A history of the island of Newfoundland: containing a description of the island, the Banks, the fisheries and trade of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador. Illustrated with two maps
Lewis Amadeus Anspach (Author)
Reverend Lewis Amadeus Anspach arrived in Newfoundland in 1799 as a magistrate and missionary, and promptly began collecting facts on Newfoundland's circumstances, interests, history, and laws. Anspach maintained a journal containing this information for the 13 years he was on the island, and in 1818 was persuaded to write this book as so little was known about the colony in the rest of the world
History
xxviii, 512 pages, 2 unnumbered folded leaves of plates: 2 folded maps; 24 cm
1654202
Preface
Chapter 1
The Northmen
Various claims to the first peopling of America
Newfoundland first discovered by accident by the Northmen, who give it the name of Win-land
Wild vine
Martha's vineyard
Isle of Bacchus
Bay of Exploits
Gander-Bay
Skroellingers or Esquimaux
Red Indians
Maritime intercourse interrupted by the increase of the Arctic ice
Voyage of the two Zenos of Venice
Estotiland
Revolution in Win-land in the beginning of the fifteenth century
Savage life not the natural state of man
Chapter 2
John and Sebastian Cabot
Discovery of the Brazils the effect of accident
Columbus applies to Henry VII
Venice
John Cabot
Voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot to Newfoundland
Bonavista
Baccalaos
This discovery attributed by some writers to Sebastian
Fabian's account of three natives of Newfoundland brought to England by Cabot
Further account of Sebastian Cabot
Remarks of Purchas, Sir William Monson, &c. on this discovery of Newfoundland
Want of precision in the writers of those times
Chapter 3
Continuation of the History from 1497 to 1548
The Newfoundland fishery frequented as early as the year 1500
Gaspar de Corte Real, in 1501
Conception-Bay
Terra Corterealis, or New Britain
Labrador
Voyages of Verazani by order of Francis 1
Attempt of Robert Thorne, of Bristol, by order of Henry VIII. towards a passage to the Indies by the North Pole, 1527
Why France attended at that time to voyages of discovery less than other nations
James Cartier, of Saint Maloes, in 1534
The same, in 1535
De Roberval, of Picardy, receives a most extensive grant from Francis I. and makes great preparations for a voyage to North America
Cartier's third voyage
Hoare, of London, sails for Newfoundland, in 1536, with a considerable number of gentlemen of fortune
Their extreme distress in that island
and return to England
Rapid increase of the British Newfoundland fisheries, and first act of parliament respecting them
Chapter 4
Continuation from 1548 to 1630
Why colonies were not sooner sent to America
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, "the parent of all the British plantations in America," makes the first attempt towards a settlement there in Newfoundland, for which he obtains a patent from Queen Elizabeth, and sails for that island in 1578
New regulations on property in fishing-rooms in 1582
Sir Humphrey Gilbert's second voyage in 1583
He arrives at Saint John's and takes formal possession of the island
Inquires into its nature, inhabitants, and productions
Supposed discovery of mines of iron, silver, &c
Conspiracies among his crews
Loss of the Delight
Loss of Sir Humphrey in the Squirrel, on his return to England
Sir Walter Raleigh sails for North America
Sir Francis Drake sails for Newfoundland
First attempt in the seal-fishery by Richard Strang, of Apsham, in 1593
Rice Jones, of Bristol, in 1594
Charles Leigh and Van Herwick, of London, in 1597
De la Roche sails with a grant from Henry IV, of France, in 1598
Chauvin, in 1600 and 1601
Canadian trade
Samuel Champlain takes a part in the quarrels of the Indians in Canada, and supplies them with firearms
Hackluyt forms an association of men of rank for the purpose of establishing colonies in North America, in 1606
Attempt to discover a north-west passage in 1606
Quebec founded in 1607, and James-Town in 1608
Voyage of John Knight to Labrador and Newfoundland
Henry Hudson and John Guy, in 1610
Whitburn sent to Newfoundland, in 1614, with a commission from the Admiralty to impannel juries, &c
State of the English fisheries there in 1614 and 1615
Settlements then existing in Saint John's, Torbay, &c
Doctor Vaughan and Whitburn at Ferryland, in 1615
Avalon founded by Sir George Calvert and Edward Wynne, in 1623
Wynne's and Powell's accounts of the state of cultivation in the new province
Other improvements at Ferryland
Colony sent from Ireland
Defeat of a French squadron on that coast by Lord Baltimore, who leaves Newfoundland in 1632, and afterwards found Maryland
Chapter 5
Continuation from 1633 to 1702
Charles I. encourages the English settlements and fisheries in North America, and issues a commission for the better government of Newfoundland, in 1633
His example is followed by France
Sir David Kirk carries a colony to Newfoundland in 1654
The number of settlements there increases rapidly, the principal of which are Saint John's, Ferryland, and Quidy-Vidy
Placentia founded by the French
Consequences of Colbert's measures respecting the French fisheries at Newfoundland
Ordinance of Louis XIV
War with France
Failure of an attempt against Placentia
France aims at the possession of all North America
Attempt of Nesmond, in 1696, on Saint John's
Capture by Brouillan and Ibberville of the whole island, except Bonavista and Carbonier-Harbour
Fruitless expedition of Admiral Nevil and Sir John Gibson
Peace of Rhyswick
Sir John Norris, Governor in 1697, Sir Stafford Fairborne, in 1700, and Sir John Leake, in 1702
Distinguished character of the officers appointed to that station from 1675
King William's act "to encourage the trade to Newfoundland"
Fishing Admirals and other important regulations for the better government of the fishery and administration of justice
Formation of "the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts"
First missionary in Newfoundland
Chapter 6
Retrospective View of the Newfoundland Fishery, and of the Accounts of that Island by Different Writers of the Seventeenth Century
Chapter 7
Continuation of the History from 1702 to 1713
War with France
Hostilities in Newfoundland
Fruitless expedition of Vice-Admiral Graydon
Fruitless attempt of the French against Saint John's
Gallant and successful operations of a small English squadron on the northern coast of Newfoundland
Resolution of parliament respecting that island in 1707
Saint John's taken and destroyed in 1708
Fruitless attempt of the French against Carbonier
Alarm in England respecting Newfoundland
Fruitless expedition against Quebec and Placentia
Treaty of Utrecht
Death of Queen Anne
Disorders occasioned by the Jesuits in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
Disputes respecting boundaries
Chapter 8
Continuation from 1713 to 1763
Effects of the act of King William respecting Newfoundland
Insufficiency of the system of judicature established by that act
Appointment of a Civil Governor;
of a Court of Oyer and Terminer;
of a High Sheriff;
of Justices of the Peace in out-harbours;
and of Floating Surrogates, in 1728
Lord Graham
Admiral Byng
Court of Vice-Admiralty established
Appointment of a Naval Officer
France loses her part of Newfoundland, and the island of Cape-Breton
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Origin of the war in 1755
Beginning of hostilities on the coast of Newfoundland
Sir Charles Hardy
Lord Rodney
Ancient custom in Saint John's in cases of insolvency
Captain James Webb
Captain, afterwards Lord, Graves
Claim of Spain to the Newfoundland fishery
War with Spain in 1762
Bay-Bulls, Saint John's, Carbonier, Trinity, &c. taken by a French squadron under Admiral de Ternay
Retaken by Lord Colville and Sir Jeffrey Amherst
Robert Carter
Charles Garland
Captain James Cook
Distress in Saint John's
Treaty of Paris in 1763
Coast of Labrador annexed to the government of Newfoundland
Tenor of the commissions of the peace issued at that time
Court of Oyer and Terminer
Abuses respecting fishing-rooms, the administration of justice, &c
Scot and a party of native Indians
Effects of the Treaty of Paris on the Newfoundland fisheries
Population of the island in 1763
Chapter 9
Continuation from 1763 to 1775
Alarm in England respecting Newfoundland
Increase of the fisheries
Captain Hugh Palliser
Captain Byron
Disturbances in Newfoundland
Custom-House
Sir Roger Curtis (Note)
Disturbances in the American colonies
Suspension of supplies from the continent
Sir Hugh Palliser's act
Captain Duff
Salmon fisheries
Chapter 10
Continuation from 1775 to 1793
American privateers
Rear-Admiral Montague
Proclamation for the protection of the Newfoundland Indians
Sudden recall of the French fishermen and mariners from the banks
War with France
Rear-Admiral Edwards
Vice-Admiral Campbell
Mr. Aaron Graham
Effects of that war on the British Newfoundland fisheries
Treaties of 1783,
with America and with France
Change in the French boundaries in Newfoundland
Comparative increase of the British Newfoundland fisheries in 1785
Act regulating the intercourse between Newfoundland and the United States of America
Act of 1786 for the encouragement of the Newfoundland fisheries
Beneficial changes in the courts of justice
Rear-Admiral Elliot
Rear-Admiral Mark Milbanke
Court of Common Pleas
Establishment of the "Supreme Court of Judicature"
Chief-Justice John Reeves
Act of the 33d Geo. III. cap. 76
Clause respecting cases of insolvency. Chapter 11
Continuation from 1793 to 1818
Causes which had hitherto prevented the British Government from obtaining correct information on the state of things in Newfoundland
Important consequences of the late improvements in the administration of justice
State of the British Newfoundland fisheries in 1795
Sir James Wallace and the French Admiral Richery
Vice-Admiral Waldegrave
Premature attempt to establish a college in Saint John's
Curious trial
Vice-Admiral Gambier
Mr. Joseph Trounsell
State of Conception-Bay
Change there in the civil and ecclesiastical state of things
Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and Sunday-schools in Conception-Bay
A similar society established in Saint John's
Other improvements in Conception-Bay
Treaty of Amieus
Renewal of hostilities
A female Indian in Saint John's
Loss of the Lady Hobart packet, and arrival of her passengers and crew in Conception-Bay
Printing-office established
Volunteer militia formed in Saint John's
Post-office established in Saint John's and Conception-Bay
Act of 1809
Coast of Labrador re-annexed to the government of Newfoundland
First attempt to open a communication with the native Indians of Newfoundland
Scarcity of cattle
Sir John Thomas Duckworth
Second attempt respecting the native Indians
Sale of ships-rooms in Saint John's
Third attempt respecting the native Indians
War with America
Ravages by the small-pox in Saint John's
Fire in Harbour-Grace
The History of Newfoundland continued to the year 1818
Chapter 12
Description of the Banks and Island of Newfoundland and of the Coast of Labrador
Theory of the Abbé Clavigero concerning the first peopling of America
Atalantis
Revolutions produced by volcanoes and earthquakes
Remarkable earthquakes in Canada in 1663, and at Boston in 1727
Traces of volcanoes in Massachusetts
Extraordinary structure of the island and banks of Newfoundland
Outer or False Bank
Great Bank
Other banks
Various theories concerning those banks
Gulf-Stream
Drift wood, &c
Difference in length of the voyages to and fro, between Europe and North America
Gulf-weed
Fogs on the banks
Appearance and description of the island of Newfoundland
Avalon
Trinity-Bay
Baccalao-Island
Conception-Bay
Saint John's- Bay-Bulls
Southern coast
Trepassey-Bay
Saint Mary's Bay
Placentia Bay
Richard Brothers
Fortune-Bay
Penguin, Burgeo, and other islands
Western coast
Bay of Islands
Bonne-Bay
Ingornachoix-Bay
Saint John's Bay and Highlands
Pistolet-Bay
Hare-Bay
White-Bay
Bay of Exploits
Gander-Bay
New World Island
Twilingate
Fogo
Bonavista-Bay
Green's Pond Islands
Catalina-Harbour
Islands of Saint Peter and Miquelons
Saint Peter's Bank
Anticosti Island
Coast of Labrador
History
Seals and dogs
Mecatina and Shecatica-Bay
Saint Augustine's Square
Straits of Belle-Isle
Attempts to discover a north-west passage to India
Cabot
Thorne
Frobisher
Davis
Hudson
Chapter 13
Of the Climate of Newfoundland and Coast of Labrador
Peculiar character of the climate of North America
Comparison between the climates of Newfoundland and of Canada
Winter in Newfoundland
Effects of cold on the extremities of animals
Aurora Borealis
Islands and fields of ice
Frozen fogs, or frost smoke
Mode of opening a passage for vessels through the ice
Spring
Summer
Splendid appearance of Conception-Bay during the capelin-scull
Fall, and approach of winter
Whether the climate of Newfoundland is capable of improvement. Chapter 14
Of the Natural Productions of the Island of Newfoundland and of the Coast of Labrador
Attempts towards agricultural improvements
Mode of planting potatoes
Kitchen gardens
Fruits
Berries
Indian tea
Side-saddle flower, or pitcher-plant
Cotton-reeds
Flowers
"A short feast and a long famine"
Trees
"Newfoundland coffins"
Animal flowers
Minerals
Catalina-stone
Burning mountain
Labrador-stone
Animals
Fur-hunting
Change in the colour of animals in winter
Traps and snares
Newfoundland dog
Essential differences between the Greenland and the Newfoundland dogs
Gnats, or mosquitoes
Poultry
Wild-fowl
Wild geese
Partridges, &c
Various kinds of sea-birds
Baccalao birds, how far useful in navigation
Penguins
Morses, or sea-cows
Whales
Fatal issue of an attempt in the whale-fishery in Conception-Bay
Cod-fish
Trout;
eels;
lobsters;
plaice; &c
Capelin
Capelin-seines
Salmon
Herrings, their annual migrations
Lance
Squid, cuttle-fish, or ink-fish
Mackerel
Jiggers used in fishing
Extraordinary voraciousness and fecundity of the cod-fish
Other peculiarities
Stones in the head of this fish. Chapter 15
Of the Newfoundland Fisheries
Seals and seal-fishery
Uses of the seal to Greenlanders and to Europeans
Of the flesh of seals
State of the Newfoundland coast at the time of the seal-fishery
Manner of proceeding in this fishery
Mode of making seal-oil
Blubber
Effect of oil on the agitated surface of the sea, from which l'Abbe Raynal foretold wonderful improvements in navigation
Mode of preparing seal-skins
Mode of proceeding in the cod-fishery
Fishing
Curing
Salting
Drying
Laying-rooms
Hand and broad flakes
Hardships attending the cod-fishery
Maggotty;
salt-burnt;
sun-burnt;
slimy;
dunfish
Mud-fish
Cod-seines
Shore-fishery
Northern-fishery
Labrador-fishery
Bank-fishery
Western-fishery
Cod-oil
Chapter 16
Of the Character and Manners of the Aborigines and other Inhabitants of the Island of Newfoundland
How far gradual improvement is a most conspicuous law of the nature of man
Anecdote related by Doctor Franklin (Note)
The North American Indians nearly the same in the nineteenth century as when first discovered
Artful and revengeful; not numerous; indolent
Of the Newfoundland Indians
As described by Cabot;
Broughton;
James Cartier; Sir Martin Frobisher;
Guy;
by Clarke, in 1696;
and by Patrick Gordon, in 1722
Inhabitants of European extraction
How far the seed is affected by difference of climate
By the nature of the country; by diet
Of fish diet
Of the constant use of tea
Spruce-beer
Houses
Tilts
Linneys
Kitchens
Character of the women
Longevity
Diseases
Customs
Saluting the bride
Marriages
Christenings
Funeral ceremonies
Waking the dead
Festivals of Saint George and Saint Patrick
Horse-shoes
Candlemas-day
Ash Wednesday
Dragging the log
Christmas-log, or Yule festival
Christmas boxes
Mumming
General character of the inhabitants of Conception-Bay
Religious Professions
Courts of justice. Appendix
Note 1
Northmanna-land
Note 2
Ancient ships and boats
Note 3
Abraham Ortelio's "Orbis Terræ Theatrum."
Note 4
Names of Newfoundland, of West Indies, and of Indians
Note 5
Revolutions in the Arctic ice
Note 6
King Charles's commission for the better government of Newfoundland
Note 7
Ordinance of Louis XIV, concerning the marine and the fisheries
Note 8
Introduction of the patata by Sir Walter Raleigh
Note 9
Of the use of iron among the savages of North America
Plates of maps: Chart of the Island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador with part of Greenland drawn & engraved expressly for the Rev. L.A. Anspach's History of Newfoundland; with inset Description of Terra de Baccalaos of Newfoundland by Ortelio the Spanish geographer in the year 1587; A chart of the banks of Newfoundland, drawn & engraved expressly for the Rev. L.A. Anspach's History of Newfoundland
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