The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Complexity Index (PCI) are, respectively, measures of the relative knowledge intensity of an economy or a product. ECI measures the knowledge intensity of an economy by considering the knowledge intensity of the products it exports. PCI measures the knowledge intensity of a product by considering the knowledge intensity of its exporters. This circular argument is mathematically tractable and can be used to construct relative measures of the knowledge intensity of economies and products (see methodology section for more details).
ECI has been validated as a relevant economic measure by showing its ability to predict future economic growth (see Hidalgo and Hausmann 2009), and explain international variations in income inequality (see Hartmann et al. 2017.
This page includes rankings using the Economic Complexity Index (ECI).
Showing
Year Range
| Country | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Switzerland |
1.95964 | 2.01041 | 2.05181 | 1.99456 | 2.12416 | 2.59625 | |
| 2 |  Japan |
2.31329 | 2.32408 | 2.37352 | 2.31842 | 2.34767 | 2.4687 | |
| 3 |  Singapore |
1.68651 | 1.70347 | 1.71717 | 1.71171 | 1.72081 | 2.12695 | |
| 4 |  South Korea |
1.70696 | 1.64658 | 1.82762 | 1.90646 | 1.97403 | 1.9776 | |
| 5 |  Germany |
1.9408 | 1.87347 | 1.84608 | 1.81367 | 1.91906 | 1.89589 | |
| 6 |  Sweden |
1.80518 | 1.75179 | 1.75214 | 1.6459 | 1.61477 | 1.59228 | |
| 7 |  United States |
1.49138 | 1.45359 | 1.43702 | 1.30167 | 1.32592 | 1.55257 | |
| 8 |  United Kingdom |
1.54878 | 1.49378 | 1.45544 | 1.40296 | 1.34514 | 1.54527 | |
| 9 |  Czech Republic |
1.69489 | 1.68896 | 1.53381 | 1.52129 | 1.56023 | 1.39521 | |
| 10 |  Israel |
1.21174 | 1.27127 | 1.22703 | 1.14081 | 1.16926 | 1.37382 | |
| 11 |  Ireland |
1.1731 | 1.24971 | 1.28901 | 1.22044 | 1.31565 | 1.31298 | |
| 12 |  Hong Kong |
0.801652 | 1.09895 | 1.26313 | 1.35236 | 1.35536 | 1.23447 | |
| 13 |  France |
1.43611 | 1.36854 | 1.24155 | 1.15748 | 1.20672 | 1.15695 | |
| 14 |  Malaysia |
0.791729 | 0.91952 | 0.810485 | 0.828817 | 0.971262 | 1.03133 | |
| 15 |  Hungary |
1.53397 | 1.52192 | 1.43941 | 1.38229 | 1.40749 | 1.02935 | |
| 16 |  Belgium |
1.13515 | 1.04707 | 0.951062 | 0.90581 | 0.9484 | 0.99588 | |
| 17 |  Italy |
1.33488 | 1.31024 | 1.21525 | 1.24155 | 1.24787 | 0.949015 | |
| 18 |  China |
0.909906 | 1.00792 | 1.04036 | 1.16379 | 1.17107 | 0.89219 | |
| 19 |  Slovakia |
1.37252 | 1.3272 | 1.21794 | 1.20436 | 1.27947 | 0.866871 | |
| 20 |  Norway |
0.535507 | 0.571734 | 0.614676 | 0.667969 | 0.682789 | 0.822228 | |
| 21 |  Denmark |
1.2369 | 1.13685 | 0.995356 | 0.95349 | 0.885645 | 0.808458 | |
| 22 |  Poland |
1.07468 | 0.960828 | 0.817343 | 0.839266 | 0.832384 | 0.735418 | |
| 23 |  Estonia |
0.746338 | 0.76017 | 0.68394 | 0.752262 | 0.738564 | 0.649198 | |
| 24 |  Panama |
0.630553 | 0.741643 | 0.710402 | -0.558959 | -0.560582 | 0.584897 | |
| 25 |  Mexico |
1.00796 | 0.954246 | 0.846744 | 0.953003 | 0.959052 | 0.572282 | |
| 26 |  Lithuania |
0.64032 | 0.722513 | 0.673455 | 0.63807 | 0.561721 | 0.462709 | |
| 27 |  Croatia |
0.91927 | 0.92595 | 0.822129 | 0.837178 | 0.745808 | 0.417804 | |
| 28 |  Spain |
0.980784 | 0.842403 | 0.700457 | 0.701443 | 0.656088 | 0.387094 | |
| 29 |  Canada |
0.526191 | 0.534847 | 0.421886 | 0.411362 | 0.3821 | 0.342765 | |
| 30 |  Belarus |
0.918398 | 0.82272 | 0.689295 | 0.731427 | 0.702788 | 0.337386 | |
| 31 |  United Arab Emirates |
0.030733 | -0.009763 | -0.090032 | -0.362895 | -0.251409 | 0.241859 | |
| 32 |  Latvia |
0.600318 | 0.571625 | 0.478137 | 0.431584 | 0.373305 | 0.197157 | |
| 33 |  Bulgaria |
0.447953 | 0.497365 | 0.278113 | 0.290812 | 0.318417 | 0.169379 | |
| 34 |  Russia |
0.009965 | 0.077047 | 0.048022 | 0.008439 | -0.026792 | 0.142872 | |
| 35 |  Serbia |
0.590053 | 0.562507 | 0.361921 | 0.366673 | 0.316878 | 0.0745877 | |
| 36 |  Portugal |
0.650139 | 0.6184 | 0.433862 | 0.4937 | 0.480985 | 0.0657328 | |
| 37 |  India |
0.091946 | 0.144541 | -0.134587 | -0.014696 | 0.016682 | 0.0490719 | |
| 38 |  Philippines |
0.331523 | 0.394726 | 0.341858 | 0.477815 | 0.381438 | 0.0489485 | |
| 39 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
0.592368 | 0.545884 | 0.562599 | 0.578374 | 0.486929 | 0.0324603 | |
| 40 |  Jordan |
0.161675 | 0.216056 | -0.140418 | -0.010019 | -0.004415 | -0.0100069 | |
| 41 |  Turkey |
0.42938 | 0.450234 | 0.287393 | 0.378481 | 0.364792 | -0.0383133 | |
| 42 |  South Africa |
0.016592 | -0.023795 | -0.192079 | -0.204966 | -0.188863 | -0.0385376 | |
| 43 |  Tunisia |
0.233429 | 0.291069 | 0.16411 | 0.214778 | 0.163278 | -0.0927338 | |
| 44 |  Brazil |
0.190826 | 0.161553 | 0.032264 | -0.151225 | -0.079082 | -0.103021 | |
| 45 |  Colombia |
-0.001219 | 0.049744 | -0.234596 | -0.194463 | -0.216272 | -0.123219 | |
| 46 |  New Zealand |
0.064004 | 0.166665 | -0.096978 | -0.119421 | -0.206663 | -0.126994 | |
| 47 |  Costa Rica |
0.024263 | 0.247592 | 0.158575 | 0.093993 | 0.005485 | -0.177184 | |
| 48 |  Greece |
0.052732 | -0.02161 | -0.210378 | -0.167862 | -0.157527 | -0.19882 | |
| 49 |  El Salvador |
-0.117335 | -0.007233 | -0.145168 | -0.070683 | -0.133223 | -0.263641 | |
| 50 |  Uruguay |
0.081756 | -0.003597 | -0.330617 | -0.349791 | -0.267658 | -0.350881 | |
| 51 |  Indonesia |
-0.143199 | -0.087123 | -0.160233 | -0.102013 | -0.088124 | -0.365108 | |
| 52 |  Egypt |
-0.289977 | -0.321576 | -0.488663 | -0.341403 | -0.271803 | -0.410868 | |
| 53 |  Macedonia |
-0.165571 | -0.146735 | -0.323051 | -0.216515 | -0.371769 | -0.423583 | |
| 54 |  Mauritius |
-0.429113 | ||||||
| 55 |  Australia |
-0.516626 | -0.528256 | -0.816851 | -0.846322 | -0.763708 | -0.468001 | |
| 56 |  Oman |
-0.431956 | -0.742942 | -0.874505 | -0.774658 | -0.671414 | -0.52902 | |
| 57 |  Kyrgyzstan |
-0.570333 | ||||||
| 58 |  Namibia |
-0.602309 | -0.241151 | -0.328879 | -0.381863 | -0.397842 | -0.572063 | |
| 59 |  Dominican Republic |
-0.26414 | -0.256286 | -0.406432 | -0.40546 | -0.457736 | -0.599903 | |
| 60 |  Argentina |
-0.063178 | -0.148047 | -0.496513 | -0.502072 | -0.528185 | -0.622054 | |
| 61 |  Jamaica |
-0.215289 | -0.349499 | -0.64931 | -0.787602 | -0.683642 | -0.657155 | |
| 62 |  Kazakhstan |
-0.853388 | -0.787489 | -0.961147 | -1.00924 | -0.994658 | -0.703193 | |
| 63 |  Moldova |
0.049706 | 0.115221 | -0.019913 | -0.103664 | -0.214357 | -0.734169 | |
| 64 |  Algeria |
-1.28473 | -1.56777 | -2.08154 | -1.77252 | -1.6871 | -0.781585 | |
| 65 |  Senegal |
-0.810511 | -0.622244 | -0.744196 | -0.721723 | -0.847701 | -0.808596 | |
| 66 |  Cambodia |
-1.20676 | -0.95203 | -0.904026 | -0.723043 | -0.534499 | -0.819875 | |
| 67 |  Georgia |
-0.152888 | -0.168891 | -0.419841 | -0.457954 | -0.455472 | -0.843737 | |
| 68 |  Sri Lanka |
-0.482129 | -0.368732 | -0.530163 | -0.369437 | -0.465842 | -0.852336 | |
| 69 |  Chile |
-0.328124 | -0.333627 | -0.499261 | -0.532363 | -0.592885 | -0.855573 | |
| 70 |  Botswana |
-0.354011 | -0.532549 | -0.574288 | -0.790862 | -0.877179 | -0.987254 | |
| 71 |  Albania |
0.272749 | -0.472586 | -0.684933 | -0.542079 | -0.650885 | -0.997802 | |
| 72 |  Paraguay |
-0.619805 | -0.645452 | -0.982503 | -1.10231 | -1.05565 | -1.04279 | |
| 73 |  Mali |
-1.06046 | ||||||
| 74 |  Pakistan |
-0.752351 | -0.805746 | -1.03613 | -0.86519 | -0.889031 | -1.06616 | |
| 75 |  Morocco |
-0.509268 | -0.535805 | -0.774475 | -0.559651 | -0.747625 | -1.09205 | |
| 76 |  Peru |
-0.746415 | -0.742204 | -1.01445 | -0.956349 | -0.986909 | -1.11161 | |
| 77 |  Zimbabwe |
-0.918402 | -1.00205 | -1.04674 | -0.844104 | -0.926026 | -1.13868 | |
| 78 |  Ghana |
-1.05444 | -1.00907 | -1.27263 | -1.47184 | -1.15991 | -1.19204 | |
| 79 |  Laos |
-1.01474 | -1.05514 | -1.20526 | ||||
| 80 |  Tanzania |
-0.995243 | -0.730645 | -0.919298 | -1.03347 | -1.0393 | -1.20639 | |
| 81 |  Ethiopia |
-1.26465 | -1.15076 | -1.46341 | -1.56239 | -1.46649 | -1.3311 | |
| 82 |  Ecuador |
-0.770023 | -0.708563 | -1.06674 | -1.30875 | -1.33499 | -1.3774 | |
| 83 |  Madagascar |
-0.831354 | -0.726138 | -0.823322 | -0.820193 | -0.964509 | -1.56216 | |
| 84 |  Mongolia |
-1.20509 | -1.35158 | -1.67769 | -1.55696 | -1.27419 | -1.76497 | |
| 85 |  Mauritania |
-1.86292 | -1.6776 | -2.26649 | ||||
| 86 |  Iran |
-1.00321 | -0.886393 | -0.934617 | ||||
| 87 |  Thailand |
0.870845 | 0.964292 | 0.87724 | 0.955651 | 1.05247 | ||
| 88 |  Yemen |
-1.22062 | -1.14902 | -1.34438 | -1.30363 | |||
| 89 |  Venezuela |
-0.811479 | -1.12529 | -0.942948 | ||||
| 90 |  Romania |
0.73466 | 0.70694 | 0.751166 | 0.787654 | 0.82995 | ||
| 91 |  Togo |
-0.837184 | -0.778208 | -0.671987 | -0.462205 | -0.371802 | ||
| 92 |  Saudi Arabia |
-0.074789 | -0.07214 | -0.462099 | -0.369927 | -0.355486 | ||
| 93 |  Republic of the Congo |
-1.21695 | -1.12329 | -0.675039 | -0.730753 | -0.814235 | ||
| 94 |  Ukraine |
0.480965 | 0.469842 | 0.28954 | 0.268345 | 0.2257 | ||
| 95 |  Vietnam |
-0.215986 | -0.104485 | -0.231462 | -0.129961 | -0.06973 | ||
| 96 |  Democratic Republic of the Congo |
-1.06695 | -1.29544 | |||||
| 97 |  Gabon |
-0.829728 | -1.36163 | |||||
| 98 |  Angola |
-2.09087 | -2.79136 | |||||
| 99 |  Kuwait |
-0.296786 | -0.436697 | -1.49314 | -0.836979 | -0.789111 | ||
| 100 |  Nicaragua |
-0.883107 | -0.71229 | -0.955061 | -1.00073 | -1.13505 | ||
| 101 |  Finland |
1.71439 | 1.61173 | 1.57477 | 1.49895 | 1.45829 | ||
| 102 |  Sudan |
-1.93445 | -1.65831 | -1.873 | -1.84461 | -1.86774 | ||
| 103 |  Nigeria |
-1.71191 | -1.61348 | -1.73702 | -1.72001 | -1.79177 | ||
| 104 |  Kenya |
-0.610053 | -0.580113 | -0.616658 | -0.51908 | -0.57392 | ||
| 105 |  Austria |
1.7891 | 1.71686 | 1.72767 | 1.64981 | 1.66445 | ||
| 106 |  Syria |
-0.670493 | ||||||
| 107 |  Lebanon |
0.293449 | 0.281872 | 0.107992 | 0.177455 | 0.151603 | ||
| 108 |  Cameroon |
-0.618845 | -0.546339 | -0.69924 | -0.841034 | -1.00906 | ||
| 109 |  Burma |
-1.27821 | ||||||
| 110 |  Mozambique |
-1.3111 | -1.16195 | -1.22607 | -1.2084 | -1.14672 | ||
| 111 |  Trinidad and Tobago |
-0.567857 | -0.858712 | |||||
| 112 |  Netherlands |
0.952353 | 0.885129 | 0.818227 | 0.756212 | 0.860275 | ||
| 113 |  Qatar |
-0.395827 | -0.390929 | -0.41667 | -0.264365 | -0.525304 | ||
| 114 |  Turkmenistan |
-1.00593 | -1.09788 | |||||
| 115 |  Honduras |
-0.690727 | -0.398168 | -0.429599 | -0.370913 | -0.408544 | ||
| 116 |  Zambia |
-0.750633 | -0.621731 | -0.731336 | -0.544915 | -0.562239 | ||
| 117 |  Uzbekistan |
-0.555588 | -0.531504 | |||||
| 118 |  Bangladesh |
-1.10503 | -0.943499 | -1.17559 | ||||
| 119 |  Guinea |
-1.72675 | -1.66077 | -2.17828 | -1.77331 | |||
| 120 |  Cote d'Ivoire |
-1.20641 | -1.0558 | -1.05279 | -1.17654 | -1.14491 | ||
| 121 |  Bolivia |
-0.939743 | -0.853344 | -1.16084 | -1.18122 | -1.29269 | ||
| 122 |  Azerbaijan |
-1.44623 | -1.50891 | -1.44358 | -1.7818 | -1.63889 | ||
| 123 |  Slovenia |
1.46906 | 1.43073 | 1.4359 | 1.41088 | 1.39199 | ||
| 124 |  Guatemala |
-0.390539 | -0.293485 | -0.505798 | -0.412311 | -0.440422 |