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A collection of articles published from 1979-2008 on the early Turkic peoples
Ethnogenesis and state formation among the Turkic Peoples of medieval Eurasia. This book first appeared in 1992 and has long been out of print. I am currently preparing a second, revised and expanded edition
“SMSR - Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni” (A-rated journal), n. 89/1
Mongolic and Turkic Peoples: What They Actually Were, What They Imagined2023 •
This is my "lateral" contribution to a monographic dossier concerning the legend of the Priester John. Many of the other contributions tell what the Western, Christian peoples "knew" about the peoples of the steppes and their relations with the imaginary clercyman-king. Hence the title of my paper, where I draw a sinthetic picture of their ancestral culture, from tengrism to totemism, from their matching colors and cardinal points to their ability in tapestry.
As a result of a comparative analysis of the common Türkic faunistic and floristic vocabulary of 24 ancient and modern Türkic languages, we were convinced that all the names of domestic animals: at (horse), aigyr (stallion), buga (bull), okuz (ox), inek (cow), deve (camel), goch (ram), goyun (sheep), teke (goat), kechi (goat), eshshek (donkey), gatyr (mule), it (dog), etc., as well as the names of the main cultivated plants, such as bugda (wheat), arpa (barley), gifts (millet), alma (apple), uzyum (grapes), govun (melon), sarymsag (garlic), etc., are formed on the basis of native Turkic words. These words were not borrowed by the Türks from other languages, but were introduced into circulation by the native speakers of these Türkic languages. This is indisputable proof that the ancient Turks, while still in the territory of the historical ancestral home (South Caucasus, VII-V millennia BC), themselves domesticated the above animals and cultivated plants and gave them the appropriate names, based on the vocabulary of their language. ... The ancestors of the Altai-Siberian Turks, having moved to new territories where these cultures do not grow, have forgotten these words for 5 thousand years. In the vocabulary of the Turks of Siberia (Yakuts, Altaians, Tuvinians, Tofalars, Khakases, Shors) there are words that are absent in the ancient Turkic written languages, as well as in the languages of the Turkic peoples living west of Siberia. This vocabulary, apparently, appeared among the Türks of Siberia after their Türkic ancestors moved to new lands. And already living in Siberia, the ancestors of modern Turkic peoples were forced to master new forms of activity previously unknown to them (taiga hunting, fishing, gathering of cedar cones and berries) and give names to concepts associated with their new life in the taiga or borrow these words from aborigines of Siberia.
On the basis of archaeological data, we found out that in the South Caucasus, the ancestors of the modern Turkic peoples, about 7.0 thousand years ago, mastered distant-pasture cattle breeding. The disintegration of the ancient Türkic community began in 6.0 thousand years. Part of the ancient Turks along the western coast of the Caspian, in search of new pastures, moved to the North. Another part of the ancient Turks, starting from the 3rd millennium BC. moved to the territory of Altai and adjacent regions of Southern Siberia (Afanasyevtsy, Okunevtsy, Andronovtsy, Karasuktsy, etc.). The indigenous peoples of southern Siberia and the direct descendants of Afanasyevs and Karasukans are Altai, Shors, Khakass, Tuvans, Tofalars - the Turkic peoples of Siberia. For about 500 years, the Turks of Siberia became subjects of the Russian Empire, but they still retained their ancient culture and their Turkic language. For the Turkic peoples of Siberia, we observe common names for the phenomena of the surrounding world (animals and plants, landscape varieties) and types of life (farming, reindeer husbandry, hunting, fishing). As you know, on the territory of Siberia, which is equal to the territory of the whole of Western Europe, about 1.0 million Turks live together with other citizens of Russia, that is, 0.5% of the entire modern Turkic world (currently about 210 million Turks live in Europe and Central Asia).
The given article is devoted to characteristic features of material factors that can be used in justifying a nomadic life-style of the population that manufactured relevant goods, weapons, tools and that organized its economic and cultural production in accordance with natural and ecological possibilities of its habitat. Nomadic traits are most easily established on the basis of the following factors: a means of using draught animals (teaming bulls and bullocks in a wagon-transportable house); a wide use of nomadic herding economy products in the production (sheep wool, bones of relevant animals are main types of raw materials); a character of small ceramic forms that practically do not change their technological and typological characteristics; a degree of spread and a specific weight of leather and felt products in relevant cultures, they are reflected in real samples and in tools (special knifes for cutting leather and felt, and, on a greater scope, versatile tools for cutting animal carcasses); organization of nomadic houses heating in the conditions of constant fuel shortages (a use of censers on legs and their varieties). A great degree of technical culture compactness and a transfer of techniques, shapes and ornamentation characteristics of goods from one sphere of production to another are typical for the whole technology of nomadic cultures of the region. A particular attitude to the recovery and spread of metallic (metallurgic) raw materials was a specific feature of the nomadic environment of the given region, this fact making a specific imprint on the improvement of technology for digging, underground, mining work conducted by these tribes. Due to a well developed herding economy, nomads not only occupied sparsely populated ecological niches in the steppe where the agricultural population could develop only sectors of river valleys and river basins full of water, but also became a transparent medium for a spread of experience and skills in metallurgy, strengthening cultural, economic and spiritual, ritual links between synchronous groups that settled in large territories. The article has been stipulated by a necessity to emphasize the factors of cultural, production and spiritual closeness that was developed due to a unification of the nomadic life-style. Other aspects of the processes linked with an extensive settlement in the steppes during the Bronze Age, namely, ethnocultural characteristics of various groups, a possibility of the ethnic population formation, new principles of the territorial and ethno-social (including family) division of the population were just mentioned. It is understandable as differentiating processes could be connected to a greater extent with changes in the political situation and historical events taking place both in the steppes and the environment (forests, deserts, mountains), while integrating processes, a leveling of demographic environment are more closely related to ecological constants of the region, against the background of which the isolation of sharp demarcation lines stable in space and time that existed between close groups of population of the single ecological niche can outline the territories controlled by the population that belongs to different linguistic macro-families. In the region under consideration, factors for such observations have not been fully systematized, and it is this direction of investigation that can provide a justification in the form of facts for the resolution of the Indo-European issue. Research approaches that have been available for a long period of time are not sufficient for a definite narrowing of the study to establish a common homeland of the Indo-Europeans, the stages and specific directions and succession of their settlement. There is only one thing that is clear: the culture of the North Indo-Aryans is a local, later manifestation of a relevant ethnolinguistical stratum, deformed by innovations introduced to all spheres of life of the given population due to the appearance of war chariots drawn by horses that resulted in a new strategy of aggressive wars that support and strengthen the processes of extended (migrational) settlements.
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