 [70] - Allmand and Armstrong, s Before the Parlement of Paris, 1420-1436, 1982, 4-6; cf Mautalent-Reboul, op cit, 62, n 180 [71] - Again, Henry VI’s Chartef 1441- 42 makes no claim to be Duke of Normandy: PRO, French Roll (Chancery) 20 Hen VI, m 14 No 9 [72] - Eg the statute 4 Hen VI, c 2; and see Curry nd Curry (eds), op cit, 238 [73] - Contamine in Bates [74] - See the statute 2 Hen VI (14 Inst 7b [75] - The last statutes to style the English so King of France were those of 41 Geo III (1800) [76] - Dated June 17th 1495, dealinnt Orgueil [77] - Ordres du Conseilol 1, pp 2-3 [78] - Balleine’s History of Jeised ed, 1981, 95; this style appears to have been typical: 1 Co Inst 7b [79] - See generally Heyting, Jershe United Kingdom, 1977, 6-18 [80] - PRO, Patent Roll, 4 E62), Part 3, m 37 [81] - Jersey: Ordres du Conseil, 1897 ed, e 96 [82] - Septemt 1615 [83] - PRO, State Papers, ic, Addenda, James I, Vol 41, No 20 [84] - History of the Ch Islands, 1974, 29 [85] - Although Hale, Prerogathe King, ed Yale 1975 (Selden Society, vol 92), writing in the mid-seventeenth century says (at 46): "But indeed since the times of Henry 6 our titles to the duchies of Acquitaine and Normandy are become but titular; only in the coronation of the Kings he that personates those dukes do help to perform the ceremony." This, of course, is a century earlier than George III. [86] - As to the Duchy of Lanca Halsbury’s Laws of England, 4th ed, Vol 8, para 1523, and below, text to nn 147-153 [87] - Royal Titles Act 195ation of May 28th 1953; De Smith (1953) 2 ICLQ 263 [88] - See Navigators ansurance Co Ltd v Ringrose [1962] 1 WLR 173; cf Stoneham v Ocean, Railway and General Accident Insurance Co (1887) 19 QBD 237 [89] - Though The Queenebsite does not mention the Channel Islands at all, whether as a Commonwealth realm or a dependent territory www.royal.gov.uk/acs/style.aspx, and links from there to "Realms" and "Territories" (update April 2014 - website link now not available but relevent information appears to be found at http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx [90] - De Smith, 2-3 [91] - Potter 239 [92] - Demurger, o1, 41 [93] - Potter (19 235, 239 [94] - 1 [95] - Cf Guérard, Franc 81 [96] - Potter, lo241 [97] - Demurger, op cit, 39-4 loc cit, 251 [98] - Demu1 [99] - Ib [100] - Anon, La loy salicque, premiere loy dis, fol 88v; see also Terre Rouge, Contra rebelles suorum regum, published by Hotman, 1585, 88 [101] - Circa 1376, authorship uncertair, loc cit, 241, n 3 [102] - Potter, loc it, 242; this reasonin us of the 1980's English advertisement for a brand of beer that announced: "I don’t like it, so I’ve never tried it" [103] - Potter, loc cit, 237; Guérard Fra 100-101; Sumption, The Hundred Years’ War, 1990, 105-107 [104] - The French lawyer Hoüard ictionnaire Analytique de la Coûtume de Normandie, 1780, vol 1, pp xi-xii, accepted them as 10th, 11th and 12th dukes respectively [105] - Potter, loc cit, 247; Contamine (1pectives Mediévales 67 [106] - Traité contre les Anglois; se loc cit; Contamine, loc cit [107] - Potter, loc cit; Mp cit, 30-31 [108] - La loy salique, loy des Francois; Potter, loc cit [109] - Title III, Section I, Art 1 [110] - May 18th 180 [111] - Novembe 1852, Art 2 [112] - Henry V, Act I, 11-100; see also Selden, Titles of Honor, 1614, 175-176 and Hale, Prerogatives of the King, ed Yale (Selden Society, vol 92, 1976) 64 [113] - Above, te2-24 [114] - There is a puzzle here: Johummoned, not as Duke of Normandy, but as Duke of Acquitaine; see Warren, King John, 74 [115] - See the judgment of the Internrt of Justice in the Minquiers and Ecrehous case, 1953, 56-57 [116] - Ibid, 56, 76; cf Coke, text to note elow [117] - De Gruchy Ch 12 [118] - IIII [119] - Nicolle, The Origin velopment of Jersey Law, 1998, paras 75, 17.5.1 [120] - La Coustume Réformée, 660, 3 [121] - Commentaires sur la Coustum, 1626, 7 [122] - Principes Généraux du Droit tumier, 2nd ed 1748, 17 [123] - Oeuvres, 48, 6 [124] - Dictionnaire de la Coutume ddie, 1780, vol 1, xvi [125] - See Nicolle, op cn 3 [126] - Loc cit; also Hoüard, n as 14th (and last) duke [127] - Above, text to 73 [128] - Below, text t-157 [129] - See generally Furet, Rry France 1770-1880, 1988 (trans 1992) [130] - See Constitutions et documques, ed Duverger [131] - See generally Bruume d’Andorre, 2nd ed 1965, Ch II [132] - Decree of 1806 [133] - [19, 56-57, 76 [134] - Above, tex-54, 63-64 [135] - See Nicolle, T and Development of Jersey Law, 1998, para 11.3 [136] - See Jersey Prison Bopendix, Part 2, No 59 (PRO Assize Roll No 1160) [137] - Ibid, No 67 (Placita Cich, 5 Edw III); Bois (op cit, para 4/16 ) translates the last few words ("come de duc") as "as the Duke", which seems to be wrong [138] - 4 Co Inst 286; Eaglestoslands under Tudor Government, 53, n 11 [139] - 1 Co Inst 7b, note 74 abov 7a [140] - Prerogatives of the Kingden Society, vol 92), Ch s 3, 5; History of the Common Law, ed Gray 1971 ch V1 74-75 [141] - Ibid, C [142] - History of the Comd Gray 1971, Ch IX, 118-121 [143] - 1 Bl C [144] - Holdsworth, Historish Law, vol 1, 520-521; Smith and Sheridan, The British Commonwealth, vol 1, 1141, 1145; Harris, cyber.loi, Ch 1 [145] - Stoneham v Ocean, d General Accident Insurance Co (1887) 19 QBD 237; and the official website for the Jersey government is within the UK "domain", at www.jersey.gov.uk (update April 2014 - website is now www.gov.je [146] - Renouf v AG for J6] AC 445, 460; Navigators and General Insurance Co Ltd v Ringrose [1962] 1 WLR 173; Interpretation Act 1978, Sch 1, definition of "British Islands" [147] - Rover International Lt Films Sales Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 1597, 1603 [148] - Eg the Demise o Act 1727, Preamble [149] - See text to noteve [150] - Vincent, Discove, 1622, 299; Plowden, Commentaries, 214, 217; Lord Oranmore’s case (1848) 2 HLC 910; Buckhurst Peerage case (1876) 2 App Cas 1, 28; Complete Peerage, 1929, vol vii, 418 [151] - See AG for the Duchy of Lancuke of Devonshire (1884) 14 QBD 195, 197 [152] - Somerville, History of th Lancaster, 1953, 139 [153] - Ibid, 140- [154] - Halsbury’s Laws of Engla ed, vol 8 (original), para 1523 [155] - Somerville9-151 [156] - Chancery of L Act 1850 [157] - Buckhurst P76) 2 App Cas 1, 28 [158] - Above, text to 28 [159] - See Halsbury’s La, 4th ed, vol 35, para 977 [160] - Eg the De Scales Peer1857) Minutes of Evidence 71 [161] - Pinches, European Noeraldry, 1994, 34 [162] - Abov 133-149 [163] - Above, 79-80 [164] - Above, text 81-83 [165] - Publ28 [166] - Ib 1 [167] - I [168] - E3 [169] - E [170] - Publi43 [171] - A04 [172] - Publi57 [173] - At p7 [174] - Publ6 [175] - At 7 [176] - I am grateful for the assistance furnished by a number of persons in producing this essay, including Sir Philip Bailhache, Terry Sowden QC, and Stéphanie Nicolle QC, who must not be taken necessarily to agree with it. They have however saved me from a number of errors. Those which remain are my responsibility alone. |