ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Quick View

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications
CONTENT TYPES

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 19, 12024-12033
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVContaminants in Aqua...Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial EnvironmentsNEXT

Bioavailability of Microplastics to Marine Zooplankton: Effect of Shape and Infochemicals

  • Zara L. R. Botterell
    Zara L. R. Botterell
    Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
    More by Zara L. R. Botterell
    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-3203
  • , 
  • Nicola Beaumont
    Nicola Beaumont
    Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    More by Nicola Beaumont
  • , 
  • Matthew Cole
    Matthew Cole
    Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    More by Matthew Cole
    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5910-1189
  • , 
  • Frances E. Hopkins
    Frances E. Hopkins
    Marine Biogeochemistry and Ocean Observations, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    More by Frances E. Hopkins
  • , 
  • Michael Steinke
    Michael Steinke
    School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
    More by Michael Steinke
  • , 
  • Richard C. Thompson
    Richard C. Thompson
    Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre (MBERC), School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
    More by Richard C. Thompson
  • , and 
  • Penelope K. Lindeque*
    Penelope K. Lindeque
    Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Penelope K. Lindeque
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 19, 12024–12033
Publication Date (Web):September 14, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02715

Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under CC-BY.

  • Open Access

Article Views

8036

Altmetric

-

Citations

81
LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS
PDF (2 MB)
Get e-Alerts
Supporting Info (1)»
SUBJECTS:

Abstract

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

The underlying mechanisms that influence microplastic ingestion in marine zooplankton remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate how microplastics of a variety of shapes (bead, fiber, and fragment), in combination with the algal-derived infochemicals dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), affect the ingestion rate of microplastics in three species of zooplankton, the copepods Calanus helgolandicus and Acartia tonsa and larvae of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. We show that shape affects microplastic bioavailability to different species of zooplankton, with each species ingesting significantly more of a certain shape: C. helgolandicus—fragments (P < 0.05); A. tonsa—fibers (P < 0.01); H. gammarus larvae—beads (P < 0.05). Thus, different feeding strategies between species may affect shape selectivity. Our results also showed significantly increased ingestion rates by C. helgolandicus on all microplastics that were infused with DMS (P < 0.01) and by H. gammarus larvae and A. tonsa on DMS-infused fibers and fragments (P < 0.05). By using a range of more environmentally relevant microplastics, our findings highlight how the feeding strategies of different zooplankton species may influence their susceptibility to microplastic ingestion. Furthermore, our novel study suggests that species reliant on chemosensory cues to locate their prey may be at an increased risk of ingesting aged microplastics in the marine environment.

Introduction

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To
Microplastic (microscopic plastic, 1 μm to 5 mm) is abundant and widespread in the marine environment and has been identified as a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. (1−3) The risks that larger plastic debris presents to marine organisms have been well documented, (4−7) yet there still remain knowledge gaps regarding the impact of microplastics. (1) Microplastics are not uniform; they are a complex array of different shapes, sizes, and polymers. (8) Microbeads and fibers can enter the environment via multiple pathways with direct release from waste water treatment works being a substantial source through the use of plastics in cosmetics and synthetic clothing. (9,10) The degradation of larger plastic debris due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and wave action can form irregularly shaped microplastic fragments. (10,11) Due to their small size, microplastics are bioavailable via ingestion to a wide range of organisms. (12) Ingestion of microplastics has been recorded in many marine species including cetaceans, (13,14) seabirds, (15) molluscs, (16) and zooplankton. (17,18) In species at lower trophic levels, such as zooplankton, ingested microplastics have been shown to cause several detrimental effects, including reduced feeding behavior, growth, and fecundity. (19−21)
Zooplankton are a crucial food source and provide an important link in the marine food web between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels. (22) Zooplankton comprise many different species of marine invertebrates and some vertebrates (e.g., fish larvae), including those species that spend their entire life cycle (holoplankton), and those with larval stages (meroplankton), in the plankton. Meroplanktonic species develop into adults that are often important constituents of fin-fish and shellfish stocks, which are ecologically and economically important. (23) Previous laboratory studies have shown that zooplankton have the capacity to ingest several different types of microplastics, (17,24) which has also been documented in zooplankton from the wild. (18,25,26) While many studies have investigated the microplastic presence and effect of ingestion, the underlying mechanisms and factors that influence plastic ingestion still remain poorly understood.
Food selectivity has been widely evidenced in copepods, with the capacity to discriminate between algal prey and microplastics. (27,28) There are several abiotic and biotic factors that can affect the biological availability (bioavailability) of microplastics to an organism. (8,29) While the overlap in size of the microplastic and the gape of the individual’s mouth is key to ingestion and capture efficiency, other factors such as microplastic shape may affect handling and the capacity for ingestion. (8,28) Many previous laboratory studies have used polystyrene microspheres that have been shown to be readily ingested by a number of species, indicating that this shape is bioavailable to a broad range of taxa. (17,19,30) However, several studies from the field investigating microplastic ingestion in zooplankton found that microfibers were most commonly ingested. (18,25,26) It is unclear whether this shape is more bioavailable or whether it is the most abundant microplastic in the areas sampled. Recent research has shown that differently shaped microplastics can alter the severity of certain biological effects. (31,32) For example, in sheepshead minnow larvae (Cyprinodon variegatus), irregularly shaped microplastic fragments negatively affect swimming behavior, decreasing the total distance traveled and their maximum velocity. (32) Additionally Cole et al. showed that the presence of fibrous microplastics can significantly alter prey selectivity in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. (31) These negative effects could reduce food intake and the available energy for growth, development, and reproductive success.
There is growing evidence that chemosensory cues, not just physical factors, could influence the bioavailability of microplastics. (24,33−35) In the marine environment, plastic can provide a durable substrate for biofouling biota that may produce infochemicals. (36,37) Colonization by infochemical-producing microorganisms, and subsequently the formation and growth of biofilms, could lead to plastic debris acquiring a chemical signal that is attractive to those species that use chemosensory mechanisms when locating, identifying, and ingesting food. (33,38−40) One such chemical is dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a marine trace gas derived from dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) that is produced by phytoplankton. (39) DMS concentrations typically range from 1 to 7 nM in the surface ocean, with peak concentrations in the North Atlantic Ocean during June–July owing to the annual coccolithophore and dinoflagellate blooms. (41) Recent research has identified that many species demonstrate foraging behavior in the presence of DMS, including loggerhead turtles, (42) seabirds, (33) hard corals, (34) and copepods. (43) The chemical precursor DMSP has also been shown to induce swimming and aggregation behavior in forage fish. (44,45) Breckels et al. demonstrated that DMS plumes stimulated the grazing behavior response of Calanus helgolandicus at concentrations of 1.8–13.1 nM. (46) Recent research by Procter et al. showed that C. helgolandicus ingested significantly more DMS-infused microfibers than virgin microfibers. (35) This indicates that complex chemosensory cues may have a role in mediating foraging behavior and therefore consumption of microplastic debris.
Currently, little is known about what factors influence the uptake of microplastics by zooplankton. To better understand the mechanisms behind microplastic ingestion, it is vital to use microplastics that are more representative of those found in the marine environment. (8,47) In the present study, we investigate the effect of microplastic shape and the presence of the infochemicals DMSP and DMS on microplastic ingestion by three species of zooplankton: the widely distributed suspension feeder C. helgolandicus, a temperate calanoid copepod and dominant mesozooplankton species in the North Atlantic; the globally distributed calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa, an ambush and suspension feeder; and the ambush feeder larvae of Homarus gammarus (European lobster)—a species of both economic and social importance in the U.K. We test the hypotheses that (1) species-specific ingestion is significantly different between microplastics of various shapes and (2) infusion of microplastics with DMS or DMSP significantly increases the bioavailability and ingestion of the differently shaped microplastics.

Methods

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Zooplankton Sampling and Husbandry

Zooplankton samples were collected from the Western Channel Observatory station L4, U.K. (50°15′N, 4°13′W) using 200 μm WP2 plankton nets in February 2019. The samples were transported within insulated boxes, containing natural seawater, to Plymouth Marine Laboratory (Plymouth, U.K.) within 3 h of sampling. Adult female C. helgolandicus were identified using a dissecting microscope (Wild M5-49361; ×20 to ×50 magnification) through assessment of their life stage, size, shape, and distinct genital pore. Individuals were carefully picked out using Storkbill forceps and transferred to 5 L beakers containing filtered seawater. Seawater was filtered via a filtration rig through a 0.22 μm nitrocellulose filter (Millipore). European lobster larvae (H. gammarus) (stage 1) were obtained in August 2018 from the National Lobster Hatchery, Padstow, U.K. Adult A. tonsa were provided from culture by Reefshotz, U.K. in September 2019. Female A. tonsa were identified using a dissecting microscope through assessment of their size, shape. and distinct genital pore. All samples were processed and experiments were conducted in controlled-temperature (CT) laboratories matched to the ambient sea surface temperature (SST) of 18 °C (H. gammarus, August 2018) and 10 °C (C. helgolandicus, February 2019) or culture temperature of 21 °C (A. tonsa).

Preparation of Microplastics

Virgin 20 μm polystyrene beads (Spherotech, Illinois), fresh-cut virgin 20 μm x 10 μm nylon fibers (Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd., prepared following Cole method (48)), and virgin ≤20 μm nylon fragments (Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd.) were used to represent our three shape classifications (Supporting Information, Figure 1). All microplastics used were yellow in color. The different polymers were used as at the time no nylon microbeads were available. While the size of the microplastics was kept as uniform as possible, due to the different shapes, surface area (beads: 1.26 × 103 μm2, fibers: 0.79 × 103 μm2, fragments: >1.26 × 103 μm2) and volume (beads: 4.19 × 103 μm2, fibers: 1.57 × 103 μm2, fragments: <4.19 × 103 μm2) varied.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Ingestion rates ± standard error (SE) (particles individual–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics including beads, fibers, and fragments for (a) C. helgolandicus, (b) H. gammarus, and (c) A. tonsa. The asterisks denote the level of significant difference in ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01. Illustrations by Vivienne Botterell.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
For the experiments with C. helgolandicus and A. tonsa, glass DURAN experimental bottles (500 mL, total volume 615 mL) were ∼75% filled with 0.22 μm filtered seawater (FSW) and spiked with the 15 mL vials of either beads, fibers, or fragments of virgin (control) or DMSP- or DMS-infused beads, fibers, or fragments. The bottles were then carefully filled to the brim with FSW, which resulted in an overall concentration of 80 microplastics mL–1 in each of the experimental bottles. All microplastic treatments were incubated in MilliQ water in 15 mL gas-tight vials in a refrigerator at 3 °C for 3 days before use in grazing experiments.
Environmentally relevant concentrations of DMSP and DMS were chosen for our infused treatments. (41,49) DMSP-infused beads/fibers/fragments were prepared by infusion in an aqueous 20 nM DMSP solution (Centrum voor Analyse, Spectroscopie and Synthese, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands). DMS-infused beads/fibers/fragments were prepared by infusion in a 5 nM aqueous DMS solution (Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd.). The addition of the infused microplastics to the experimental flasks was performed by directly adding the entire 15 mL solution to the flask at the start of the experiment. This addition to the 600 mL of seawater in the flask resulted in a negligible calculated change in ambient DMSP/DMS concentrations of 0.49 nM (DMSP) and 0.12 nM (DMS).
The same process was used for the European lobster larvae. However, due to their cannibalistic nature under limited food availability, larvae were treated individually using smaller experimental bottles (50 mL) and gas-tight vials (1.9 mL). The concentrations of microplastics, DMSP, and DMS remained the same.
At the microplastic concentrations used in this experiment, we were unable to measure the final concentrations of DMS/DMSP fused to the microplastics as the levels are far below the detection limit of our methods.

Grazing Experiments

For all species and for each shape of microplastic, the grazing experiments consisted of (1) a virgin microplastic control group; (2) a DMSP-infused microplastic treatment group; and (3) a DMS-infused microplastics treatment group. Following the initial results with H. gammarus larvae, we refined the protocol in the C. helgolandicus and A. tonsa experiments to include additional controls of (4) DMSP and microplastics added to the experimental bottles separately but concurrently (DMSP noninfused); and (5) DMS and microplastics added to the experimental bottles separately but concurrently (DMS noninfused). Copepods and lobster larvae were starved for a period of 24 h prior to the experiment.
In the C. helgolandicus and A. tonsa experiment, there were six replicates per treatment for virgin, infused/noninfused DMSP and DMS treatment groups, using copepods that had been acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for 2 days. The algae Dunaliella tertiolecta, Prorocentrum micans, and Thalassiosira rotula were provided as a source of prey during the acclimation period for C. helgolandicus. They were cultured on f/2 media, with addition of silica for T. rotula, and maintained at 13 °C at a 16:8 light/dark cycle. A. tonsa copepods were maintained on their culture media of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana (T-Iso), and Chaetoceros muelleri.
Grazing experiments were carried out in gas-tight 500 mL Pyrex bottles (total volume 615 mL), filled to the brim with 0.2 μm filtered seawater (FSW). Five healthy adult female C. helgolandicus or A. tonsa were transferred to each experimental bottle, followed by the addition of microplastics with or without DMSP or DMS. Copepods were not added to the T0 (time zero, beginning of the experiment) experimental bottles. The experimental bottles were secured to a plankton wheel, rotated at 5 rpm, and left for 6 h in the dark in a CT room at 10 °C (C. helgolandicus) or 21 °C (A. tonsa). After 6 h, the experiment was stopped and the copepods were removed from each experimental bottle by gently passing the contents of the bottle through a 150 μm mesh into a beaker. The water was returned to the bottle and stored at 3 °C for microplastic enumeration using a FlowCam (Fluid Imaging Technologies Ltd.; see below). The mesh containing the copepods was examined under a dissection microscope and any mortality was recorded. Copepods were then transferred into an Eppendorf tube containing 1 mL of 4% recycled formalin.
In the H. gammarus larvae experiment, there were ten replicates per treatment for virgin, DMSP and DMS treatment groups, using lobster larvae that had been acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for 2 days. Frozen plankton (TMC Gamma Blister Red Plankton) was provided as a source of prey during the acclimation period.
Grazing experiments were carried out in gas-tight 50 mL Pyrex bottles (total volume 65 mL), filled to the brim with 0.2 μm filtered seawater (FSW). One healthy European lobster larva was transferred to each experimental bottle, followed by the addition of microplastics with or without DMSP or DMS. Lobster larvae were not added to the T0 experimental bottles. The experimental bottles were secured to a plankton wheel, rotated at 5 rpm, and left for 3 h in the dark in a CT room at 18 °C. We then followed the same process as above in the experiments, preserving the individuals in 1 mL of 4% recycled formalin.
A FlowCAM (VS-4 series) was used in autoimage mode to count the number of microplastic particles within a sample and determine the plastic concentration. For the analysis, 40 mL of the sample was pumped at 2 mL min–1 through the flow chamber fitted with a 100 μm x 2 mm flow cell and a 10x objective lens, which captured the images of the particles at 20 frames s–1. FlowCAM uses the software program VisualSpreadsheet (v 3.4), which can sort the images by selected characteristics such as length. Any images that were not microplastic particles were deleted and the remaining images saved as a new list, which would then be used to generate a count of particles mL–1. The FlowCAM was used to determine the initial microplastic concentration (T0) and the postexperimental microplastic concentration (T6).
Grazing rates were estimated by comparing changes in the abundance of the microplastics over the experimental period for differently shaped microplastics with or without the addition of DMSP and DMS. Ingestion rates (particles organism–1 h–1) were calculated using an adapted version of the Frost (1972) equation, which accounted for the absence of prey growth during the incubations. (35,50)
The grazing coefficient (g) was calculated from eq 1
(1)
where T0 is the concentration of microplastics mL–1 at the beginning of the experiment, T6 (T3 for H. gammarus larvae experiment) is the concentration of microplastics mL–1 at the end of the experiment (after 3 or 6 h), and T is the time in hours (Supporting Information, Table 1). The clearance rates (F, mL organism–1 h–1) were calculated from eq 2
(2)
where V is the volume of the experimental bottle (mL), g is the grazing coefficient calculated in eq 1, and n is the number of zooplankton per bottle. The ingestion rate (I) is then calculated using eq 3
(3)

Statistical Analysis

All data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2016) and the statistical software R (version 3.4.1, R Development Core Team 2017). Data were tested for normality using a Shapiro–Wilk test and homogeneity of variance was visually inspected to satisfy parametric requisites. A one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to compare the ingestion rates from grazing experiments. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.

Results

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Influence of Shape on Microplastic Ingestion

The copepod C. helgolandicus demonstrated a significant variation in the ingestion rates of differently shaped microplastics (Figure 1a, one-way ANOVA (F(2,15) = 3.78, P = 0.047)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that the fragments were ingested significantly more than the beads (P = 0.043). The fragments were ingested at a mean rate (±SE) of 500.3 (±83.9) fragments copepod–1 h–1, in comparison to the mean number of beads, 144.5 (±38.4) beads copepod–1 h–1, and fibers, 251.9 (±134.0) fibers copepod–1 h–1 (Figure 1a).
H. gammarus larvae also exhibited a significant variation in the ingestion rates of the different microplastic shapes (Figure 1b, one-way ANOVA (F(2,26) = 4.36, P = 0.0233)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that the beads were ingested significantly more than the fibers (P = 0.026) and substantially more than the fragments (P = 0.074). The beads were ingested at a mean rate (±SE) of 1138.7 (±133.4) beads lobster–1 h–1, in comparison to the mean number of fibers, 402.3 (±45.6) fibers lobster–1 h–1, and fragments, 530.7 (±281.7) fragments lobster–1 h–1(Figure 1b).
The copepod A. tonsa demonstrated a significant variation in the ingestion rates of differently shaped microplastics (Figure 1c, one-way ANOVA (F(2,15) = 6.6, P = 0.009)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that the fibers were ingested significantly more than the beads (P = 0.008) and substantially more than the fragments (P = 0.06). The fibers were ingested at a mean rate (±SE) of 587.5 (±243.4) fibers copepod–1 h–1, in comparison to the mean number of beads, 204.1 (±87.3) beads copepod–1 h–1, and fragments, 471.5 (±196.4) fragments copepod–1 h–1 (Figure 1c).

Influence of Infochemicals on Microplastic Ingestion

The copepod C. helgolandicus demonstrated an increase in the average ingestion rates of the microplastics that had been infused with DMSP and DMS, across all three shapes, in comparison to virgin and also noninfused microplastics (infochemical and microplastics added to the experimental bottles concurrently) (Figure 2). Analysis showed that there were significant differences between the infochemical treatment groups with all three shapes (beads: Figure 2a, one-way ANOVA (F(4,25) = 6.235, P = 0.0013), fibers: Figure 2b (F(4,25) = 8.214, P ≤ 0.001), and fragments: Figure 2c (F(4,25) = 15.21, P ≤ 0.001)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that DMS infusion significantly increased the ingestion rates of the beads (Figure 2a, P ≤ 0.001), fibers (Figure 2b, P ≤ 0.01), and fragments (Figure 2c, P ≤ 0.001) in comparison to the virgin control treatments. In addition, it showed that all microplastics that were infused with DMS were ingested significantly more than those that were not infused with DMS (beads: Figure 2a, P ≤ 0.05, fibers: Figure 2b, P ≤ 0.001, and fragments: Figure 2c, P ≤ 0.001). This was also found for DMSP-infused and noninfused fragments (Figure 2c, P ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the virgin control and the noninfused microplastic control for both infochemicals across all microplastic shapes.

Figure 2

Figure 2. C. helgolandicus ingestion rates ± SE (particles copepod–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments, with the different treatments of virgin, DMSP infused, DMS infused, DMSP noninfused, and DMS noninfused. The black significance bars relate to virgin controls and the gray significance bars relate to noninfused controls. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
In the DMSP- and DMS-infused treatments, the average ingestion rate of the fibers and fragments by H. gammarus larvae increased (Figure 3). Analysis showed that there were significant differences between the infochemical treatment groups for both fibers (Figure 3b, one-way ANOVA (F(2,27) = 4.481, P = 0.021)) and fragments (Figure 3c, one-way ANOVA (F(2,27) = 6.372, P = 0.0054)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that the presence of DMS significantly increased the ingestion rates of the fibers (Figure 3b, P ≤ 0.05) and fragments (Figure 3c, P ≤ 0.01) in comparison to the control virgin treatments. The presence of the infochemicals had no effect on the ingestion rates of the beads (Figure 3a, one-way ANOVA (F(2,26) = 2.863, P = 0.075)).

Figure 3

Figure 3. H. gammarus (larvae) ingestion rates ± SE (particles lobster–1 h–1) of the virgin, DMSP-infused, and DMS-infused microplastics for all three shapes: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
In the DMSP- and DMS-infused treatments, the average ingestion rate of the fibers and fragments by A. tonsa increased (Figure 4). Analysis showed that there were significant differences between the infochemical treatment groups for both fibers (Figure 4b, one-way ANOVA (F(2,25) = 11.6, P ≤ 0.001)) and fragments (Figure 4c, one-way ANOVA (F(2,25) = 21.2, P ≤ 0.001)). A post hoc Tukey test showed that the presence of DMS significantly increased the ingestion rates of the fibers (Figure 4b, P ≤ 0.05) and fragments (Figure 4c, P ≤ 0.01) in comparison to the control virgin treatments. The presence of the infochemicals had no effect on the ingestion rates of the beads (Figure 4a, one-way ANOVA (F(2,25) = 1.7, P = 0.18)). In addition, it showed that the fibers and fragments that were infused with DMS were ingested significantly more than those that were not infused with DMS (Figure 4b, P ≤ 0.001, and fragments: Figure 4c, P ≤ 0.001). This was also found for the DMSP-infused and noninfused fragments (Figure 4c, P ≤ 0.01). There were no significant differences between the virgin control and the noninfused microplastic control for both infochemicals across all microplastic shapes.

Figure 4

Figure 4. A. tonsa ingestion rates ± SE (particles copepod–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments, with the different treatments of virgin, DMSP infused, DMS infused, DMSP noninfused, and DMS noninfused. The black significance bars relate to virgin controls and the gray significance bars relate to noninfused controls. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Discussion

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To
Our study reveals that both shape and the infusion of infochemicals can affect the ingestion rate of microplastics in C. helgolandicus, A. tonsa, and H. gammarus larvae. Each species selectively ingested significantly more of a certain microplastic shape (Figure 1), indicating that shape is an important factor that influences microplastic bioavailability. C. helgolandicus ingested more fragments; H. gammarus ingested more beads; and A. tonsa ingested the most fibers. We further observed that infusion with the infochemical DMS significantly increased the ingestion rates of microplastics in all three species (Figures 2–4). This highlights that chemosensory species utilizing DMS as an infochemical may be at an increased risk of microplastic debris ingestion. These findings add to the growing evidence of the importance of testing environmentally relevant microplastics in zooplankton grazing studies in contrast to the predominately used virgin beads, to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind microplastic ingestion. (8)

Effect of Microplastic Shape on Its Bioavailability to Zooplankton

Previous laboratory research has shown that many species of zooplankton will readily ingest microplastic beads including C. helgolandicus and A. tonsa. (17,51) However, microplastic ingestion has not previously been observed in H. gammarus larvae. The fragments and fibers have also been shown to be ingested by C. helgolandicus. (28,31) Furthermore, in wild copepods sampled in the natural environment, irregularly shaped and fibrous microplastics have been identified. (18,25) However, it is unclear whether these microplastics from the wild samples are due to prey selectivity of the species, differences in gut retention time, or simply a representation of the most prevalent microplastic in the environment under investigation.
Our results show that while all microplastic shapes were ingested, each of the species selectively ingested one shape preferentially over the others (Figure 1). The selectivity of the species could be explained by the different feeding strategies, with particular shapes being easier to handle, or species-specific capacities to ingest. C. helgolandicus ingested the most fragments, H. gammarus the most beads, and A. tonsa the most fibers. C. helgolandicus is a suspension feeder, using appendages around their mouths to generate a feeding current. (52,53) Whereas A. tonsa is an ambush feeder, a complex grazing behavior requiring a stimulus to optimize capturing prey items yet avoiding nonfood items, but can also switch to suspension feeding when consuming small phytoplankton by generating a feeding current. (54,55) It is the smallest of the three species used in these experiments and therefore may have found the smaller diameter of the fibers (10 μm) easier to ingest. Additionally, it is possible that differently shaped microplastics may generate different eddies, through disturbances in the feeding current or water flow, which may be more or less attractive to species with different feeding strategies. Similarly to A. tonsa, H. gammarus larvae are also thought to be ambush feeders consuming both phytoplankton and zooplankton. (56) Unlike copepods, which have a singular naupliar eye that is light sensitive, lobster larvae have two compound eyes, which are not only light sensitive but also have a large view angle and are able to detect fast movement. (57,58) This more developed spatial vision may aid the lobster in prey selection and subsequently may have played a role in the selectivity of the microplastic beads over the other shapes. The microplastic shape may also resemble the species’ natural prey source. The microplastics used in this current study overlapped in size with the species prey. The beads and fragments may resemble spherical algae and the fibers could resemble chain-forming diatoms. (28) Shape selectivity could also be explained by species shifting their prey preference. (31) Recent research by Cole et al. and Coppock et al. suggest that Calanus species may shift prey selectivity to avoid ingesting microalgae that are of a similar size and shape to the microplastics that they were exposed to, potentially to avoid consuming the plastic particles. (28,31) However, future behavioral experiments are recommended to further understand this mechanism of microplastic shape selectivity.
Certain microplastic shapes have been shown to have more adverse effects than others in species of zooplankton, with previous research highlighting negative effects on swimming behavior by the fragments (32) and feeding behavior by the fibers. (31) It is crucial to understand which shapes have the highest bioavailability in a species to understand the effect commonly ingested microplastic shapes could have on the health of the individual as any negative effects could reduce food intake and available energy for growth, development, and reproductive success. Future experiments should consider differences in gut retention time between differently shaped microplastics as certain shapes may be retained longer than others. This is imperative to understanding whether the microplastics we find in zooplankton sampled in the natural environment were due to selectivity of the species, representative of the microplastics present in the environment, or are retained for longer in the gut. The length of time the microplastics are retained for has implications not only for the health of the individual but also for the transport of the microplastics through the water column by diel vertical migration of zooplankton and also through the food web when zooplankton is consumed by predators. (28,59)

Role of Infochemicals in Increasing the Bioavailability of the Microplastics

To investigate whether these chemicals would stimulate grazing, C. helgolandicus, A. tonsa, and H. gammarus larvae were exposed to microplastics (beads, fibers, and fragments) that had been infused in artificial DMS and DMSP solutions of environmentally relevant concentrations. Our results show that the presence of the infochemical DMS can lead to significant increases in the ingestion rate of microplastics in three species of zooplankton. This indicates that chemosensory species utilizing DMS as an infochemical may be at an increased risk of microplastic debris ingestion.
In C. helgolandicus, the ingestion rates of all three microplastic shapes were significantly increased when infused with DMS and while not significant, DMSP infusion also substantially increased microplastics uptake. H. gammarus larvae exhibited a similar pattern to A. tonsa, with significantly more microplastic fibers and fragments ingested when infused with DMS. However, DMSP infusion only substantially increased microplastic fragment ingestion in H. gammarus and neither infochemical affected the ingestion rate of the microplastic beads. However, DMSP infusion did significantly increase the ingestion rate of both fibers and fragments in A. tonsa, but like DMS had no effect on bead ingestion. While the majority of the microplastics infused with DMS were ingested at a higher rate in all species, DMS infusion had no effect on the ingestion of the microplastic beads by the lobster larvae. However, the microplastic beads in the virgin treatment group were ingested at the highest rate in comparison to the fibers and fragments, which implies that the microplastic shape had a higher bioavailability and an overriding effect on the chemoattractive potential of DMS. It is possible that the more developed vision of the larvae likely aided in prey detection and selection, and that the larvae used a range of chemo- and mechanoreceptors in combination with visual cues. This highlights that in some species, microplastic shape, based on the particles that are easier to handle or mimic the preferred prey items, may present a greater bioavailability than other factors including attraction by infochemicals.
Following the initial results with H. gammarus larvae, we refined the protocol in the C. helgolandicus and A. tonsa experiments, to include additional controls in order to investigate whether simply the presence of infochemicals in the surrounding seawater induced an increase in the ingestion rates. Here, the addition of virgin, noninfused microplastics to the experimental flasks was performed separately but concurrently to the addition of 15 mL of DMS or DMSP solution (see Methods, Preparation of Microplastics). However, there was no significant difference in the ingestion rates between the virgin controls and the noninfused controls across all microplastic shapes. Furthermore, our results (Figures 2 and 4) show that there was a significant difference between the noninfused DMS controls and the infused DMS treatments for almost all three different shapes of the microplastics. This therefore suggests that it is not just the presence of DMS in the seawater, but the presence of DMS on the plastic itself that stimulates increased ingestion.
In the marine environment, the infochemicals DMSP and DMS could be present on the plastic surface due to biofilm formation by DMSP/DMS-producing microorganisms, which form part of the diverse microbial community of the plastisphere. (38) Many of these organisms within the plastisphere are important prey items readily consumed by several species of zooplankton. (60) This could increase the ability of zooplankton to locate the plastic particles if they mimic the scent of natural prey and in turn could increase consumption of the microplastics. It is important to note that these experiments are a simplification of the natural environment separating visual biofilm effects from chemical cues associated with DMSP/DMS. There still remains a significant knowledge gap in assessing the ability of the microplastics to gain an infochemical signature through the formation of a biofilm. This work seeks to further understand the interspecies response to DMSP/DMS, yet future investigation is still required to understand the response to additional infochemicals and importantly the detection thresholds of the chemosensory organisms.

Environmental Relevance and Risk Assessment

In this study, we demonstrate that both the shape and the presence of infochemicals can affect the ingestion rate of the microplastics in three species of zooplankton. This research highlights the importance of using a greater diversity of the environmentally relevant microplastics in laboratory experiments. For our infochemical infusion experiments, we used environmentally relevant concentrations of DMSP and DMS. While this triggered increased uptake of the microplastics in all three of the species, currently there is very little understanding of the interspecies response to other infochemicals, limited knowledge on the detection threshold of chemosensory species, and a poor understanding of the chemical gradients emanating from the microscopic particles. The microplastics used in this study were chosen to be as similar as possible (i.e., size and color); however, due to the use of different shapes, they did vary slightly in volume and surface area, which could affect the ingestion rates in some species. It is possible that those microplastics with a greater surface area, such as fragments, may gain a greater infochemical signature. Similarly, polymer type could also affect the ingestion rates. Different polymers have been shown to develop different microbial biofilm communities, which in turn could produce different infochemicals. (61) While we used nylon fibers and fragments we also used polystyrene beads as we were unable to find a nylon equivalent. The concentration of the microplastics used in this study exceeds those currently observed in the marine environment; however, there is very little environmental information relating to microplastics in the size range of 10–30 μm due to technical difficulties in sampling, extracting, and identifying such particles. (31) However, where data is available, they suggest an inverse relationship between particle size and abundance, and hence, the smaller the microplastics, the larger their concentration. (62) Recent research by Lindeque et al. has demonstrated that the 333 μm nets commonly used for microplastic sampling underestimate microplastic abundance, particularly for <333 μm microplastics that are within the optimal prey size range of numerous marine organisms. (63) While it is important to investigate the risk that environmentally relevant microplastic concentrations pose to marine organisms, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which microplastics become bioavailable to a species, can cause harm, identify end points, and understand the sensitivity of different species at every life stage, and it is also crucial to conduct these studies at elevated/future scenario concentrations. (8,31) Such research is key to establishing no-effect thresholds for the development of effective risk assessments for species, populations, and the ecosystem.

Supporting Information

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02715.

  • Images of the microplastics and microplastic concentration data at T0, T3, and T6 (PDF)

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Author Information

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To
  • Corresponding Author
    • Penelope K. Lindeque - Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.;  Email: [email protected]
  • Authors
    • Zara L. R. Botterell - Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.;  School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.;  Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-3203
    • Nicola Beaumont - Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    • Matthew Cole - Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.;  Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5910-1189
    • Frances E. Hopkins - Marine Biogeochemistry and Ocean Observations, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K.
    • Michael Steinke - School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
    • Richard C. Thompson - Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre (MBERC), School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

We would like to thank the captain and crew of Plymouth Marine Laboratory’s RV Plymouth Quest for assistance during sampling, Andrea McEvoy for guidance on zooplankton identification, Elaine Fileman for instruction on the use of FlowCam, and Joceline Triner for access to facilities at the University of Plymouth. We thank Vivienne Botterell for the zooplankton illustrations and for permission to use them in our figures. ZLRB was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (grant number: NE/L002582/1). We thank the editor and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful feedback that improved the manuscript.

References

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

This article references 63 other publications.

  1. 1
    Thompson, R. C.; Olson, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W. G.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?. Science 2004, 304, 838,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1094559
    Google Scholar
    1
    Brevia: Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?
    Thompson, Richard C.; Olsen, Yiva; Mitchell, Richard P.; Davis, Anthony; Rowland, Steven J.; John, Anthony W. G.; McGonigle, Daniel; Russell, Andrea E.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2004), 304 (5672), 838CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Microscopic plastic fragments and fibers are widespread in the world ocean, accumulating in the pelagic zone and sedimentary habitats. Fragments appear to have resulted from degrdn. of larger items. Plastics of this size are ingested by marine organisms, but environmental consequences of this contamination are unknown. Due to its resistance to biodegrdn. but susceptibility to mech. action, there is considerable potential for large-scale accumulation of microscopic plastic debris. To quantify the abundance of micro-plastics, sediment was collected from beaches and estuarine and sub-tidal sediment near Plymouth, UK. Nine polymers were conclusively identified: acrylic, alkyd, poly(ethylene:propylene), polyamide (nylon), polyester, polyethylene, polymethylacrylate, polypropylene, and poly vinyl alc. Given their wide range of uses, it is suggested the fragments resulted from larger item breakdown. To further assess the extent of contamination, another 17 beaches were examd. Similar fibers were obsd., demonstrating that microscopic plastics are common in sedimentary habitats. To assess long-term trends of abundance, plankton samples collected regularly since the 1960s between Aberdeen and the Shetland Islands and from Sule Skerry to Iceland, were analyzed. Plastic was archived among plankton in samples back to the 1960s, but with a significant increase in abundance over time. Similar types of polymer in the water column and sediment suggested polymer d. was not a major factor affecting distribution. Some fragments were granular, but most were fibrous, ∼20 μm in diam., and brightly colored. Results demonstrated the broad spatial extent and accumulation of this type of contamination. Given the rapid increase in plastic prodn., its longevity and disposable nature, this contamination is likely to increase.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXjvVSntbg%253D&md5=f0466f4b6e555801dedd737fc2c23aa2
  2. 2
    MSFD GES Technical Subgroup on Marine Litte. Marine Litter - technical recommendations for the implementation of MSFD requirements. UR—Scientific and Technical Research Series, 2011, 91p.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  3. 3
    Worm, B.; Lotze, H. K.; Jubinville, I.; Wilcox, C.; Jambeck, J. Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2017, 42, 1– 26,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  4. 4
    Duncan, E. M.; Botterell, Z. L. R.; Broderick, A. C.; Galloway, T. S.; Lindeque, P. K.; Nuno, A.; Godley, B. J. A global review of marine turtle entanglement in anthropogenic debris: a baseline for further action. Endanger Species Res. 2017, 34, 431– 448,  DOI: 10.3354/esr00865
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  5. 5
    Laist, D. W. Impacts of Marine Debris: Entanglement of Marine Life in Marine Debris Including a Comprehensive List of Species with Entanglement and Ingestion Records. In Marine Debris, Springer: New York, NY, 1997, pp 99– 139.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  6. 6
    Baulch, S.; Perry, C. Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 80, 210– 221,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.050
    Google Scholar
    6
    Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans
    Baulch, Sarah; Perry, Clare
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2014), 80 (1-2), 210-221CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Global in its distribution and pervading all levels of the water column, marine debris poses a serious threat to marine habitats and wildlife. For cetaceans, ingestion or entanglement in debris can cause chronic and acute injuries and increase pollutant loads, resulting in morbidity and mortality. However, knowledge of the severity of effects lags behind that for other species groups. This literature review examines the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans reported to date. It finds that ingestion of debris has been documented in 48 (56% of) cetacean species, with rates of ingestion as high as 31% in some populations. Debris-induced mortality rates of 0-22% of stranded animals were documented, suggesting that debris could be a significant conservation threat to some populations. We identify key data that need to be collected and published to improve understanding of the threat that marine debris poses to cetaceans.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitF2ht7s%253D&md5=9605a1dd22e718889d761b03d36af8bd
  7. 7
    Lavers, J. L.; Bond, A. L.; Hutton, I. Plastic ingestion by flesh-footed shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 187, 124– 129,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.020
    Google Scholar
    7
    Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals
    Lavers, Jennifer L.; Bond, Alexander L.; Hutton, Ian
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 187 (), 124-129CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    To provide much needed quant. data on the lethal and sublethal effects of plastic pollution on marine wildlife, we sampled breast feathers and stomach contents from Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes) fledglings in eastern Australia. Birds with high levels of ingested plastic exhibited reduced body condition and increased contaminant load (p < 0.05). More than 60% of fledglings exceed international targets for plastic ingestion by seabirds, with 16% of fledglings failing these targets after a single feeding (range: 0.13-3.21 g of plastic/feeding). As top predators, seabirds are considered sentinels of the marine environment. The amt. of plastic ingested and corresponding damage to Flesh-footed Shearwater fledglings is the highest reported for any marine vertebrate, suggesting the condition of the Australian marine environment is poor. These findings help explain the ongoing decline of this species and are worrying in light of increasing levels of plastic pollution in our oceans.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXivFCktLo%253D&md5=38eb609082127d1c51062179ad41678e
  8. 8
    Botterell, Z. L. R.; Beaumont, N.; Dorrington, T.; Steinke, M.; Richard, C.; Lindeque, P. K. Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: a review. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 245, 98– 110,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.065
    Google Scholar
    8
    Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: A review
    Botterell, Zara L. R.; Beaumont, Nicola; Dorrington, Tarquin; Steinke, Michael; Thompson, Richard C.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 245 (), 98-110CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastics are abundant and widespread in the marine environment. They are a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. Due to their small size a wide range of marine species, including zooplankton can ingest them. Research has shown that microplastics are readily ingested by several zooplankton taxa, with assocd. neg. impacts on biol. processes. Zooplankton is a crucial food source for many secondary consumers, consequently this represents a route whereby microplastic could enter the food web and transfer up the trophic levels. In this review we aim to: (1) evaluate the current knowledge base regarding microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in both the lab. and the field; and (2) summarise the factors which contribute to the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton. Current literature shows that microplastic ingestion has been recorded in 39 zooplankton species from 28 taxonomic orders including holo- and meroplanktonic species. The majority of studies occurred under lab. conditions and neg. effects were reported in ten studies (45%) demonstrating effects on feeding behavior, growth, development, reprodn. and lifespan. In contrast, three studies (14%) reported no neg. effects from microplastic ingestion. Several phys. and biol. factors can influence the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton, such as size, shape, age and abundance. We identified that microplastics used in expts. are often different to those quantified in the marine environment, particularly in terms of concn., shape, type and age. We therefore suggest that future research should include microplastics that are more representative of those found in the marine environment at relevant concns. Addnl., investigating the effects of microplastic ingestion on a broader range of zooplankton species and life stages, will help to answer key knowledge gaps regarding the effect of microplastic on recruitment, species populations and ultimately broader economic consequences such as impacts on shell- and finfish stocks.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitFCgt7%252FL&md5=25cb1306a247d5a9577ce5daa5ec751f
  9. 9
    Napper, I. E.; Thompson, R. C. Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 112, 39– 45,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
    Google Scholar
    9
    Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions
    Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C.
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016), 112 (1-2), 39-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Washing clothes made from synthetic materials has been identified as a potentially important source of microscopic fibers to the environment. This study examd. the release of fibers from polyester, polyester-cotton blend and acrylic fabrics. These fabrics were laundered under various conditions of temp., detergent and conditioner. Fibers from waste effluent were examd. and the mass, abundance and fiber size compared between treatments. Av. fiber size ranged between 11.9 and 17.7μm in diam., and 5.0 and 7.8 mm in length. Polyester-cotton fabric consistently shed significantly fewer fibers than either polyester or acrylic. However, fiber release varied according to wash treatment with various complex interactions. We est. over 700,000 fibers could be released from an av. 6 kg wash load of acrylic fabric. As fibers were reported in effluent from sewage treatment plants, our data indicates fibers released by washing of clothing could be an important source of microplastics to aquatic habitats.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsF2gtrrJ&md5=8aa906f1043267c7a84601db640de7b0
  10. 10
    Thompson, R. C. Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment; Springer: Cham, 2019; Vol. 78, pp 121– 133.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  11. 11
    Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 2009, 364, 1985– 1998,  DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
    Google Scholar
    11
    Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments
    Barnes David K A; Galgani Francois; Thompson Richard C; Barlaz Morton
    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 1985-98 ISSN:.
    One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines. Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences (fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1MvitFGitw%253D%253D&md5=bd07eb552c68f8ba37d7c944d1bec6d8
  12. 12
    Galloway, T. S.; Cole, M.; Lewis, C. Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2017, 1, 1– 8,  DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0116
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  13. 13
    Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Leopold, M. F.; Kühn, S.; Bravo Rebolledo, E. L.; Heβe, E.; Mielke, L.; Ijzer, J.; Kamminga, P.; Koelmans, A. A. Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 95, 248– 252,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.007
    Google Scholar
    13
    Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae
    Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Leopold, M. F.; Kuehn, S.; Bravo Rebolledo, E. L.; Hesse, E.; Mielke, L.; IJzer, J.; Kamminga, P.; Koelmans, A. A.
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2015), 95 (1), 248-252CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Marine filter feeders are exposed to microplastic because of their selection of small particles as food source. Baleen whales feed by filtering small particles from large water vols. Macroplastic was found in baleen whales before. This study is the first to show the presence of microplastic in intestines of a baleen whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Contents of its gastrointestinal tract were sieved, dissolved in 10% potassium hydroxide and washed. From the remaining dried material, potential synthetic polymer particles were selected based on d. and appearance, and analyzed by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. Several polymer types (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon) were found, in varying particle shapes: sheets, fragments and threads with a size of 1 mm to 17 cm. This diversity in polymer types and particle shapes, can be interpreted as a representation of the varying characteristics of marine plastic and the unselective way of ingestion by M. novaeangliae.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntVeltrg%253D&md5=c5bc38a0e127c63a6e46fb19c42b775e
  14. 14
    Lusher, A. L.; Hernandez-Milian, G.; O’Brien, J.; Berrow, S.; O’Connor, I.; Officer, R. Microplastic and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: The True’s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus. Environ. Pollut. 2015, 199, 185– 191,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.023
    Google Scholar
    14
    Microplastic and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: The True's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus
    Lusher, Amy L.; Hernandez-Milian, Gema; O'Brien, Joanne; Berrow, Simon; O'Connor, Ian; Officer, Rick
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2015), 199 (), 185-191CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    When mammals strand, they present a unique opportunity to obtain insights into their ecol. In May 2013, three True's beaked whales (two adult females and a female calf) stranded on the north and west coasts of Ireland and the contents of their stomachs and intestines were analyzed for anthropogenic debris. A method for identifying microplastics ingested by larger marine organisms was developed. Microplastics were identified throughout the digestive tract of the single whale that was examd. for the presence of microplastics. The two adult females had macroplastic items in their stomachs. Food remains recovered from the adult whales consisted of mesopelagic fish (Benthosema glaciale, Nansenia spp., Chauliodius sloani) and cephalopods, although trophic transfer has been discussed, it was not possible to ascertain whether prey were the source of microplastics. This is the first study to directly identify microplastics <5 mm in a cetacean species.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsleqs7s%253D&md5=a2606a6c54c6c33eee0a0e97b2fb371a
  15. 15
    Amélineau, F.; Bonnet, D.; Heitz, O.; Mortreux, V.; Harding, A. M. A.; Karnovsky, N.; Walkusz, W.; Fort, J.; Gremillet, D. Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 1131– 1139,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.017
    Google Scholar
    15
    Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds
    Amelineau, F.; Bonnet, D.; Heitz, O.; Mortreux, V.; Harding, A. M. A.; Karnovsky, N.; Walkusz, W.; Fort, J.; Gremillet, D.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 219 (), 1131-1139CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastics have been reported everywhere around the globe. With very limited human activities, the Arctic is distant from major sources of microplastics. However, microplastic ingestions have been found in several Arctic marine predators, confirming their presence in this region. Nonetheless, existing information for this area remains scarce, thus there is an urgent need to quantify the contamination of Arctic marine waters. In this context, we studied microplastic abundance and compn. within the zooplankton community off East Greenland. For the same area, we concurrently evaluated microplastic contamination of little auks (Alle alle), an Arctic seabird feeding on zooplankton while diving between 0 and 50 m. The study took place off East Greenland in July 2005 and 2014, under strongly contrasted sea-ice conditions. Among all samples, 97.2% of the debris found were filaments. Despite the remoteness of our study area, microplastic abundances were comparable to those of other oceans, with 0.99 ± 0.62 m-3 in the presence of sea-ice (2005), and 2.38 ± 1.11 m-3 in the nearby absence of sea-ice (2014). Microplastic rise between 2005 and 2014 might be linked to an increase in plastic prodn. worldwide or to lower sea-ice extents in 2014, as sea-ice can represent a sink for microplastic particles, which are subsequently released to the water column upon melting. Crucially, all birds had eaten plastic filaments, and they collected high levels of microplastics compared to background levels with 9.99 and 8.99 pieces per chick meal in 2005 and 2014, resp. Importantly, we also demonstrated that little auks took more often light colored microplastics, rather than darker ones, strongly suggesting an active contamination with birds mistaking microplastics for their natural prey. Overall, our study stresses the great vulnerability of Arctic marine species to microplastic pollution in a warming Arctic, where sea-ice melting is expected to release vast vols. of trapped debris.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsVyktL3O&md5=a5e6d7d6304a471398eb39768f557916
  16. 16
    Browne, M. A.; Dissanayake, A.; Galloway, T. S.; Lowe, D. M.; Thompson, R. C. Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5026– 5031,  DOI: 10.1021/es800249a
    Google Scholar
    16
    Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)
    Browne, Mark A.; Dissanayake, Awantha; Galloway, Tamara S.; Lowe, David M.; Thompson, Richard C.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2008), 42 (13), 5026-5031CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Plastics debris is accumulating in the environment and is fragmenting into smaller pieces; as it does, the potential for ingestion by animals increases. The consequences of macroplastic debris for wildlife are well documented, however the impacts of microplastic (<1 mm) are poorly understood. The mussel, Mytilus edulis, was used to investigate ingestion, translocation, and accumulation of this debris. Initial expts. showed that upon ingestion, microplastic accumulated in the gut. Mussels were subsequently exposed to treatments contg. seawater and microplastic (3.0 or 9.6 μm). After transfer to clean conditions, microplastic was tracked in the hemolymph. Particles translocated from the gut to the circulatory system within 3 days and persisted for over 48 days. Abundance of microplastic was greatest after 12 days and declined thereafter. Smaller particles were more abundant than larger particles and our data indicate as plastic fragments into smaller particles, the potential for accumulation in the tissues of an organism increases. The short-term pulse exposure used here did not result in significant biol. effects. However, plastics are exceedingly durable and so further work using a wider range of organisms, polymers, and periods of exposure will be required to establish the biol. consequences of this debris.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXmsVKhtb8%253D&md5=0509609deb64a11d33c5c173672a0cab
  17. 17
    Cole, M.; Lindeque, P. K.; Fileman, E.; Halsband, C.; Goodhead, R.; Moger, J.; Galloway, T. S. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 6646– 55,  DOI: 10.1021/es400663f
    Google Scholar
    17
    Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton
    Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Goodhead, Rhys; Moger, Julian; Galloway, Tamara S.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (12), 6646-6655CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Small plastic detritus, termed microplastics, are a widespread and ubiquitous contaminant of marine ecosystems across the globe. Ingestion of microplastics by marine biota, including mussels, worms, fish, and seabirds, has been widely reported, but despite their vital ecol. role in marine food-webs, the impact of microplastics on zooplankton remains under-researched. We show that microplastics are ingested by, and may impact upon, zooplankton. We used bioimaging techniques to document ingestion, egestion, and adherence of microplastics in a range of zooplankton common to the northeast Atlantic, and used feeding rate studies to det. the impact of plastic detritus on algal ingestion rates in copepods. Using fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy we identified that 13 zooplankton taxa had the capacity to ingest 1.7-30.6 μm polystyrene beads, with uptake varying by taxa, life-stage and bead-size. Post-ingestion, copepods egested fecal pellets laden with microplastics. We further obsd. microplastics adhered to the external carapace and appendages of exposed zooplankton. Exposure of the copepod Centropages typicus to natural assemblages of algae with and without microplastics showed that 7.3 μm microplastics (>4000/mL) significantly decreased algal feeding. Our findings imply that marine microplastic debris can neg. impact upon zooplankton function and health.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXnvFSksr8%253D&md5=e0f6677a3d6ca22597e3047732c188ea
  18. 18
    Desforges, J.-P. W.; Galbraith, M.; Ross, P. S. Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 69, 320– 30,  DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0172-5
    Google Scholar
    18
    Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
    Desforges, Jean-Pierre W.; Galbraith, Moira; Ross, Peter S.
    Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2015), 69 (3), 320-330CODEN: AECTCV; ISSN:0090-4341. (Springer)
    Microplastics are increasingly recognized as being widespread in the world's oceans, but relatively little is known about ingestion by marine biota. In light of the potential for microplastic fibers and fragments to be taken up by small marine organisms, we examd. plastic ingestion by two foundation species near the base of North Pacific marine food webs, the calanoid copepod Neocalanus cristatus and the euphausiid Euphausia pacifia. We developed an acid digestion method to assess plastic ingestion by individual zooplankton and detected microplastics in both species. Encounter rates resulting from ingestion were 1 particle/every 34 copepods and 1/every 17 euphausiids (euphausiids > copepods; p = 0.01). Consistent with differences in the size selection of food between these two zooplankton species, the ingested particle size was greater in euphausiids (816 ± 108 μm) than in copepods (556 ± 149 μm) (p = 0.014). The contribution of ingested microplastic fibers to total plastic decreased with distance from shore in euphausiids (r2 = 70, p = 0.003), corresponding to patterns in our previous observations of microplastics in seawater samples from the same locations. This first evidence of microplastic ingestion by marine zooplankton indicate that species at lower trophic levels of the marine food web are mistaking plastic for food, which raises fundamental questions about potential risks to higher trophic level species. One concern is risk to salmon: We est. that consumption of microplastic-contg. zooplankton will lead to the ingestion of 2-7 microplastic particles/day by individual juvenile salmon in coastal British Columbia, and ≤91 microplastic particles/day in returning adults.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVaitL3F&md5=b578b825f5644f6c0af2bc86d18ca962
  19. 19
    Lee, K.; Shim, W. J.; Kwon, O. Y.; Kang, J. Size-Dependent Effects of Micro Polystyrene Particles in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 11278– 11283,  DOI: 10.1021/es401932b
    Google Scholar
    19
    Size-Dependent Effects of Micro Polystyrene Particles in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus
    Lee, Kyun-Woo; Shim, Won Joon; Kwon, Oh Youn; Kang, Jung-Hoon
    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (19), 11278-11283CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    The authors investigated the effects of three sizes of polystyrene (PS) microbeads (0.05, 0.5, and 6-μm diam.) on the survival, development, and fecundity of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus using acute and chronic toxicity tests. T. japonicus ingested and egested all three sizes of PS beads used and exhibited no selective feeding when phytoplankton were added. The copepods (nauplius and adult females) survived all sizes of PS beads and the various concns. tested in the acute toxicity test for 96 h. In the two-generation chronic toxicity test, 0.05-μm PS beads at a concn. greater than 12.5 μg/mL caused the mortality of nauplii and copepodites in the F0 generation and even triggered mortality at a concn. of 1.25 μg/mL in the next generation. In the 0.5-μm PS bead treatment, despite there being no significant effect on the F0 generation, the highest concn. (25 μg/mL) induced a significant decrease in survival compared with the control population in the F1 generation. The 6-μm PS beads did not affect the survival of T. japonicus over two generations. The 0.5- and 6-μm PS beads caused a significant decrease in fecundity at all concns. These results suggest that microplastics such as micro- or nanosized PS beads may have neg. impacts on marine copepods.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlClsbzL&md5=1978297c8da5c1d7a44e1dd7f181cba9
  20. 20
    Cole, M.; Lindeque, P.; Fileman, E.; Halsband, C.; Galloway, T. S. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environ Sci Technol. 2015, 49, 1130– 7,  DOI: 10.1021/es504525u
    Google Scholar
    20
    The Impact of Polystyrene Microplastics on Feeding, Function and Fecundity in the Marine Copepod Calanus helgolandicus
    Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Galloway, Tamara S.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (2), 1130-1137CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Microscopic plastic debris, termed "microplastics", are of increasing environmental concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. Ingestion of microplastics can significantly alter the feeding capacity of the pelagic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Exposed to 20 μm polystyrene beads (75 microplastics mL-1) and cultured algae (250 μg C L-1) for 24 h, C. helgolandicus ingested 11% fewer algal cells and 40% less carbon biomass. There was a net downward shift in the mean size of algal prey consumed, with a 3.6-fold increase in ingestion rate for the smallest size class of algal prey (11.6-12.6 μm), suggestive of postcapture or postingestion rejection. Prolonged exposure to polystyrene microplastics significantly decreased reproductive output, but there were no significant differences in egg prodn. rates, respiration or survival. The authors constructed a conceptual energetic (carbon) budget showing that microplastic-exposed copepods suffer energetic depletion over time. The authors conclude that microplastics impede feeding in copepods, which over time could lead to sustained redns. in ingested carbon biomass.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXkvFemsw%253D%253D&md5=324a25f2226a3f52ebc6e0f85784ac7c
  21. 21
    Lo, H. K. A.; Chan, K. Y. K. Negative effects of microplastic exposure on growth and development of Crepidula onyx. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 233, 588– 595,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.095
    Google Scholar
    21
    Negative effects of microplastic exposure on growth and development of Crepidula onyx
    Lo, Hau Kwan Abby; Chan, Kit Yu Karen
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 233 (), 588-595CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastics exposure could be detrimental to marine organisms esp. under high concns. However, few studies have considered the multiphasic nature of marine invertebrates' life history and investigated the impact of experiencing microplastics during early development on post-metamorphic stages (legacy effect). Many planktonic larvae can feed selectively and it is unclear whether such selectivity could modulate the impact of algal food-sized microplastic. In this two-stage expt., veligers of Crepidula onyx were first exposed to addns. of algae-sized micro-polystyrene beads at different concns., including ones that were comparable their algal diet. These addns. were then either halted or continued after settlement. At environmentally relevant concn. larval and juvenile C. onyx was not affected. At higher concns., these micro-PS fed larvae consumed a similar amt. of algae compared to those in control but grew relatively slower than those in the control suggesting that ingestion and/or removal of microplastic was/were energetically costly. These larvae also settled earlier at a smaller size compared to the control, which could neg. affect post-settlement success. Individuals only exposed to micro-PS during their larval stage continued to have slower growth rates than those in the control even if micro-PS had been absent in their surroundings for 65 days highlighting a legacy effect of microplastic exposure.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhslygsr7M&md5=856cc0865ee777f5abe38e2163c536cb
  22. 22
    Kiørboe, T. How zooplankton feed: Mechanisms, traits and trade-offs. Biol. Rev. 2011, 86, 311– 39,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00148.x
    Google Scholar
    22
    How zooplankton feed: mechanisms, traits and trade-offs
    Kiorboe Thomas
    Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (2011), 86 (2), 311-39 ISSN:.
    Zooplankton is a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group and includes organisms that vary in size by many orders of magnitude, but they are all faced with the common problem of collecting food from a very dilute suspension. In order to maintain a viable population in the face of mortality, zooplankton in the ocean have to clear daily a volume of ambient water for prey particles that is equivalent to about 10(6) times their own body volume. While most size-specific vital rates and mortality rates decline with size, the clearance requirement is largely size-independent because food availability also declines with size. There is a limited number of solutions to the problem of concentrating dilute prey from a sticky medium: passive and active ambush feeding; feeding-current feeding, where the prey is either intercepted directly, retained on a filter, or individually perceived and extracted from the feeding current; cruise feeding; and colonization of large particles and marine snow aggregates. The basic mechanics of these food-collection mechanisms are described, and it is shown that their efficiencies are inherently different and that each of these mechanisms becomes less efficient with increasing size. Mechanisms that compensate for this decline in efficiency are described, including inflation of feeding structures and development of vision. Each feeding mode has implications beyond feeding in terms of risk of encountering predators and chance of meeting mates, and they partly target different types of prey. The main dichotomy is between (inefficient) ambush feeding on motile prey and the more efficient active feeding modes; a secondary dichotomy is between (efficient) hovering and (less efficient) cruising feeding modes. The efficiencies of the various feeding modes are traded off against feeding-mode-dependent metabolic expenses, predation risks, and mating chances. The optimality of feeding strategies, evaluated as the ratio of gain over risk, varies with the environment, and may explain both size-dependent and spatio-temporal differences in distributions of various feeding types as well as other aspects of the biology of zooplankton (mating behaviour, predator defence strategies).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3MvjtF2ruw%253D%253D&md5=8be42d5ec3519e67f13dc25b0b72d866
  23. 23
    Worm, B.; Barbier, E. B.; Beaumont, N.; Duffy, J. E.; Folke, C.; Halpern, B. S.; Jackson, J. B. C.; Lotze, H. K.; Micheli, F.; Palumbi, S. R.; Sala, E.; Selkoe, K. A.; Stachowicz, J. J.; Watson, R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 2006, 314, 787– 790,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1132294
    Google Scholar
    23
    Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
    Worm, Boris; Barbier, Edward B.; Beaumont, Nicola; Duffy, J. Emmett; Folke, Carl; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Jackson, Jeremy B. C.; Lotze, Heike K.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Palumbi, Stephen R.; Sala, Enric; Selkoe, Kimberley A.; Stachowicz, John J.; Watson, Reg
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 314 (5800), 787-790CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local expts., long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity 4-fold and decreased variability by 21%, on av. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that, at this point, these trends are still reversible.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XhtFKit73J&md5=14349a382cea80939c41f965634e2bc6
  24. 24
    Vroom, R. J. E.; Koelmans, A. A.; Besseling, E.; Halsband, C. Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 987– 996,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.088
    Google Scholar
    24
    Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton
    Vroom, Renske J. E.; Koelmans, Albert A.; Besseling, Ellen; Halsband, Claudia
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 231 (Part_1), 987-996CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastics (<5 mm) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and are ingested by zooplankton with possible neg. effects on survival, feeding, and fecundity. The majority of lab. studies has used new and pristine microplastics to test their impacts, while aging processes such as weathering and biofouling alter the characteristics of plastic particles in the marine environment. We investigated zooplankton ingestion of polystyrene beads (15 and 30 μm) and fragments (≤30 μm), and tested the hypothesis that microplastics previously exposed to marine conditions (aged) are ingested at higher rates than pristine microplastics. Polystyrene beads were aged by soaking in natural local seawater for three weeks. Three zooplankton taxa ingested microplastics, excluding the copepod Pseudocalanus spp., but the proportions of individuals ingesting plastic and the no. of particles ingested were taxon and life stage specific and dependent on plastic size. All stages of Calanus finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments. Aged microbeads were preferred over pristine ones by females of Acartia longiremis as well as juvenile copepodites CV and adults of Calanus finmarchicus. The preference for aged microplastics may be attributed to the formation of a biofilm. Such a coating, made up of natural microbes, may contain similar prey as the copepods feed on in the water column and secrete chem. exudates that aid chemodetection and thus increase the attractiveness of the particles as food items. Much of the ingested plastic was, however, egested within a short time period (2-4 h) and the survival of adult Calanus females was not affected in an 11-day exposure. Neg. effects of microplastics ingestion were thus limited. Our findings emphasize, however, that aging plays an important role in the transformation of microplastics at sea and ingestion by grazers, and should thus be considered in future microplastics ingestion studies and ests. of microplastics transfer into the marine food web.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVKksr3I&md5=7f7038a51ea71b5472f935150e3d223d
  25. 25
    Steer, M.; Cole, M.; Thompson, R. C.; Lindeque, P. K. Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 226, 250– 259,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.062
    Google Scholar
    25
    Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel
    Steer, Madeleine; Cole, Matthew; Thompson, Richard C.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 226 (), 250-259CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastics have been documented in marine environments worldwide, where they pose a potential risk to biota. Environmental interactions between microplastics and lower trophic organisms are poorly understood. Coastal shelf seas are rich in productivity but also experience high levels of microplastic pollution. In these habitats, fish have an important ecol. and economic role. In their early life stages, planktonic fish larvae are vulnerable to pollution, environmental stress and predation. Here we assess the occurrence of microplastic ingestion in wild fish larvae. Fish larvae and water samples were taken across three sites (10, 19 and 35 km from shore) in the western English Channel from Apr. to June 2016. We identified 2.9% of fish larvae (n = 347) had ingested microplastics, of which 66% were blue fibers; ingested microfibers closely resembled those identified within water samples. With distance from the coast, larval fish d. increased significantly (P < 0.05), while waterborne microplastic concns. (P < 0.01) and incidence of ingestion decreased. This study provides baseline ecol. data illustrating the correlation between waterborne microplastics and the incidence of ingestion in fish larvae.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlvFWksLw%253D&md5=b5b6cd1fb11a39be50416c815a6967dd
  26. 26
    Sun, X.; Li, Q.; Zhu, M.; Liang, J.; Zheng, S.; Zhao, Y. Ingestion of microplastics by natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 115, 217– 24,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.004
    Google Scholar
    26
    Ingestion of microplastics by natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea
    Sun, Xiaoxia; Li, Qingjie; Zhu, Mingliang; Liang, Junhua; Zheng, Shan; Zhao, Yongfang
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 115 (1-2), 217-224CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The ingestion of microplastics by five natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea was studied for the first time and two types of sampling nets (505 μm and 160 μm in mesh size) were compared. The microplastics were detected in zooplankton sampled from 16 stations, with the fibrous microplastics accounting for the largest proportion (70%). The main component of the found microplastics was polyester. The av. length of the microplastics was 125 μm and 167 μm for Nets I and II, resp. The encounter rates of microplastics/zooplankton increased with trophic levels. The av. encounter rate of microplastics/zooplankton was 5%, 15%, 34%, 49%, and 120% for Net I, and 8%, 21%, 47%, 60%, and 143% for Net II for copepods, chaetognaths, jellyfish, shrimp, and fish larvae, resp. The av. abundance of microplastics that were ingested by zooplankton was 4.1 pieces/m3 for Net I and 131.5 pieces/m3 for Net II.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVOltLnI&md5=ea595206f1a99fbdd256302fdcdca93d
  27. 27
    Huntley, M. E.; Barthel, K. G.; Star, J. L. Particle rejection by Calanus pacificus: discrimination between similarly sized particles. Mar. Biol. 1983, 74, 151– 60,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00413918
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  28. 28
    Coppock, R. L.; Galloway, T. S.; Cole, M.; Fileman, E. S.; Queirós, A. M.; Lindeque, P. K. Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 687, 780– 9,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.009
    Google Scholar
    28
    Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus
    Coppock, Rachel L.; Galloway, Tamara S.; Cole, Matthew; Fileman, Elaine S.; Queiros, Ana M.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
    Science of the Total Environment (2019), 687 (), 780-789CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Microplastics (1 μm-5 mm) are a ubiquitous marine contaminant of global concern, ingested by a wide range of marine taxa. Copepods are a key component of marine food webs, providing a source of food for higher trophic levels, and playing an important role in marine nutrient cycling. Microplastic ingestion has been documented in copepods, but knowledge gaps remain over how this affects feeding preference and fecal d. Here, we use exposure studies incorporating algal prey and microplastics of varying sizes and shapes at a concn. of 100 microplastics mL-1 to show: (1) prey selection by the copepod Calanus helgolandicus was affected by the size and shape of microplastics and algae they were exposed to; Exposure to nylon fibers resulted in a 6% decrease in ingestion of similar shaped chain-forming algae, while exposure to nylon fragments led to an 8% decrease in ingestion of a unicellular algae that were similar in shape and size. (2) Ingestion of microplastics with different densities altered the sinking rates of fecal pellets. Feces contg. low-d. polyethylene sank significantly more slowly than controls, while sinking rates increased when feces contained high-d. polyethylene terephthalate. These results suggest that C. helgolandicus avoid ingesting algae that are similar in size and/or shape to the microplastic particles they are exposed to, potentially in a bid to avoid consuming the plastic.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXht1Wjs7jK&md5=04e4f8752c2008b87e63c3cee79de33d
  29. 29
    Wright, S. L.; Thompson, R. C.; Galloway, T. S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review. Environ Pollut. 2013, 178, 483– 492,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031
    Google Scholar
    29
    The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review
    Wright, Stephanie L.; Thompson, Richard C.; Galloway, Tamara S.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2013), 178 (), 483-492CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with max. concns. reaching 100 000 particles m3. Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the phys. impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and d.; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the phys. impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXltVCrtLc%253D&md5=20428606cea7a4ad2b9195855fad5bff
  30. 30
    Cole, M.; Galloway, T. S. Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 14625– 14632,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04099
    Google Scholar
    30
    Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae
    Cole, Matthew; Galloway, Tamara S.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (24), 14625-14632CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Plastic debris is a prolific contaminant effecting freshwater and marine ecosystems across the globe. Of growing environmental concern are microplastics and nanoplastics encompassing tiny particles of plastic derived from manufg. and macroplastic fragmentation. Pelagic zooplankton are susceptible to consuming microplastics, however the threat posed to larvae of com. important bivalves is currently unknown. We exposed Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae (3-24 d.p.f.) to polystyrene particles of 70 nm-20 μm in size, including plastics with differing surface properties, and tested the impact of microplastics on larval feeding and growth. The frequency and magnitude of plastic ingestion over 24 h varied by larval age and size of polystyrene particle (ANOVA, p <0.01), and surface properties of the plastic, with aminated particles ingested and retained more frequently (ANOVA, p <0.01). A strong, significant correlation between propensity for plastic consumption and plastic load per organism was identified (Spearmans, r =0.95, p <0.01). Exposure to 1 and 10 μm PS for ≤8 days had no significant effect on C. gigas feeding or growth at <100 microplastics/mL. In conclusion, while micro- and nanoplastics were readily ingested by oyster larvae, exposure to plastic concns. exceeding those obsd. in the marine environment resulted in no measurable effects on the development or feeding capacity of the larvae over the duration of the study.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvVGiu7bF&md5=e5b9bf6767fe53dd25d15fb6d910dc2d
  31. 31
    Cole, M.; Coppock, R.; Lindeque, P. K.; Altin, D.; Reed, S.; Pond, D. W.; Sørensen, L.; Galloway, T. S.; Booth, A. M. Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 7075– 7082,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01853
    Google Scholar
    31
    Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod
    Cole, Matthew; Coppock, Rachel; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Altin, Dag; Reed, Sarah; Pond, David W.; Soerensen, Lisbet; Galloway, Tamara S.; Booth, Andy M.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (12), 7075-7082CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Microplastic debris is a pervasive environmental contaminant that has the potential to impact the health of biota, although its modes of action remain somewhat unclear. The current study tested the hypothesis that exposure to fibrous and particulate microplastics would alter feeding, impacting on lipid accumulation, and normal development (e.g., growth, moulting) in an ecol. important coldwater copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Preadult copepods were incubated in seawater contg. a mixed assemblage of cultured microalgae (control), with the addn. of ∼50 microplastics mL-1 of nylon microplastic granules (10-30μm) or fibers (10 × 30μm), which are similar in shape and size to the microalgal prey. The additive chem. profiles showed the presence of stabilizers, lubricants, monomer residues, and byproducts. Prey selectivity was significantly altered in copepods exposed to nylon fibers (ANOVA, P < 0.01) resulting in a nonsignificant 40% decrease in algal ingestion rates (ANOVA, P = 0.07), and copepods exposed to nylon granules showed nonsignificant lipid accumulation (ANOVA, P = 0.62). Both microplastics triggered premature moulting in juvenile copepods (Bernoulli GLM, P < 0.01). Our results emphasize that the shape and chem. profile of a microplastic can influence its bioavailability and toxicity, drawing attention to the importance of using environmentally relevant microplastics and chem. profiling plastics used in toxicity testing.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVaisL%252FO&md5=0d9d9bc53816ad207c33dbb1a7cf88e8
  32. 32
    Choi, J. S.; Jung, Y. J.; Hong, N. H.; Hong, S. H.; Park, J. W. Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 129, 231– 240,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.039
    Google Scholar
    32
    Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
    Choi, Jin Soo; Jung, Youn-Joo; Hong, Nam-Hui; Hong, Sang Hee; Park, June-Woo
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018), 129 (1), 231-240CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The increasing global contamination of plastics in marine environments is raising public concerns about the potential hazards of microplastics to environmental and human health. Microplastics formed by the breakdown of larger plastics are typically irregular in shape. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of spherical or irregular shapes of microplastics on changes in organ distribution, swimming behaviors, gene expression, and enzyme activities in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Both types of microplastics accumulated in the digestive system, causing intestinal distention. However, when compared to spherical microplastics, irregular microplastics decreased swimming behavior (i.e., total distance travelled and max. velocity) of sheepshead minnow. Both microplastics generated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS-related mol. changes (i.e., transcriptional and enzymic characteristics) differed. This study provides toxicol. insights into the impacts of environmentally relevant (fragmented) microplastics on fish and improves our understanding of the environmental effects of microplastics in the ecosystem.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjs1ajtbc%253D&md5=dab61847f5fdd14d582426c619e8ae0f
  33. 33
    Savoca, M. S.; Wohlfeil, M. E.; Ebeler, S. E.; Nevitt, G. A. Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1600395  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600395
    Google Scholar
    33
    Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds
    Savoca, Matthew S.; Wohlfeil, Martha E.; Ebeler, Susan E.; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.
    Science Advances (2016), 2 (11), e1600395/1-e1600395/8CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Plastic debris is ingested by hundreds of species of organisms, from zooplankton to baleen whales, but how such a diversity of consumers can mistake plastic for their natural prey is largely unknown. The sensory mechanisms underlying plastic detection and consumption have rarely been examd. within the context of sensory signals driving marine food web dynamics. We demonstrate exptl. that marine-seasoned microplastics produce a di-Me sulfide (DMS) signature that is also a keystone odorant for natural trophic interactions. We further demonstrate a pos. relationship between DMS responsiveness and plastic ingestion frequency using procellariiform seabirds as a model taxonomic group. Together, these results suggest that plastic debris emits the scent of a marine infochem., creating an olfactory trap for susceptible marine wildlife.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXlsVWjsLg%253D&md5=cac732da3b0db237d7d475868ce1382b
  34. 34
    Allen, A. S.; Seymour, A. C.; Rittschof, D. Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 124, 198– 205,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.030
    Google Scholar
    34
    Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral
    Allen, Austin S.; Seymour, Alexander C.; Rittschof, Daniel
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 124 (1), 198-205CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The drivers behind microplastic (up to 5 mm in diam.) consumption by animals are uncertain and impacts on foundational species are poorly understood. We investigated consumption of weathered, unfouled, biofouled, pre-prodn. and microbe-free National Institute of Stds. plastic by a scleractinian coral that relies on chemosensory cues for feeding. Expt. one found that corals ingested many plastic types while mostly ignoring org.-free sand, suggesting that plastic contains phagostimulents. Expt. two found that corals ingested more plastic that wasn't covered in a microbial biofilm than plastics that were biofilmed. Addnl., corals retained ∼ 8% of ingested plastic for 24 h or more and retained particles appeared stuck in corals, with consequences for energetics, pollutant toxicity and trophic transfer. The potential for chemoreception to drive plastic consumption in marine taxa has implications for conservation.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1aksbvI&md5=76134bf9b06f2a90f3f285759abba10b
  35. 35
    Procter, J.; Hopkins, F. E.; Fileman, E. S.; Lindeque, P. K. Smells good enough to eat: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enhances copepod ingestion of microplastics. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 138, 1– 6,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.014
    Google Scholar
    35
    Smells good enough to eat: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enhances copepod ingestion of microplastics
    Procter, Jade; Hopkins, Frances E.; Fileman, Elaine S.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 138 (), 1-6CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Marine copepods have been shown to readily ingest microplastics - a crucial first step in the transfer of plastics into the marine food chain. Copepods have also been shown to elicit a foraging behavioral response to the presence of olfactory stimuli, such as di-Me sulfide (DMS) - a volatile compd. produced by their algal prey. Here, we show that the temperate Calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus displays enhanced grazing rates of between 0.7 and 3-fold (72%-292%) on microplastics that have been infused in a DMS soln., compared to DMS-free controls. Environmental exposure of microplastics may result in the development of an olfactory signature that includes algal-derived compds. such as DMS. Our study provides evidence that copepods, which are known to use chemosensory mechanisms to identify and locate dense sources of palatable prey, may be at an increased risk of plastic ingestion if it mimics the scent of their prey.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1eisLjO&md5=9bf0e0123b11b0e42f5461cab73c031b
  36. 36
    Barnes, D. K. A. Biodiversity: Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 2002, 416, 808– 809,  DOI: 10.1038/416808a
    Google Scholar
    36
    Biodiversity: Invasions by marine life on plastic debris
    Barnes, D. K. A.
    Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2002), 416 (6883), 808-809CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Colonization by alien species poses one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Here I investigate the colonization by marine organisms of drift debris deposited on the shores of 30 remote islands from the Arctic to the Antarctic (across all oceans) and find that human litter more than doubles the rafting opportunities for biota, particularly at high latitudes. Although the poles may be protected from invasion by freezing sea surface temps., these may be under threat as the fastest-warming areas anywhere are at these latitudes.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XjtFyksL0%253D&md5=1d0e1426743a5266dc5fec4c4de78914
  37. 37
    Lobelle, D.; Cunliffe, M. Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62, 197– 200,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.013
    Google Scholar
    37
    Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris
    Lobelle, Delphine; Cunliffe, Michael
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2011), 62 (1), 197-200CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    An important aspect of the global problem of plastic debris pollution is plastic buoyancy. There is some evidence that buoyancy is influenced by attached biofilms but as yet this is poorly understood. We submerged polyethylene plastic in seawater and sampled weekly for 3 wk in order to study early stage processes. Microbial biofilms developed rapidly on the plastic and coincided with significant changes in the physicochem. properties of the plastic. Submerged plastic became less hydrophobic and more neutrally buoyant during the expt. Bacteria readily colonized the plastic but there was no indication that plastic-degrading microorganisms were present. This study contributes to improved understanding of the fate of plastic debris in the marine environment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVSqsbg%253D&md5=5d69e06707205901c3be9768c678a0d0
  38. 38
    Zettler, E. R.; Mincer, T. J.; Amaral-Zettler, L. A. Life in the “plastisphere”: Microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7137– 7146,  DOI: 10.1021/es401288x
    Google Scholar
    38
    Life in the "Plastisphere": Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris
    Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (13), 7137-7146CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Plastics are the most abundant form of marine debris, with global prodn. rising and documented impacts in some marine environments, but the influence of plastic on open ocean ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly for microbial communities. Plastic marine debris (PMD) collected at multiple locations in the North Atlantic was analyzed with SEM and next-generation sequencing to characterize the attached microbial communities. A diverse microbial community of heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, and symbionts was unveiled, a community referred to as the Plastisphere. Pits visualized in the PMD surface conformed to bacterial shapes suggesting active hydrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymer. Small-subunit rRNA gene surveys identified several hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, supporting the possibility that microbes play a role in degrading PMD. Some Plastisphere members may be opportunistic pathogens such as specific members of the genus Vibrio that dominated one of the plastic samples. Plastisphere communities are distinct from surrounding surface water, implying that plastic serves as a novel ecol. habitat in the open ocean. Plastic has a longer half-life than most natural floating marine substrates, and a hydrophobic surface that promotes microbial colonization and biofilm formation, differing from autochthonous substrates in the upper layers of the ocean.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXptFeht7w%253D&md5=5cb5cc4874bdb7191cdea0bd2fb82a1d
  39. 39
    Yoch, D. C. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: Its Sources, Role in the Marine Food Web, and Biological Degradation to Dimethylsulfide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68, 5804– 5815,  DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5804-5815.2002
    Google Scholar
    39
    Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: its sources, role in the marine food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide
    Yoch, Duane C.
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2002), 68 (12), 5804-5815CODEN: AEMIDF; ISSN:0099-2240. (American Society for Microbiology)
    A review concerning sources of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), its role in marine food webs, and its biol. degrdn. to dimethylsulfide (DMS), is given. Topics discussed include: marine DMS emissions and climate; DMSP sources; linking phytoplankton DMSP to the microbial food web (DMSP released by zooplankton grazing); and bacterial degrdn. of DMSP (DMSP demethylation, phylogeny of DMSP degraders, DMSP uptake and cleavage).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XptlarsL0%253D&md5=260ea737a2d0db8bc7e5b90f3e83c821
  40. 40
    Pohnert, G.; Steinke, M.; Tollrian, R. Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22, 198– 204,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.005
    Google Scholar
    40
    Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions
    Pohnert Georg; Steinke Michael; Tollrian Ralph
    Trends in ecology & evolution (2007), 22 (4), 198-204 ISSN:0169-5347.
    Several observations and model calculations suggest that chemically mediated interactions can structure planktonic food webs. However, only recently have improvements in chemical methods, coupled with ecological assays, led to the characterization of chemical cues that affect the behaviour and/or physiology of planktonic organisms. We are currently beginning to elucidate if or how chemical signals can directly affect the interactions between species and even shape complex community structures in aquatic systems. Here, we highlight recent research on the nature and action of chemical signals in the pelagic marine and freshwater environments, with an emphasis on kairomones and defence metabolites.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2s3lvFKjsA%253D%253D&md5=9b98737cb17eecd6df134b21a6952c94
  41. 41
    Lana, A.; Bell, T. G.; Simó, R.; Vallina, S. M.; Ballabrera-Poy, J.; Kettle, A. J.; Dachs, J.; Bopp, L.; Saltzman, E. S.; Stefels, J.; Johnson, J. E.; Liss, P. S. An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2011, 25, 1– 17,  DOI: 10.1029/2010GB003850
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  42. 42
    Endres, C. S.; Lohmann, K. J. Perception of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by loggerhead sea turtles: A possible mechanism for locating high-productivity oceanic regions for foraging. J. Exp. Biol. 2012, 215, 3535– 3538,  DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073221
    Google Scholar
    42
    Perception of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by loggerhead sea turtles: a possible mechanism for locating high-productivity oceanic regions for foraging
    Endres Courtney S; Lohmann Kenneth J
    The Journal of experimental biology (2012), 215 (Pt 20), 3535-8 ISSN:.
    During their long-distance migrations, sea turtles of several species feed on jellyfish and other invertebrates that are particularly abundant in ocean regions characterized by high productivity. An ability to distinguish productive oceanic regions from other areas, and to concentrate foraging activities in locations where prey density is highest, might therefore be adaptive. The volatile compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS) accumulates in the air above productive ocean areas such as upwelling and frontal zones. In principle, DMS might therefore serve as an indicator of high prey density for turtles. To determine whether turtles perceive DMS, juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were placed into a water-filled arena in which DMS and other odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Turtles exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing 10 nmol l(-1) DMS spent more time at the surface with their noses out of the water than control turtles, which were exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing distilled water. Odors that do not occur in the sea (cinnamon, jasmine and lemon) did not elicit increased surface time, implying that the response to DMS is unlikely to reflect a generalized response to any novel odor. The results demonstrate for the first time that sea turtles can detect DMS, an ability that might enable the identification of favorable foraging areas.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3s%252Fgtl2gtg%253D%253D&md5=16c2aff429d576631694119f3f5b2323
  43. 43
    Steinke, M.; Stefels, J.; Stamhuis, E. Dimethyl sulfide triggers search behavior in copepods. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51, 1925– 1930,  DOI: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1925
    Google Scholar
    43
    Dimethyl sulfide triggers search behavior in copepods
    Steinke, Michael; Stefels, Jacqueline; Stamhuis, eize
    Limnology and Oceanography (2006), 51 (4), 1925-1930CODEN: LIOCAH; ISSN:0024-3590. (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography)
    The oceans are nutritionally dil., and finding food is a major challenge for many zooplanktonic predators. Chemodetection is necessary for successful prey-capture, but little is known about the infochems. involved in the interaction between herbivorous copepods and their phytoplankton prey. We used females of Temora longicornis to investigate chemodetection of di-Me sulfide (DMS) in this calanoid copepod and quantified its behavioral response to plumes of DMS using video-microscopy in combination with laser-sheet particle image velocimetry (PIV). Slow injection of a 1-μmol L-1 DMS plume into the feeding current resulted in a characteristic behavioral pattern ("tail-flapping"), a redirection of flow equiv. to 30% of the av. current velocity, and changes in the location of flow-induced vortices. In free-swimming individuals, this likely results in somersault-type movements that are assocd. with search behavior in copepods. In comparison to seawater controls, DMS injections significantly increased the av. no. of tail-flaps per copepod during the first 2 s after exposure to DMS gradients. Our results demonstrate that copepods can detect and react to plumes of DMS and suggest that this biogenic trace gas can influence the structure and function of pelagic foodwebs.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xot1anurw%253D&md5=92ef40b7dc3b894c9646a8619925bb47
  44. 44
    DeBose, J. L.; Nevitt, G. A.; Dittman, A. H. Rapid Communication: Experimental evidence that Juvenile Pelagic Jacks (Carangidae) respond behaviorally to DMSP. J. Chem. Ecol. 2010, 36, 326– 8,  DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9755-9
    Google Scholar
    44
    Rapid communication: experimental evidence that juvenile pelagic jacks (Carangidae) respond behaviorally to DMSP
    Debose Jennifer L; Nevitt Gabrielle A; Dittman Andrew H
    Journal of chemical ecology (2010), 36 (3), 326-8 ISSN:.
    Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced by marine algae and released during foraging activity by zooplankton and fish. Pelagic fishes depend on patchily distributed foraging opportunities, and DMSP may be an important signaling molecule for these events. We have previously shown that the abundance of carangid jacks is positively associated with elevated DMSP levels over coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting that these fishes may use spatial and temporal variation in DMSP to locate foraging opportunities. Here, we extend this work by demonstrating that juveniles of two species of pelagic jack, crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, and bluefin trevally, C. melampygus, detect and respond to DMSP in a flow-through tank in the laboratory. Juveniles of these species showed elevated swimming activity in response to ecologically relevant concentrations of DMSP (10(-9) M). These results provide further evidence that this chemical may serve as a chemosensory cue for carangid species.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3c7otVWrsw%253D%253D&md5=b97c294572279b347eab4f002ff65907
  45. 45
    DeBose, J. L.; Lema, S. C.; Nevitt, G. A. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes. Science 2008, 319, 1356,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1151109
    Google Scholar
    45
    Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a Foraging Cue for Reef Fishes
    DeBose, Jennifer L.; Lema, Sean C.; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 319 (5868), 1356CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Coral reefs resemble islands of productive habitats where fish aggregate, forage, and spawn. Although it has been suggested some reef fish use biogenic compds. as aggregation cues, specific compds. have not been identified. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced by phytoplankton and benthic algae assocd. with coral reefs and is linked to ocean productivity (M. Steinke, et al., 2006). DMSP is released during grazing by zooplankton or when herbivores are eaten (J.W.H. Dacey, et al., 1994; H. Iida, 1988), suggesting a role as a foraging clue. DMSP has been intensively studied for its role in ocean S cycles and global climate regulation, but its ecol. importance to marine fish is unknown. This work presents evidence that planktivorous reef fish will aggregate to controlled exptl. deployments of DMSP over coral reef habitats in the wild off Curacao coastline, Netherlands Antilles. Results showed DMSP is a potent attractant to some planktivorous reef fish (Chromis multilineata, Clepticus parrae, Inermia vittata); fish also responded to DMSP following species-specific patterns.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXislSktr8%253D&md5=36602d55bab93237273baef6845d88b4
  46. 46
    Breckels, M. N.; Roberts, E. C.; Archer, S. D.; Malin, G.; Steinke, M. The role of dissolved infochemicals in mediating predator-prey interactions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina. J. Plankton Res. 2011, 33, 629– 639,  DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbq114
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  47. 47
    Phuong, N. N.; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A.; Poirier, L.; Kamari, A.; Châtel, A.; Mouneyrac, C.; Al, E. Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments?. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 211, 111– 123,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.035
    Google Scholar
    47
    Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments?
    Phuong, Nam Ngoc; Zalouk-Vergnoux, Aurore; Poirier, Laurence; Kamari, Abderrahmane; Chatel, Amelie; Mouneyrac, Catherine; Lagarde, Fabienne
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 211 (), 111-123CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The ubiquitous presence and persistency of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are of particular concern since they represent an increasing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Great differences of concns. and/or quantities in field samples have been obsd. depending on geog. location around the world. The main types reported have been polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The presence of MPs in marine wildlife has been shown in many studies focusing on ingestion and accumulation in different tissues, whereas studies of the biol. effects of MPs in the field are scarce. If the nature and abundance/concns. of MPs have not been systematically detd. in field samples, this is due to the fact that the identification of MPs from environmental samples requires mastery and execution of several steps and techniques. For this reason and due to differences in sampling techniques and sample prepn., it remains difficult to compare the published studies. Most lab. expts. have been performed with MP concns. of a higher order of magnitude than those found in the field. Consequently, the ingestion and assocd. effects obsd. in exposed organisms have corresponded to great contaminant stress, which does not mimic the natural environment. Medium contaminations are produced with only one type of polymer of a precise sizes and homogenous shape whereas the MPs present in the field are known to be a mix of many types, sizes and shapes of plastic. Moreover, MPs originating in marine environments can be colonized by organisms and constitute the sorption support for many org. compds. present in environment that are not easily reproducible in lab. Detn. of the mech. and chem. effects of MPs on organisms is still a challenging area of research. Among the potential chem. effects it is necessary to differentiate those related to polymer properties from those due to the sorption/desorption of org. compds.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtlGmtQ%253D%253D&md5=fb914a439cc3a0eae3003e7a8fa422f8
  48. 48
    Cole, M. A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34519  DOI: 10.1038/srep34519
    Google Scholar
    48
    A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers
    Cole, Matthew
    Scientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 34519CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Microscopic plastic (microplastic, 0.1 μm-5 mm) is a widespread pollutant impacting upon aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Environmental sampling has revealed synthetic fibers are prevalent in seawater, sediments and biota. However, microplastic fibers are rarely used in lab. studies as they are unavailable for purchase and existing prepn. techniques have limited application. To facilitate the incorporation of environmentally relevant microplastic fibers into future studies, new methods are required. Here, a novel cryotome protocol has been developed. Nylon, polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene fibers (10-28 μm diam.) were aligned, embedded in water-sol. freezing agent, and sectioned (40-100 μm length) using a cryogenic microtome. Microplastic fibers were prepd. to specified lengths (P < 0.05, ANOVA) and proved consistent in size. Fluorescent labeling of Nylon microfibers with Nile Red facilitated imaging. A 24 h feeding expt. confirmed bioavailability of 10 × 40 μm Nylon fibers to brine shrimp (Artemia sp). This protocol provides a consistent method for prepg. standardized fibrous microplastics, with widths similar to those obsd. in the natural environment, which could ultimately lead to a better understanding of the biol. and ecol. effects of microplastic debris in the environment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhs1amtLrP&md5=20e1e49aff83ad4f849c9362679664a1
  49. 49
    Archer, S. D.; Cummings, D. G.; Llewellyn, C. A.; Fishwick, J. R. Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 394, 111– 124,  DOI: 10.3354/meps08284
    Google Scholar
    49
    Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas
    Archer, Stephen D.; Cummings, Denise G.; Llewellyn, Carole A.; Fishwick, James R.
    Marine Ecology: Progress Series (2009), 394 (), 111-124CODEN: MESEDT; ISSN:0171-8630. (Inter-Research)
    The influences of physico-chem. and biol. variables on the concns. of di-Me sulfide (DMS) and its precursor β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were investigated through an annual cycle in the temperate shelf seas of the western English Channel. Total DMSP to chlorophyll a ratios (DMSPt/chl a) varied seasonally by 40-fold, and DMS and DMSP concns. became temporally uncoupled, with elevated relative DMS concns. during spring and midsummer. Taxonomic succession of high DMSP-producing phytoplankton, including Phaeocystis pouchetii, Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum min., is apparent in the seasonal pattern of DMSPt concns. Peridinin and DMSPt concns. showed similar seasonal trends (p < 0.0001), illustrating the substantial contribution by dinoflagellate taxa to DMSP prodn. Summertime stratification of the water column coincided with increased mixed layer doses of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), increased surface UV-B (UVB) irradiance relative to PAR and a decrease in nitrate and phosphate availability. PAR dose explained 68 % of the variability in DMSP/chl a during the seasonal study; while nitrate concns. were inversely related to DMSP/chl a and explained 64 % of the variability in log-transformed DMSP/chl a. PAR dose explained only 25 % of the variation in DMS concn., while nitrate concn. was inversely related to DMS and explained 49 % of the variation in log-transformed DMS concn. The highly significant relationship between DMSP/chl a and PAR dose was similar to those obsd. for the chlorophyll-specific accumulation of the photoprotective xanthophyll compds. diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin and the chlorophyll-specific concns. of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids. These results lend further, indirect evidence for a photoprotective role of DMSP, possibly assocd. with physiol. stress caused by high PAR and UV radiation and intensified by nutrient limitation.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXotVOltg%253D%253D&md5=c4992098d29e51c9cabf401feb66041b
  50. 50
    Frost, B. W. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behaviour of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1972, 17, 805– 815,  DOI: 10.4319/lo.1972.17.6.0805
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  51. 51
    Syberg, K.; Nielsen, A.; Khan, F. R.; Banta, G. T.; Palmqvist, A.; Jepsen, P. M. Microplastic potentiates triclosan toxicity to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2017, 80, 1369– 71,  DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1385046
    Google Scholar
    51
    Microplastic potentiates triclosan toxicity to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana)
    Syberg, Kristian; Nielsen, Anne; Khan, Farhan R.; Banta, Gary T.; Palmqvist, Annemette; Jepsen, Per M.
    Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues (2017), 80 (23-24), 1369-1371CODEN: JTEHF8; ISSN:1528-7394. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
    Microplastics (MP) are contaminants of environmental concern partly due to plastics ability to sorb and transport hydrophobic org. contaminants (HOC). The importance of this "vector effect" is currently being debated in the scientific community. This debate largely ignores that the co-exposures of MP and HOC are mixts. of hazardous agents, which can be addressed from a mixt. toxicity perspective. In this study, mixt. effects of polyethylene microbeads (MP) and triclosan (TCS) (a commonly used antibacterial agent in cosmetics) were assessed on the marine copepod Acartia tonsa. Data indicated that MP potentiate the toxicity of TCS, illustrating the importance of understanding the mixt. interaction between plastics and HOC when addressing the environmental importance of the vector effect.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhvVWmsr%252FE&md5=e50499c6b81768f8c6e691524d722cdc
  52. 52
    Cannon, B. Y. H. G. On the feeding mechanism of the copepod, Calanus finmarchicus and Diaptomus gracilis. J. Exp. Biol. 1928, 6, 131– 44
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  53. 53
    Paffenhöfer, G.-A.; Strickler, J. R.; Alcaraz, M. Suspension-feeding by herbivorous calanoid copepods: A cinematographic study. Mar. Biol. 1982, 67, 193– 199,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00401285
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  54. 54
    Donaghay, P. L.; Small, L. F. Food selection capabilities of the estuarine copepod Acartia clausi. Mar. Biol. 1979, 52, 137– 146,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00390421
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  55. 55
    Saiz, E.; Kiorboe, T. Predatory and suspension feeding of the copepod Acartia tonsa in turbulent environments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 122, 147– 158,  DOI: 10.3354/meps122147
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  56. 56
    Juinio, M. A. R.; Cobb, J. S. Natural diet and feeding habits of the postlarval lobster Homarus americanus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 85, 83– 91,  DOI: 10.3354/meps085083
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  57. 57
    Stearns, D. E.; Forward, R. B. Photosensitivity of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar. Biol. 1988, 253, 247– 253,  DOI: 10.1007/bf00392766
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  58. 58
    Meyer-Rochow, V. B. Larval and adult eye of the Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus longipes). Cell Tissue Res. 1975, 162, 439– 57,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00209345
    Google Scholar
    58
    Larval and adult eye of the western rock lobster (Panulirus longipes)
    Meyer-Rochow V B
    Cell and tissue research (1975), 162 (4), 439-57 ISSN:0302-766X.
    A number of differences exists between the compound eyes of larval and adult rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes. The larval eye more closely resembles the apposition type of compound eye, in which retinula cells and rhabdom lie immediately below the cone cells. The adult eye, on the other hand, is a typical clear-zone photoreceptor in which cones and retinula cell layers are separated by a wide transparent region. The rhabdom of the larval eye, if cut longitudinally, exhibits a "banded" structure over its entire length; in the adult the banded part is confined to the distal end, and the rhabdom is tiered. Both eyes have in common an eighth, distally-located retinula cell, which possesses orthogonally-oriented microvilli, and a peculiar lens-shaped "crystal", which appears to focus light onto the narrow column of the distal rhabdom. Migration of screening pigment on dark-light adaptation is accompanied by changes in sensitivity and resolution of the eye. Retinula cells belonging to one ommatidium do not arrange into one single bundle of axons, but interweave with axons of four neighbouring facets in an extraordinarily regular fashion.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaE28%252FktFOjsg%253D%253D&md5=d1231cd4790e013a08e595457279e7d0
  59. 59
    Setälä, O.; Fleming-Lehtinen, V.; Lehtiniemi, M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 185, 77– 83,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013
    Google Scholar
    59
    Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web
    Setala, Outi; Fleming-Lehtinen, Vivi; Lehtiniemi, Maiju
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 185 (), 77-83CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Expts. were carried out with different Baltic Sea zooplankton taxa to scan their potential to ingest plastics. Mysid shrimps, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, polychaete larvae and ciliates were exposed to 10 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. These expts. showed ingestion of microspheres in all taxa studied. The highest percentage of individuals with ingested spheres was found in pelagic polychaete larvae, Marenzelleria spp. Expts. with the copepod Eurytemora affinis and the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer showed egestion of microspheres within 12 h. Food web transfer expts. were done by offering zooplankton labeled with ingested microspheres to mysid shrimps. Microscopy observations of mysid intestine showed the presence of zooplankton prey and microspheres after 3 h incubation. This study shows for the first time the potential of plastic microparticle transfer via planktonic organisms from one trophic level (mesozooplankton) to a higher level (macrozooplankton). The impacts of plastic transfer and possible accumulation in the food web need further investigations.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFylsr%252FM&md5=74e5445a29a1548a3ae3b928212da777
  60. 60
    Amaral-Zettler, L. A.; Zettler, E. R.; Mincer, T. J. Ecology of the plastisphere. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020, 18, 139– 151,  DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0308-0
    Google Scholar
    60
    Ecology of the plastisphere
    Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.; Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.
    Nature Reviews Microbiology (2020), 18 (3), 139-151CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Research)
    Abstr.: The plastisphere, which comprises the microbial community on plastic debris, rivals that of the built environment in spanning multiple biomes on Earth. Although human-derived debris has been entering the ocean for thousands of years, microplastics now numerically dominate marine debris and are primarily colonized by microbial and other microscopic life. The realization that this novel substrate in the marine environment can facilitate microbial dispersal and affect all aquatic ecosystems has intensified interest in the microbial ecol. and evolution of this biotope. Whether a 'core' plastisphere community exists that is specific to plastic is currently a topic of intense investigation. This Review provides an overview of the microbial ecol. of the plastisphere in the context of its diversity and function, as well as suggesting areas for further research.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXis1Sjur8%253D&md5=53874876627257bfaa1ab691543170d0
  61. 61
    Pinto, M.; Langer, T. M.; Huffer, T.; Hofmann, T.; Herndl, G. J. The composition of bacterial communities associated with plastic biofilms differs between different polymers and stages of biofilm succession. PLoS One 2019, 14, e0217165  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217165
    Google Scholar
    61
    The composition of bacterial communities associated with plastic biofilms differs between different polymers and stages of biofilm succession
    Pinto, Maria; Langer, Teresa M.; Hueffer, Thorsten; Hofmann, Thilo; Herndl, Gerhard J.
    PLoS One (2019), 14 (6), e0217165CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)
    Once in the ocean, plastics are rapidly colonized by complex microbial communities. Factors affecting the development and compn. of these communities are still poorly understood. Addnl., whether there are plastic-type specific communities developing on different plastics remains enigmatic. We detd. the development and succession of bacterial communities on different plastics under ambient and dim light conditions in the coastal Northern Adriatic over the course of two months using SEM and 16S rRNA gene analyses. Plastics used were low- and high-d. polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE, resp.), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride with two typical additives (PVC DEHP and PVC DINP). The bacterial communities developing on the plastics clustered in two groups; one group was found on PVC and the other group on all the other plastics and on glass, which was used as an inert control. Specific bacterial taxa were found on sp. surfaces in essentially all stages of biofilm development and in both ambient and dim light conditions. Differences in bacterial community compn. between the different plastics and light exposures were stronger after an incubation period of one week than at the later stages of the incubation. Under both ambient and dim light conditions, one part of the bacterial community was common on all plastic types, esp. in later stages of the biofilm development, with families such as Flavobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Planctomycetaceae and Phyllobacteriaceae presenting relatively high relative abundances on all surfaces. Another part of the bacterial community was plastic-type specific. The plastic-type specific fraction was variable among the different plastic types and was more abundant after one week of incubation than at later stages of the succession.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtlKls7rJ&md5=f7bfb2e506aa55c5e5e1659360b17bf0
  62. 62
    Enders, K.; Lenz, R.; Stedmon, C. A.; Nielsen, T. G. Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 100, 70– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027
    Google Scholar
    62
    Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥ 10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution
    Enders, Kristina; Lenz, Robin; Stedmon, Colin A.; Nielsen, Torkel G.
    Marine Pollution Bulletin (2015), 100 (1), 70-81CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    We studied abundance, size and polymer type of microplastic down to 10 μm along a transect from the European Coast to the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASG) using an underway intake filtration technique and Raman micro-spectrometry. Concns. ranged from 13 to 501 items m- 3. Highest concns. were obsd. at the European coast, decreasing towards mid-Atlantic waters but elevated in the western NASG. We obsd. highest nos. among particles in the 10-20 μm size fraction, whereas the total vol. was highest in the 50-80 μm range. Based on a numerical model size-dependent depth profiles of polyethylene microspheres in a range from 10-1000 μm were calcd. and show a strong dispersal throughout the surface mixed layer for sizes smaller than 200 μm. From model and field study results we conclude that small microplastic is ubiquitously distributed over the ocean surface layer and has a lower residence time than larger plastic debris in this compartment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ehurjI&md5=a84c9a9e4238847d80bea39982655c07
  63. 63
    Lindeque, P. K.; Cole, M.; Coppock, R. L.; Lewis, C. N.; Miller, R. Z.; Watts, A. J. R.; Wilson-McNeal, A.; Wright, S. L.; Galloway, T. S. Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of. Environ Pollut. 2020, 265, 114721  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721
    Google Scholar
    63
    Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size
    Lindeque, Penelope K.; Cole, Matthew; Coppock, Rachel L.; Lewis, Ceri N.; Miller, Rachael Z.; Watts, Andrew J. R.; Wilson-McNeal, Alice; Wright, Stephanie L.; Galloway, Tamara S.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 265 (Part_A), 114721CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Microplastic debris is ubiquitous and yet sampling, classifying and enumerating this prolific pollutant in marine waters has proven challenging. Typically, waterborne microplastic sampling is undertaken using nets with a 333μm mesh, which cannot account for smaller debris. In this study, we provide an est. of the extent to which microplastic concns. are underestimated with traditional sampling. Our efforts focus on coastal waters, where microplastics are predicted to have the greatest influence on marine life, on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. Microplastic debris was collected via surface trawls using 100, 333 and 500μm nets. Our findings show that sampling using nets with a 100μm mesh resulted in the collection of 2.5-fold and 10-fold greater microplastic concns. compared with using 333 and 500μm meshes resp. (P < 0.01). Based on the relationship between microplastic concns. identified and extrapolation of our data using a power law, we est. that microplastic concns. could exceed 3700 microplastics m-3 if a net with a 1μm mesh size is used. We further identified that use of finer nets resulted in the collection of significantly thinner and shorter microplastic fibers (P < 0.05). These results elucidate that ests. of marine microplastic concns. could currently be underestimated.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlCltbjE&md5=d11df4ef93260d6544dbf73c5f52b2e3

Cited By

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

This article is cited by 81 publications.

  1. Robby Rynek, Mine B. Tekman, Christoph Rummel, Melanie Bergmann, Stephan Wagner, Annika Jahnke, Thorsten Reemtsma. Hotspots of Floating Plastic Particles across the North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Science & Technology 2024, 58 (9) , 4302-4313. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05039
  2. Zipei Dong, Wen-Xiong Wang. Tracking Nano- and Microplastics Accumulation and Egestion in a Marine Copepod by Novel Fluorescent AIEgens: Kinetic Modeling of the Rhythm Behavior. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (49) , 20761-20772. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04726
  3. Zhuo Chen, Meng Du, Xu-Dan Yang, Wei Chen, Yu-Sheng Li, Chen Qian, Han-Qing Yu. Deep-Learning-Based Automated Tracking and Counting of Living Plankton in Natural Aquatic Environments. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (46) , 18048-18057. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00253
  4. Kuddithamby Gunaalan, Torkel Gissel Nielsen, Rocío Rodríguez Torres, Claudia Lorenz, Alvise Vianello, Ceelin Aila Andersen, Jes Vollertsen, Rodrigo Almeda. Is Zooplankton an Entry Point of Microplastics into the Marine Food Web?. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (31) , 11643-11655. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c02575
  5. Rocío Rodríguez Torres, Rodrigo Almeda, Jiayi Xu, Nanna Hartmann, Sinja Rist, Philipp Brun, Torkel Gissel Nielsen. The Behavior of Planktonic Copepods Minimizes the Entry of Microplastics in Marine Food Webs. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (1) , 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04660
  6. Jiayi Xu, Rocío Rodríguez-Torres, Sinja Rist, Torkel Gissel Nielsen, Nanna Bloch Hartmann, Philipp Brun, Daoji Li, Rodrigo Almeda. Unpalatable Plastic: Efficient Taste Discrimination of Microplastics in Planktonic Copepods. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (10) , 6455-6465. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00322
  7. Karly McMullen, Paola Calle, Omar Alvarado‐Cadena, Matthew D. Kowal, Eduardo Espinoza, Gustavo A. Domínguez, Ana Tirapé, Félix Hérnán Vargas, Edward Grant, Brian P. V. Hunt, Evgeny A. Pakhomov, Juan José Alava. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Microplastics and Cellulose Particles in the Galápagos Islands and Galápagos Penguin Food Web. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2024, 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5874
  8. Xiaoxin Chen, Andrew J. Sweetman. An investigation into the effect of UV irradiation and biofilm colonization on adsorption and desorption behavior of polyurethane (PU) microplastics for bisphenol A (BPA). Environmental Technology & Innovation 2024, 35 , 103662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103662
  9. Bo Zhao, Fang Chen, Qiang Yao, Manfeng Lin, Kexin Zhou, Shican Mi, Haixia Pan, Xin Zhao. Toxicity effects and mechanism of micro/nanoplastics and loaded conventional pollutants on zooplankton: An overview. Marine Environmental Research 2024, 6 , 106547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106547
  10. Katey Valentine, Claire Hughes, Alistair Boxall. Plastic Litter Emits the Foraging Infochemical Dimethyl Sulfide after Submersion in Freshwater Rivers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5880
  11. Pengfei Zhao, Siyu Yang, Yaoying Zheng, Liqin Zhang, Yongli Li, Jiapeng Li, Wei Wang, Zhanqi Wang. Polylactic acid microplastics have stronger positive effects on the qualitative traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) than polyethylene microplastics: Evidence from a simulated field experiment. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 917 , 170334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170334
  12. Rui Ding, Yankai Dong, Zhuozhi Ouyang, Xin Zuo, Yu Zhang, Xuetao Guo. Reducing uncertainty and confronting ignorance about the potential impacts of microplastic on animals: A critical review. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2024, 171 , 117484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117484
  13. Wei Yang, Qian Tan, Haixiao Zhao, Feiyang Xia, Cangbai Li, Xiao Ma, Wei Li. Eutrophication-driven infochemical dimethylsulfide accelerates carbon transfer in freshwater food chain. Journal of Environmental Management 2024, 353 , 120155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120155
  14. Jiwon Kong, Jieun Lee, Sanghyun Jeong. Distribution of microplastics in rainfall and their control by a permeable pavement in low-impact development facility. Journal of Environmental Management 2024, 351 , 119710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119710
  15. Aditya Kishore Dash, Abanti Pradhan, Lala Behari Sukla. Environmental Occurrence and Contemporary Health Issues of Micro Plastics. 2024, 113-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51792-1_7
  16. Oladimeji Ayo Iwalaye, Maria T. Maldonado. Microcosm study of the effects of polyester microfibers on the indigenous marine amphipod (Cyphocaris challengeri) in the Strait of Georgia (BC, Canada). Science of The Total Environment 2024, 906 , 167301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167301
  17. H. Thilagam, P. Pandi, S. Swetha, S. Rekha, R. Krishnamurthy, S. Gopalakrishnan. Examining the Environmental Concerns Caused by the Microplastic Contamination in Marine Ecosystem. 2024, 75-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54565-8_4
  18. Milena Roberta Freire Da Silva, Karolayne Silva Souza, Manoella Almeida Candido, Fabricio Motteran, Lívia Caroline Alexandre De Araújo, Maria Betânia Melo De Oliveira. Bacteria as Ecological Tools: Pioneering Microplastic Biodegradation. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 2023, 18 (4) , e04707. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n4-059
  19. Joshua Moyal, Preeti H. Dave, Mengjie Wu, Shooka Karimpour, Satinder K. Brar, Huan Zhong, Raymond W. M. Kwong. Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Physicochemical Properties and Toxicity of Microplastics: A Concise Review. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2023, 261 (1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-023-00035-z
  20. Adam Porter, Jasmin A. Godbold, Ceri N. Lewis, Georgie Savage, Martin Solan, Tamara S. Galloway. Microplastic burden in marine benthic invertebrates depends on species traits and feeding ecology within biogeographical provinces. Nature Communications 2023, 14 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43788-w
  21. Duojia Wang, Sabrina Yanan Jiang, Changchang Fan, Longshan Fu, Huada Daniel Ruan. Occurrence and correlation of microplastics and dibutyl phthalate in rivers from Pearl River Delta, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2023, 197 , 115759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115759
  22. Wei Yang, Qian Tan, Shenhua Qian, Yuyue Huang, Elvis Genbo Xu, Xizi Long, Wei Li. Natural infochemical DMSP stimulates the transfer of microplastics from freshwater zooplankton to fish: An olfactory trap. Aquatic Toxicology 2023, 265 , 106735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106735
  23. María B. Alfonso, Dhugal J. Lindsay, Andrés H. Arias, Haruka Nakano, Suppakarn Jandang, Atsuhiko Isobe. Zooplankton as a suitable tool for microplastic research. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 905 , 167329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167329
  24. Saif Uddin, Montaha Behbehani, Nazima Habibi, Scott W. Fowler, Hanan A. Al-Sarawi, Carlos Alonso-Hernandez. Microplastics Residence Time in Marine Copepods: An Experimental Study. Sustainability 2023, 15 (20) , 14970. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014970
  25. Aaron Ridall, Sean Asgari, Jeroen Ingels. The role of microbe-microplastic associations in marine Nematode feeding behaviors. Environmental Pollution 2023, 335 , 122308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122308
  26. David Leistenschneider, Adèle Wolinski, Jingguang Cheng, Alexandra ter Halle, Guillaume Duflos, Arnaud Huvet, Ika Paul-Pont, Franck Lartaud, François Galgani, Édouard Lavergne, Anne-Leila Meistertzheim, Jean-François Ghiglione. A critical review on the evaluation of toxicity and ecological risk assessment of plastics in the marine environment. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 896 , 164955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164955
  27. Jing-Chun Feng, Zhifeng Yang, Wenliang Zhou, Xingwei Feng, Fuwen Wei, Bo Li, Chuanxin Ma, Si Zhang, Linlin Xia, Yanpeng Cai, Yi Wang. Interactions of Microplastics and Methane Seepage in the Deep-Sea Environment. Engineering 2023, 29 , 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2022.08.009
  28. Y. Y. Chen, X. T. Cheng, Y. Q. Zeng. The occurrence of microplastic in aquatic environment and toxic effects for organisms. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2023, 20 (9) , 10477-10490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04789-w
  29. Thuan Van Tran, A.A. Jalil, Tung M. Nguyen, Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen, Walid Nabgan, Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen. A review on the occurrence, analytical methods, and impact of microplastics in the environment. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2023, 102 , 104248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2023.104248
  30. Abhishek Mandal, Nisha Singh, Arijit Mondal, Mohmmed Talib, Raktima Basu, Mrinal Kanti Biswas, Gopala Krishna Darbha. The extent of microplastic pollution along the eastern coast of India: Focussing on marine waters, beach sand, and fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2023, 194 , 115265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115265
  31. Alejandra Valdez-Cibrián, Ma. del Carmen Flores-Miranda, Eva R. Kozak. An accessible method to standardize polyethylene microsphere (<100 μm) concentrations for zooplankton ingestion experiments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2023, 194 , 115351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115351
  32. Kun Li, Han Su, Xiaojia Xiu, Chi Liu, Wanqi Hao. Tire wear particles in different water environments: occurrence, behavior, and biological effects—a review and perspectives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (39) , 90574-90594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28899-7
  33. Chung Ngo Tang, Victor S. Kuwahara, Sandric Chee Yew Leong, Pak Yan Moh, Teruaki Yoshida. Effect of monsoon on microplastic bioavailability and ingestion by zooplankton in tropical coastal waters of Sabah. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2023, 193 , 115182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115182
  34. Swati Sharma, Aprajita Bhardwaj, Monika Thakur, Anita Saini. Understanding microplastic pollution of marine ecosystem: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28314-1
  35. Veronica Nava, Sudeep Chandra, Julian Aherne, María B. Alfonso, Ana M. Antão-Geraldes, Katrin Attermeyer, Roberto Bao, Mireia Bartrons, Stella A. Berger, Marcin Biernaczyk, Raphael Bissen, Justin D. Brookes, David Brown, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Moisés Canle, Camilla Capelli, Rafael Carballeira, José Luis Cereijo, Sakonvan Chawchai, Søren T. Christensen, Kirsten S. Christoffersen, Elvira de Eyto, Jorge Delgado, Tyler N. Dornan, Jonathan P. Doubek, Julia Dusaucy, Oxana Erina, Zeynep Ersoy, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Maria Luce Frezzotti, Silvia Galafassi, David Gateuille, Vitor Gonçalves, Hans-Peter Grossart, David P. Hamilton, Ted D. Harris, Külli Kangur, Gökben Başaran Kankılıç, Rebecca Kessler, Christine Kiel, Edward M. Krynak, Àngels Leiva-Presa, Fabio Lepori, Miguel G. Matias, Shin-ichiro S. Matsuzaki, Yvonne McElarney, Beata Messyasz, Mark Mitchell, Musa C. Mlambo, Samuel N. Motitsoe, Sarma Nandini, Valentina Orlandi, Caroline Owens, Deniz Özkundakci, Solvig Pinnow, Agnieszka Pociecha, Pedro Miguel Raposeiro, Eva-Ingrid Rõõm, Federica Rotta, Nico Salmaso, S. S. S. Sarma, Davide Sartirana, Facundo Scordo, Claver Sibomana, Daniel Siewert, Katarzyna Stepanowska, Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu, Maria Tereshina, James Thompson, Monica Tolotti, Amanda Valois, Piet Verburg, Brittany Welsh, Brian Wesolek, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Naicheng Wu, Edyta Zawisza, Lauren Zink, Barbara Leoni. Plastic debris in lakes and reservoirs. Nature 2023, 619 (7969) , 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06168-4
  36. Fatima Haque, Chihhao Fan. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of Their Sources, Formation, Fate, and Ecotoxicological Impact. 2023https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107896
  37. Lin Huang, Weixia Zhang, Weishang Zhou, Liangbiao Chen, Guangxu Liu, Wei Shi. Behaviour, a potential bioindicator for toxicity analysis of waterborne microplastics: A review. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2023, 162 , 117044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117044
  38. Shan Chen, Jin-Lei Yang, Yao-Sheng Zhang, Hong-Yu Wang, Xin-Ying Lin, Rong-Yue Xue, Meng-Ya Li, Shi-Wei Li, Albert L. Juhasz, Lena Q. Ma, Dong-Mei Zhou, Hong-Bo Li. Microplastics affect arsenic bioavailability by altering gut microbiota and metabolites in a mouse model. Environmental Pollution 2023, 324 , 121376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121376
  39. Beatriz Rios-Fuster, Montserrat Compa, Carme Alomar, Mercè Morató, Diane Ryfer, Margarita Villalonga, Salud Deudero. Are seafloor habitats influencing the distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments of a Marine Protected Area?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (17) , 49875-49888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25536-1
  40. Xuan Hou, Li Mu, Xiangang Hu, Shuqing Guo. Warming and microplastic pollution shape the carbon and nitrogen cycles of algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2023, 447 , 130775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130775
  41. Yu Shen, Mingxing Zhang, Zhaochuan Li, Shuo Cao, Yadi Lou, Yi Cong, Fei Jin, Ying Wang. Long-Term Toxicity of 50-nm and 1-μm Surface-Charged Polystyrene Microbeads in the Brine Shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and Role of Food Availability. Toxics 2023, 11 (4) , 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040356
  42. Federico Citterich, Angelina Lo Giudice, Maurizio Azzaro. A plastic world: A review of microplastic pollution in the freshwaters of the Earth's poles. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 869 , 161847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161847
  43. Qian-Yao Ma, Gui-Peng Yang. Roles of phytoplankton, microzooplankton, and bacteria in DMSP and DMS transformation processes in the East China Continental Sea. Progress in Oceanography 2023, 213 , 103003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103003
  44. Philip J. Landrigan, Hervé Raps, Maureen Cropper, Caroline Bald, Manuel Brunner, Elvia Maya Canonizado, Dominic Charles, Thomas C. Chiles, Mary J. Donohue, Judith Enck, Patrick Fenichel, Lora E. Fleming, Christine Ferrier-Pages, Richard Fordham, Aleksandra Gozt, Carly Griffin, Mark E. Hahn, Budi Haryanto, Richard Hixson, Hannah Ianelli, Bryan D. James, Pushpam Kumar, Amalia Laborde, Kara Lavender Law, Keith Martin, Jenna Mu, Yannick Mulders, Adetoun Mustapha, Jia Niu, Sabine Pahl, Yongjoon Park, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Jordan Avery Pitt, Mathuros Ruchirawat, Bhedita Jaya Seewoo, Margaret Spring, John J. Stegeman, William Suk, Christos Symeonides, Hideshige Takada, Richard C. Thompson, Andrea Vicini, Zhanyun Wang, Ella Whitman, David Wirth, Megan Wolff, Aroub K. Yousuf, Sarah Dunlop. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health. Annals of Global Health 2023, 89 (1) https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4056
  45. Kefeng Li, Jane C. Naviaux, Sai Sachin Lingampelly, Lin Wang, Jonathan M. Monk, Claire M. Taylor, Clare Ostle, Sonia Batten, Robert K. Naviaux. Historical biomonitoring of pollution trends in the North Pacific using archived samples from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 865 , 161222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161222
  46. Na Li, Zhuotong Zeng, Yafei Zhang, Hui Zhang, Ning Tang, Yihui Guo, Lan Lu, Xin Li, Ziqian Zhu, Xiang Gao, Jie Liang. Higher toxicity induced by co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics and chloramphenicol to Microcystis aeruginosa: Experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 866 , 161375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161375
  47. Muhammad Junaid, Shulin Liu, Guanglong Chen, Hongping Liao, Jun Wang. Transgenerational impacts of micro(nano)plastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2023, 443 , 130274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130274
  48. Wen-Xiong Wang. Environmental toxicology of marine microplastic pollution. Cambridge Prisms: Plastics 2023, 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/plc.2023.9
  49. Jianli Liu, Qiang Liu, Lihui An, Ming Wang, Qingbo Yang, Bo Zhu, Jiannan Ding, Chuanyu Ye, Yuyao Xu. Microfiber Pollution in the Earth System. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2022, 260 (1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-022-00015-9
  50. Shanying He, Yufei Wei, Chunping Yang, Zhenli He. Interactions of microplastics and soil pollutants in soil-plant systems. Environmental Pollution 2022, 315 , 120357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120357
  51. Sonia Bejarano, Valeska Diemel, Anna Feuring, Mattia Ghilardi, Tilmann Harder. No short-term effect of sinking microplastics on heterotrophy or sediment clearing in the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata. Scientific Reports 2022, 12 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05420-7
  52. Leah M. Thornton Hampton, Hans Bouwmeester, Susanne M. Brander, Scott Coffin, Matthew Cole, Ludovic Hermabessiere, Alvine C. Mehinto, Ezra Miller, Chelsea M. Rochman, Stephen B. Weisberg. Research recommendations to better understand the potential health impacts of microplastics to humans and aquatic ecosystems. Microplastics and Nanoplastics 2022, 2 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00038-y
  53. Tao Wang, Shiye Zhao, Lixin Zhu, James C. McWilliams, Luisa Galgani, Roswati Md Amin, Ryota Nakajima, Wensheng Jiang, Mengli Chen. Accumulation, transformation and transport of microplastics in estuarine fronts. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 2022, 3 (11) , 795-805. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00349-x
  54. Marta Sendra, Araceli Rodriguez-Romero, María Pilar Yeste, Julián Blasco, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez. Products released from surgical face masks can provoke cytotoxicity in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 841 , 156611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156611
  55. Danlian Huang, Haojie Chen, Maocai Shen, Jiaxi Tao, Sha Chen, Lingshi Yin, Wei Zhou, Xinya Wang, Ruihao Xiao, Ruijin Li. Recent advances on the transport of microplastics/nanoplastics in abiotic and biotic compartments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2022, 438 , 129515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129515
  56. Lucy Polhill, Robyn de Bruijn, Linda Amaral‐Zettler, Antonia Praetorius, Annemarie van Wezel. Daphnia magna's Favorite Snack: Biofouled Plastics. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2022, 41 (8) , 1977-1981. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5393
  57. Marion Köster, Gustav-Adolf Paffenhöfer. Feeding of Marine Zooplankton on Microplastic Fibers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2022, 83 (2) , 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00948-1
  58. Zhenling Li, Min Chao, Xiaokang He, Xiaoping Lan, Chenhao Tian, Chenghong Feng, Zhenyao Shen. Microplastic bioaccumulation in estuary-caught fishery resource. Environmental Pollution 2022, 306 , 119392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119392
  59. Rabia Nousheen, Daniel Rittschof, Imran Hashmi. Toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene microplastics on selective and continuous larval culture of acorn barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite.. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2022, 94 , 103912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2022.103912
  60. Yuan Liu, Kai Zhang, Shaopeng Xu, Meng Yan, Danyang Tao, Luoluo Chen, Yong Wei, Chenxi Wu, Guijian Liu, Paul K.S. Lam. Heavy metals in the “plastisphere” of marine microplastics: adsorption mechanisms and composite risk. Gondwana Research 2022, 108 , 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.017
  61. Matthieu Dreillard, Caroline De Faria Barros, Virgile Rouchon, Coralie Emonnot, Véronique Lefebvre, Maxime Moreaud, Denis Guillaume, Fabrice Rimbault, Frédéric Pagerey. Quantification and morphological characterization of microfibers emitted from textile washing. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 832 , 154973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154973
  62. Zara L.R. Botterell, Melanie Bergmann, Nicole Hildebrandt, Thomas Krumpen, Michael Steinke, Richard C. Thompson, Penelope K. Lindeque. Microplastic ingestion in zooplankton from the Fram Strait in the Arctic. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 831 , 154886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154886
  63. Masoud M. Ardestani. Microplastics in the environment: their sources, distribution, and dangerous status. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2022, 233 (5) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05630-9
  64. Winnie Courtene‐Jones, Nathaniel J. Clark, Astrid C. Fischer, Natalie S. Smith, Richard C. Thompson. Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Animals. 2022, 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119768432.ch12
  65. Risa Nakano, Rıdvan Kaan Gürses, Yuji Tanaka, Yasuyuki Ishida, Takashi Kimoto, Shinya Kitagawa, Yoshinori Iiguni, Hajime Ohtani. Pyrolysis-GC–MS analysis of ingested polystyrene microsphere content in individual Daphnia magna. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 817 , 152981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152981
  66. C.P. Rashid, R. Jyothibabu, N. Arunpandi, S. Santhikrishnan, V. Vidhya, S. Sarath, M. Arundhathy, K.T. Alok. Microplastics in copepods reflects the manmade flow restrictions in the Kochi backwaters, along the southwest coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2022, 177 , 113529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113529
  67. Jie Yin, Juan-Ying Li, Nicholas J. Craig, Lei Su. Microplastic pollution in wild populations of decapod crustaceans: A review. Chemosphere 2022, 291 , 132985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132985
  68. Ula Rozman, Gabriela Kalčíková. Seeking for a perfect (non-spherical) microplastic particle – The most comprehensive review on microplastic laboratory research. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2022, 424 , 127529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127529
  69. Yuanze Sun, Chongxue Duan, Na Cao, Xinfei Li, Xiaomin Li, Yumei Chen, Yi Huang, Jie Wang. Effects of microplastics on soil microbiome: The impacts of polymer type, shape, and concentration. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 806 , 150516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150516
  70. Claudia Halsband. Effects of Biofouling on the Sinking Behavior of Microplastics in Aquatic Environments. 2022, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_12-1
  71. Claudia Halsband. Effects of Biofouling on the Sinking Behavior of Microplastics in Aquatic Environments. 2022, 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_12
  72. Giuseppe Bonanno. Fate, transport, and impact of microplastics on planktonic organisms. 2022, 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822471-7.00009-2
  73. Jin Il Kwak, Huanliang Liu, Dayong Wang, Young Hwan Lee, Jae-Seong Lee, Youn-Joo An. Critical review of environmental impacts of microfibers in different environmental matrices. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 2022, 251 , 109196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109196
  74. Giuseppe Esposito, Marino Prearo, Monia Renzi, Serena Anselmi, Alberto Cesarani, Damià Barcelò, Alessandro Dondo, Paolo Pastorino. Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of benthic by–catches from an eastern Mediterranean deep–sea environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2022, 174 , 113231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113231
  75. Ria Devereux, Mark G.J. Hartl, Mike Bell, Angela Capper. The abundance of microplastics in cnidaria and ctenophora in the North Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2021, 173 , 112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112992
  76. Yu-Jhen Hsu, Wen-Pei Tsai, Wei-Chuan Chiang, Chih-Chi Huang, Hsiu-Wen Chien, Mengshan Lee. Incidence of plastic ingestion by the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, off the northeast coast of Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2021, 172 , 112820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112820
  77. Claudia Drago, Guntram Weithoff. Variable Fitness Response of Two Rotifer Species Exposed to Microplastics Particles: The Role of Food Quantity and Quality. Toxics 2021, 9 (11) , 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110305
  78. Jack Greenshields, Paula Schirrmacher, Jörg D. Hardege. Plastic additive oleamide elicits hyperactivity in hermit crabs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2021, 169 , 112533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112533
  79. Zhuoan Bai, Nan Wang, Minghua Wang. Effects of microplastics on marine copepods. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2021, 217 , 112243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112243
  80. Ana I. Catarino, Johanna Kramm, Carolin Völker, Theodore B. Henry, Gert Everaert. Risk posed by microplastics: Scientific evidence and public perception. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2021, 29 , 100467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100467
  81. Raísa da Silva Costa Rêgo, Caio Henrique Gonçalves Cutrim, Amanda Soares Miranda, Juliana Loureiro Almeida Campos, Vinícius Albano Araújo. Ethnozoology Mediating Knowledge About Sea Turtles and Environmental Education Strategies in the North-Central Coast of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science 2021, 14 , 194008292110232. https://doi.org/10.1177/19400829211023265
Download PDF

  • Abstract

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Ingestion rates ± standard error (SE) (particles individual–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics including beads, fibers, and fragments for (a) C. helgolandicus, (b) H. gammarus, and (c) A. tonsa. The asterisks denote the level of significant difference in ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01. Illustrations by Vivienne Botterell.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. C. helgolandicus ingestion rates ± SE (particles copepod–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments, with the different treatments of virgin, DMSP infused, DMS infused, DMSP noninfused, and DMS noninfused. The black significance bars relate to virgin controls and the gray significance bars relate to noninfused controls. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. H. gammarus (larvae) ingestion rates ± SE (particles lobster–1 h–1) of the virgin, DMSP-infused, and DMS-infused microplastics for all three shapes: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 4

    Figure 4. A. tonsa ingestion rates ± SE (particles copepod–1 h–1) of differently shaped microplastics: (a) beads, (b) fibers, and (c) fragments, with the different treatments of virgin, DMSP infused, DMS infused, DMSP noninfused, and DMS noninfused. The black significance bars relate to virgin controls and the gray significance bars relate to noninfused controls. The asterisks denote the levels of significant difference in the ingestion rates, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Illustration by Vivienne Botterell.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    ARTICLE SECTIONS
    Jump To

    This article references 63 other publications.

    1. 1
      Thompson, R. C.; Olson, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W. G.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?. Science 2004, 304, 838,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1094559
      1
      Brevia: Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?
      Thompson, Richard C.; Olsen, Yiva; Mitchell, Richard P.; Davis, Anthony; Rowland, Steven J.; John, Anthony W. G.; McGonigle, Daniel; Russell, Andrea E.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2004), 304 (5672), 838CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Microscopic plastic fragments and fibers are widespread in the world ocean, accumulating in the pelagic zone and sedimentary habitats. Fragments appear to have resulted from degrdn. of larger items. Plastics of this size are ingested by marine organisms, but environmental consequences of this contamination are unknown. Due to its resistance to biodegrdn. but susceptibility to mech. action, there is considerable potential for large-scale accumulation of microscopic plastic debris. To quantify the abundance of micro-plastics, sediment was collected from beaches and estuarine and sub-tidal sediment near Plymouth, UK. Nine polymers were conclusively identified: acrylic, alkyd, poly(ethylene:propylene), polyamide (nylon), polyester, polyethylene, polymethylacrylate, polypropylene, and poly vinyl alc. Given their wide range of uses, it is suggested the fragments resulted from larger item breakdown. To further assess the extent of contamination, another 17 beaches were examd. Similar fibers were obsd., demonstrating that microscopic plastics are common in sedimentary habitats. To assess long-term trends of abundance, plankton samples collected regularly since the 1960s between Aberdeen and the Shetland Islands and from Sule Skerry to Iceland, were analyzed. Plastic was archived among plankton in samples back to the 1960s, but with a significant increase in abundance over time. Similar types of polymer in the water column and sediment suggested polymer d. was not a major factor affecting distribution. Some fragments were granular, but most were fibrous, ∼20 μm in diam., and brightly colored. Results demonstrated the broad spatial extent and accumulation of this type of contamination. Given the rapid increase in plastic prodn., its longevity and disposable nature, this contamination is likely to increase.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXjvVSntbg%253D&md5=f0466f4b6e555801dedd737fc2c23aa2
    2. 2
      MSFD GES Technical Subgroup on Marine Litte. Marine Litter - technical recommendations for the implementation of MSFD requirements. UR—Scientific and Technical Research Series, 2011, 91p.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    3. 3
      Worm, B.; Lotze, H. K.; Jubinville, I.; Wilcox, C.; Jambeck, J. Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2017, 42, 1– 26,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    4. 4
      Duncan, E. M.; Botterell, Z. L. R.; Broderick, A. C.; Galloway, T. S.; Lindeque, P. K.; Nuno, A.; Godley, B. J. A global review of marine turtle entanglement in anthropogenic debris: a baseline for further action. Endanger Species Res. 2017, 34, 431– 448,  DOI: 10.3354/esr00865
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    5. 5
      Laist, D. W. Impacts of Marine Debris: Entanglement of Marine Life in Marine Debris Including a Comprehensive List of Species with Entanglement and Ingestion Records. In Marine Debris, Springer: New York, NY, 1997, pp 99– 139.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Baulch, S.; Perry, C. Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 80, 210– 221,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.050
      6
      Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans
      Baulch, Sarah; Perry, Clare
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2014), 80 (1-2), 210-221CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Global in its distribution and pervading all levels of the water column, marine debris poses a serious threat to marine habitats and wildlife. For cetaceans, ingestion or entanglement in debris can cause chronic and acute injuries and increase pollutant loads, resulting in morbidity and mortality. However, knowledge of the severity of effects lags behind that for other species groups. This literature review examines the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans reported to date. It finds that ingestion of debris has been documented in 48 (56% of) cetacean species, with rates of ingestion as high as 31% in some populations. Debris-induced mortality rates of 0-22% of stranded animals were documented, suggesting that debris could be a significant conservation threat to some populations. We identify key data that need to be collected and published to improve understanding of the threat that marine debris poses to cetaceans.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitF2ht7s%253D&md5=9605a1dd22e718889d761b03d36af8bd
    7. 7
      Lavers, J. L.; Bond, A. L.; Hutton, I. Plastic ingestion by flesh-footed shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 187, 124– 129,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.020
      7
      Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals
      Lavers, Jennifer L.; Bond, Alexander L.; Hutton, Ian
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 187 (), 124-129CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      To provide much needed quant. data on the lethal and sublethal effects of plastic pollution on marine wildlife, we sampled breast feathers and stomach contents from Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes) fledglings in eastern Australia. Birds with high levels of ingested plastic exhibited reduced body condition and increased contaminant load (p < 0.05). More than 60% of fledglings exceed international targets for plastic ingestion by seabirds, with 16% of fledglings failing these targets after a single feeding (range: 0.13-3.21 g of plastic/feeding). As top predators, seabirds are considered sentinels of the marine environment. The amt. of plastic ingested and corresponding damage to Flesh-footed Shearwater fledglings is the highest reported for any marine vertebrate, suggesting the condition of the Australian marine environment is poor. These findings help explain the ongoing decline of this species and are worrying in light of increasing levels of plastic pollution in our oceans.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXivFCktLo%253D&md5=38eb609082127d1c51062179ad41678e
    8. 8
      Botterell, Z. L. R.; Beaumont, N.; Dorrington, T.; Steinke, M.; Richard, C.; Lindeque, P. K. Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: a review. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 245, 98– 110,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.065
      8
      Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: A review
      Botterell, Zara L. R.; Beaumont, Nicola; Dorrington, Tarquin; Steinke, Michael; Thompson, Richard C.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 245 (), 98-110CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastics are abundant and widespread in the marine environment. They are a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. Due to their small size a wide range of marine species, including zooplankton can ingest them. Research has shown that microplastics are readily ingested by several zooplankton taxa, with assocd. neg. impacts on biol. processes. Zooplankton is a crucial food source for many secondary consumers, consequently this represents a route whereby microplastic could enter the food web and transfer up the trophic levels. In this review we aim to: (1) evaluate the current knowledge base regarding microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in both the lab. and the field; and (2) summarise the factors which contribute to the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton. Current literature shows that microplastic ingestion has been recorded in 39 zooplankton species from 28 taxonomic orders including holo- and meroplanktonic species. The majority of studies occurred under lab. conditions and neg. effects were reported in ten studies (45%) demonstrating effects on feeding behavior, growth, development, reprodn. and lifespan. In contrast, three studies (14%) reported no neg. effects from microplastic ingestion. Several phys. and biol. factors can influence the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton, such as size, shape, age and abundance. We identified that microplastics used in expts. are often different to those quantified in the marine environment, particularly in terms of concn., shape, type and age. We therefore suggest that future research should include microplastics that are more representative of those found in the marine environment at relevant concns. Addnl., investigating the effects of microplastic ingestion on a broader range of zooplankton species and life stages, will help to answer key knowledge gaps regarding the effect of microplastic on recruitment, species populations and ultimately broader economic consequences such as impacts on shell- and finfish stocks.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitFCgt7%252FL&md5=25cb1306a247d5a9577ce5daa5ec751f
    9. 9
      Napper, I. E.; Thompson, R. C. Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 112, 39– 45,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
      9
      Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions
      Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C.
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016), 112 (1-2), 39-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Washing clothes made from synthetic materials has been identified as a potentially important source of microscopic fibers to the environment. This study examd. the release of fibers from polyester, polyester-cotton blend and acrylic fabrics. These fabrics were laundered under various conditions of temp., detergent and conditioner. Fibers from waste effluent were examd. and the mass, abundance and fiber size compared between treatments. Av. fiber size ranged between 11.9 and 17.7μm in diam., and 5.0 and 7.8 mm in length. Polyester-cotton fabric consistently shed significantly fewer fibers than either polyester or acrylic. However, fiber release varied according to wash treatment with various complex interactions. We est. over 700,000 fibers could be released from an av. 6 kg wash load of acrylic fabric. As fibers were reported in effluent from sewage treatment plants, our data indicates fibers released by washing of clothing could be an important source of microplastics to aquatic habitats.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsF2gtrrJ&md5=8aa906f1043267c7a84601db640de7b0
    10. 10
      Thompson, R. C. Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment; Springer: Cham, 2019; Vol. 78, pp 121– 133.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    11. 11
      Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 2009, 364, 1985– 1998,  DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
      11
      Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments
      Barnes David K A; Galgani Francois; Thompson Richard C; Barlaz Morton
      Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 1985-98 ISSN:.
      One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines. Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences (fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1MvitFGitw%253D%253D&md5=bd07eb552c68f8ba37d7c944d1bec6d8
    12. 12
      Galloway, T. S.; Cole, M.; Lewis, C. Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2017, 1, 1– 8,  DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0116
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    13. 13
      Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Leopold, M. F.; Kühn, S.; Bravo Rebolledo, E. L.; Heβe, E.; Mielke, L.; Ijzer, J.; Kamminga, P.; Koelmans, A. A. Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 95, 248– 252,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.007
      13
      Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae
      Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Leopold, M. F.; Kuehn, S.; Bravo Rebolledo, E. L.; Hesse, E.; Mielke, L.; IJzer, J.; Kamminga, P.; Koelmans, A. A.
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2015), 95 (1), 248-252CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Marine filter feeders are exposed to microplastic because of their selection of small particles as food source. Baleen whales feed by filtering small particles from large water vols. Macroplastic was found in baleen whales before. This study is the first to show the presence of microplastic in intestines of a baleen whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Contents of its gastrointestinal tract were sieved, dissolved in 10% potassium hydroxide and washed. From the remaining dried material, potential synthetic polymer particles were selected based on d. and appearance, and analyzed by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. Several polymer types (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon) were found, in varying particle shapes: sheets, fragments and threads with a size of 1 mm to 17 cm. This diversity in polymer types and particle shapes, can be interpreted as a representation of the varying characteristics of marine plastic and the unselective way of ingestion by M. novaeangliae.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntVeltrg%253D&md5=c5bc38a0e127c63a6e46fb19c42b775e
    14. 14
      Lusher, A. L.; Hernandez-Milian, G.; O’Brien, J.; Berrow, S.; O’Connor, I.; Officer, R. Microplastic and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: The True’s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus. Environ. Pollut. 2015, 199, 185– 191,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.023
      14
      Microplastic and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: The True's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus
      Lusher, Amy L.; Hernandez-Milian, Gema; O'Brien, Joanne; Berrow, Simon; O'Connor, Ian; Officer, Rick
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2015), 199 (), 185-191CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      When mammals strand, they present a unique opportunity to obtain insights into their ecol. In May 2013, three True's beaked whales (two adult females and a female calf) stranded on the north and west coasts of Ireland and the contents of their stomachs and intestines were analyzed for anthropogenic debris. A method for identifying microplastics ingested by larger marine organisms was developed. Microplastics were identified throughout the digestive tract of the single whale that was examd. for the presence of microplastics. The two adult females had macroplastic items in their stomachs. Food remains recovered from the adult whales consisted of mesopelagic fish (Benthosema glaciale, Nansenia spp., Chauliodius sloani) and cephalopods, although trophic transfer has been discussed, it was not possible to ascertain whether prey were the source of microplastics. This is the first study to directly identify microplastics <5 mm in a cetacean species.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsleqs7s%253D&md5=a2606a6c54c6c33eee0a0e97b2fb371a
    15. 15
      Amélineau, F.; Bonnet, D.; Heitz, O.; Mortreux, V.; Harding, A. M. A.; Karnovsky, N.; Walkusz, W.; Fort, J.; Gremillet, D. Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 1131– 1139,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.017
      15
      Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds
      Amelineau, F.; Bonnet, D.; Heitz, O.; Mortreux, V.; Harding, A. M. A.; Karnovsky, N.; Walkusz, W.; Fort, J.; Gremillet, D.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 219 (), 1131-1139CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastics have been reported everywhere around the globe. With very limited human activities, the Arctic is distant from major sources of microplastics. However, microplastic ingestions have been found in several Arctic marine predators, confirming their presence in this region. Nonetheless, existing information for this area remains scarce, thus there is an urgent need to quantify the contamination of Arctic marine waters. In this context, we studied microplastic abundance and compn. within the zooplankton community off East Greenland. For the same area, we concurrently evaluated microplastic contamination of little auks (Alle alle), an Arctic seabird feeding on zooplankton while diving between 0 and 50 m. The study took place off East Greenland in July 2005 and 2014, under strongly contrasted sea-ice conditions. Among all samples, 97.2% of the debris found were filaments. Despite the remoteness of our study area, microplastic abundances were comparable to those of other oceans, with 0.99 ± 0.62 m-3 in the presence of sea-ice (2005), and 2.38 ± 1.11 m-3 in the nearby absence of sea-ice (2014). Microplastic rise between 2005 and 2014 might be linked to an increase in plastic prodn. worldwide or to lower sea-ice extents in 2014, as sea-ice can represent a sink for microplastic particles, which are subsequently released to the water column upon melting. Crucially, all birds had eaten plastic filaments, and they collected high levels of microplastics compared to background levels with 9.99 and 8.99 pieces per chick meal in 2005 and 2014, resp. Importantly, we also demonstrated that little auks took more often light colored microplastics, rather than darker ones, strongly suggesting an active contamination with birds mistaking microplastics for their natural prey. Overall, our study stresses the great vulnerability of Arctic marine species to microplastic pollution in a warming Arctic, where sea-ice melting is expected to release vast vols. of trapped debris.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsVyktL3O&md5=a5e6d7d6304a471398eb39768f557916
    16. 16
      Browne, M. A.; Dissanayake, A.; Galloway, T. S.; Lowe, D. M.; Thompson, R. C. Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5026– 5031,  DOI: 10.1021/es800249a
      16
      Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)
      Browne, Mark A.; Dissanayake, Awantha; Galloway, Tamara S.; Lowe, David M.; Thompson, Richard C.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2008), 42 (13), 5026-5031CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Plastics debris is accumulating in the environment and is fragmenting into smaller pieces; as it does, the potential for ingestion by animals increases. The consequences of macroplastic debris for wildlife are well documented, however the impacts of microplastic (<1 mm) are poorly understood. The mussel, Mytilus edulis, was used to investigate ingestion, translocation, and accumulation of this debris. Initial expts. showed that upon ingestion, microplastic accumulated in the gut. Mussels were subsequently exposed to treatments contg. seawater and microplastic (3.0 or 9.6 μm). After transfer to clean conditions, microplastic was tracked in the hemolymph. Particles translocated from the gut to the circulatory system within 3 days and persisted for over 48 days. Abundance of microplastic was greatest after 12 days and declined thereafter. Smaller particles were more abundant than larger particles and our data indicate as plastic fragments into smaller particles, the potential for accumulation in the tissues of an organism increases. The short-term pulse exposure used here did not result in significant biol. effects. However, plastics are exceedingly durable and so further work using a wider range of organisms, polymers, and periods of exposure will be required to establish the biol. consequences of this debris.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXmsVKhtb8%253D&md5=0509609deb64a11d33c5c173672a0cab
    17. 17
      Cole, M.; Lindeque, P. K.; Fileman, E.; Halsband, C.; Goodhead, R.; Moger, J.; Galloway, T. S. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 6646– 55,  DOI: 10.1021/es400663f
      17
      Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton
      Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Goodhead, Rhys; Moger, Julian; Galloway, Tamara S.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (12), 6646-6655CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Small plastic detritus, termed microplastics, are a widespread and ubiquitous contaminant of marine ecosystems across the globe. Ingestion of microplastics by marine biota, including mussels, worms, fish, and seabirds, has been widely reported, but despite their vital ecol. role in marine food-webs, the impact of microplastics on zooplankton remains under-researched. We show that microplastics are ingested by, and may impact upon, zooplankton. We used bioimaging techniques to document ingestion, egestion, and adherence of microplastics in a range of zooplankton common to the northeast Atlantic, and used feeding rate studies to det. the impact of plastic detritus on algal ingestion rates in copepods. Using fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy we identified that 13 zooplankton taxa had the capacity to ingest 1.7-30.6 μm polystyrene beads, with uptake varying by taxa, life-stage and bead-size. Post-ingestion, copepods egested fecal pellets laden with microplastics. We further obsd. microplastics adhered to the external carapace and appendages of exposed zooplankton. Exposure of the copepod Centropages typicus to natural assemblages of algae with and without microplastics showed that 7.3 μm microplastics (>4000/mL) significantly decreased algal feeding. Our findings imply that marine microplastic debris can neg. impact upon zooplankton function and health.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXnvFSksr8%253D&md5=e0f6677a3d6ca22597e3047732c188ea
    18. 18
      Desforges, J.-P. W.; Galbraith, M.; Ross, P. S. Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 69, 320– 30,  DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0172-5
      18
      Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
      Desforges, Jean-Pierre W.; Galbraith, Moira; Ross, Peter S.
      Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2015), 69 (3), 320-330CODEN: AECTCV; ISSN:0090-4341. (Springer)
      Microplastics are increasingly recognized as being widespread in the world's oceans, but relatively little is known about ingestion by marine biota. In light of the potential for microplastic fibers and fragments to be taken up by small marine organisms, we examd. plastic ingestion by two foundation species near the base of North Pacific marine food webs, the calanoid copepod Neocalanus cristatus and the euphausiid Euphausia pacifia. We developed an acid digestion method to assess plastic ingestion by individual zooplankton and detected microplastics in both species. Encounter rates resulting from ingestion were 1 particle/every 34 copepods and 1/every 17 euphausiids (euphausiids > copepods; p = 0.01). Consistent with differences in the size selection of food between these two zooplankton species, the ingested particle size was greater in euphausiids (816 ± 108 μm) than in copepods (556 ± 149 μm) (p = 0.014). The contribution of ingested microplastic fibers to total plastic decreased with distance from shore in euphausiids (r2 = 70, p = 0.003), corresponding to patterns in our previous observations of microplastics in seawater samples from the same locations. This first evidence of microplastic ingestion by marine zooplankton indicate that species at lower trophic levels of the marine food web are mistaking plastic for food, which raises fundamental questions about potential risks to higher trophic level species. One concern is risk to salmon: We est. that consumption of microplastic-contg. zooplankton will lead to the ingestion of 2-7 microplastic particles/day by individual juvenile salmon in coastal British Columbia, and ≤91 microplastic particles/day in returning adults.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVaitL3F&md5=b578b825f5644f6c0af2bc86d18ca962
    19. 19
      Lee, K.; Shim, W. J.; Kwon, O. Y.; Kang, J. Size-Dependent Effects of Micro Polystyrene Particles in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 11278– 11283,  DOI: 10.1021/es401932b
      19
      Size-Dependent Effects of Micro Polystyrene Particles in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus
      Lee, Kyun-Woo; Shim, Won Joon; Kwon, Oh Youn; Kang, Jung-Hoon
      Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (19), 11278-11283CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      The authors investigated the effects of three sizes of polystyrene (PS) microbeads (0.05, 0.5, and 6-μm diam.) on the survival, development, and fecundity of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus using acute and chronic toxicity tests. T. japonicus ingested and egested all three sizes of PS beads used and exhibited no selective feeding when phytoplankton were added. The copepods (nauplius and adult females) survived all sizes of PS beads and the various concns. tested in the acute toxicity test for 96 h. In the two-generation chronic toxicity test, 0.05-μm PS beads at a concn. greater than 12.5 μg/mL caused the mortality of nauplii and copepodites in the F0 generation and even triggered mortality at a concn. of 1.25 μg/mL in the next generation. In the 0.5-μm PS bead treatment, despite there being no significant effect on the F0 generation, the highest concn. (25 μg/mL) induced a significant decrease in survival compared with the control population in the F1 generation. The 6-μm PS beads did not affect the survival of T. japonicus over two generations. The 0.5- and 6-μm PS beads caused a significant decrease in fecundity at all concns. These results suggest that microplastics such as micro- or nanosized PS beads may have neg. impacts on marine copepods.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlClsbzL&md5=1978297c8da5c1d7a44e1dd7f181cba9
    20. 20
      Cole, M.; Lindeque, P.; Fileman, E.; Halsband, C.; Galloway, T. S. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environ Sci Technol. 2015, 49, 1130– 7,  DOI: 10.1021/es504525u
      20
      The Impact of Polystyrene Microplastics on Feeding, Function and Fecundity in the Marine Copepod Calanus helgolandicus
      Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Galloway, Tamara S.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (2), 1130-1137CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Microscopic plastic debris, termed "microplastics", are of increasing environmental concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. Ingestion of microplastics can significantly alter the feeding capacity of the pelagic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Exposed to 20 μm polystyrene beads (75 microplastics mL-1) and cultured algae (250 μg C L-1) for 24 h, C. helgolandicus ingested 11% fewer algal cells and 40% less carbon biomass. There was a net downward shift in the mean size of algal prey consumed, with a 3.6-fold increase in ingestion rate for the smallest size class of algal prey (11.6-12.6 μm), suggestive of postcapture or postingestion rejection. Prolonged exposure to polystyrene microplastics significantly decreased reproductive output, but there were no significant differences in egg prodn. rates, respiration or survival. The authors constructed a conceptual energetic (carbon) budget showing that microplastic-exposed copepods suffer energetic depletion over time. The authors conclude that microplastics impede feeding in copepods, which over time could lead to sustained redns. in ingested carbon biomass.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXkvFemsw%253D%253D&md5=324a25f2226a3f52ebc6e0f85784ac7c
    21. 21
      Lo, H. K. A.; Chan, K. Y. K. Negative effects of microplastic exposure on growth and development of Crepidula onyx. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 233, 588– 595,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.095
      21
      Negative effects of microplastic exposure on growth and development of Crepidula onyx
      Lo, Hau Kwan Abby; Chan, Kit Yu Karen
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 233 (), 588-595CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastics exposure could be detrimental to marine organisms esp. under high concns. However, few studies have considered the multiphasic nature of marine invertebrates' life history and investigated the impact of experiencing microplastics during early development on post-metamorphic stages (legacy effect). Many planktonic larvae can feed selectively and it is unclear whether such selectivity could modulate the impact of algal food-sized microplastic. In this two-stage expt., veligers of Crepidula onyx were first exposed to addns. of algae-sized micro-polystyrene beads at different concns., including ones that were comparable their algal diet. These addns. were then either halted or continued after settlement. At environmentally relevant concn. larval and juvenile C. onyx was not affected. At higher concns., these micro-PS fed larvae consumed a similar amt. of algae compared to those in control but grew relatively slower than those in the control suggesting that ingestion and/or removal of microplastic was/were energetically costly. These larvae also settled earlier at a smaller size compared to the control, which could neg. affect post-settlement success. Individuals only exposed to micro-PS during their larval stage continued to have slower growth rates than those in the control even if micro-PS had been absent in their surroundings for 65 days highlighting a legacy effect of microplastic exposure.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhslygsr7M&md5=856cc0865ee777f5abe38e2163c536cb
    22. 22
      Kiørboe, T. How zooplankton feed: Mechanisms, traits and trade-offs. Biol. Rev. 2011, 86, 311– 39,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00148.x
      22
      How zooplankton feed: mechanisms, traits and trade-offs
      Kiorboe Thomas
      Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (2011), 86 (2), 311-39 ISSN:.
      Zooplankton is a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group and includes organisms that vary in size by many orders of magnitude, but they are all faced with the common problem of collecting food from a very dilute suspension. In order to maintain a viable population in the face of mortality, zooplankton in the ocean have to clear daily a volume of ambient water for prey particles that is equivalent to about 10(6) times their own body volume. While most size-specific vital rates and mortality rates decline with size, the clearance requirement is largely size-independent because food availability also declines with size. There is a limited number of solutions to the problem of concentrating dilute prey from a sticky medium: passive and active ambush feeding; feeding-current feeding, where the prey is either intercepted directly, retained on a filter, or individually perceived and extracted from the feeding current; cruise feeding; and colonization of large particles and marine snow aggregates. The basic mechanics of these food-collection mechanisms are described, and it is shown that their efficiencies are inherently different and that each of these mechanisms becomes less efficient with increasing size. Mechanisms that compensate for this decline in efficiency are described, including inflation of feeding structures and development of vision. Each feeding mode has implications beyond feeding in terms of risk of encountering predators and chance of meeting mates, and they partly target different types of prey. The main dichotomy is between (inefficient) ambush feeding on motile prey and the more efficient active feeding modes; a secondary dichotomy is between (efficient) hovering and (less efficient) cruising feeding modes. The efficiencies of the various feeding modes are traded off against feeding-mode-dependent metabolic expenses, predation risks, and mating chances. The optimality of feeding strategies, evaluated as the ratio of gain over risk, varies with the environment, and may explain both size-dependent and spatio-temporal differences in distributions of various feeding types as well as other aspects of the biology of zooplankton (mating behaviour, predator defence strategies).
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3MvjtF2ruw%253D%253D&md5=8be42d5ec3519e67f13dc25b0b72d866
    23. 23
      Worm, B.; Barbier, E. B.; Beaumont, N.; Duffy, J. E.; Folke, C.; Halpern, B. S.; Jackson, J. B. C.; Lotze, H. K.; Micheli, F.; Palumbi, S. R.; Sala, E.; Selkoe, K. A.; Stachowicz, J. J.; Watson, R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 2006, 314, 787– 790,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1132294
      23
      Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
      Worm, Boris; Barbier, Edward B.; Beaumont, Nicola; Duffy, J. Emmett; Folke, Carl; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Jackson, Jeremy B. C.; Lotze, Heike K.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Palumbi, Stephen R.; Sala, Enric; Selkoe, Kimberley A.; Stachowicz, John J.; Watson, Reg
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 314 (5800), 787-790CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local expts., long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity 4-fold and decreased variability by 21%, on av. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that, at this point, these trends are still reversible.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XhtFKit73J&md5=14349a382cea80939c41f965634e2bc6
    24. 24
      Vroom, R. J. E.; Koelmans, A. A.; Besseling, E.; Halsband, C. Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 987– 996,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.088
      24
      Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton
      Vroom, Renske J. E.; Koelmans, Albert A.; Besseling, Ellen; Halsband, Claudia
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 231 (Part_1), 987-996CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastics (<5 mm) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and are ingested by zooplankton with possible neg. effects on survival, feeding, and fecundity. The majority of lab. studies has used new and pristine microplastics to test their impacts, while aging processes such as weathering and biofouling alter the characteristics of plastic particles in the marine environment. We investigated zooplankton ingestion of polystyrene beads (15 and 30 μm) and fragments (≤30 μm), and tested the hypothesis that microplastics previously exposed to marine conditions (aged) are ingested at higher rates than pristine microplastics. Polystyrene beads were aged by soaking in natural local seawater for three weeks. Three zooplankton taxa ingested microplastics, excluding the copepod Pseudocalanus spp., but the proportions of individuals ingesting plastic and the no. of particles ingested were taxon and life stage specific and dependent on plastic size. All stages of Calanus finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments. Aged microbeads were preferred over pristine ones by females of Acartia longiremis as well as juvenile copepodites CV and adults of Calanus finmarchicus. The preference for aged microplastics may be attributed to the formation of a biofilm. Such a coating, made up of natural microbes, may contain similar prey as the copepods feed on in the water column and secrete chem. exudates that aid chemodetection and thus increase the attractiveness of the particles as food items. Much of the ingested plastic was, however, egested within a short time period (2-4 h) and the survival of adult Calanus females was not affected in an 11-day exposure. Neg. effects of microplastics ingestion were thus limited. Our findings emphasize, however, that aging plays an important role in the transformation of microplastics at sea and ingestion by grazers, and should thus be considered in future microplastics ingestion studies and ests. of microplastics transfer into the marine food web.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVKksr3I&md5=7f7038a51ea71b5472f935150e3d223d
    25. 25
      Steer, M.; Cole, M.; Thompson, R. C.; Lindeque, P. K. Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 226, 250– 259,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.062
      25
      Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel
      Steer, Madeleine; Cole, Matthew; Thompson, Richard C.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 226 (), 250-259CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastics have been documented in marine environments worldwide, where they pose a potential risk to biota. Environmental interactions between microplastics and lower trophic organisms are poorly understood. Coastal shelf seas are rich in productivity but also experience high levels of microplastic pollution. In these habitats, fish have an important ecol. and economic role. In their early life stages, planktonic fish larvae are vulnerable to pollution, environmental stress and predation. Here we assess the occurrence of microplastic ingestion in wild fish larvae. Fish larvae and water samples were taken across three sites (10, 19 and 35 km from shore) in the western English Channel from Apr. to June 2016. We identified 2.9% of fish larvae (n = 347) had ingested microplastics, of which 66% were blue fibers; ingested microfibers closely resembled those identified within water samples. With distance from the coast, larval fish d. increased significantly (P < 0.05), while waterborne microplastic concns. (P < 0.01) and incidence of ingestion decreased. This study provides baseline ecol. data illustrating the correlation between waterborne microplastics and the incidence of ingestion in fish larvae.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlvFWksLw%253D&md5=b5b6cd1fb11a39be50416c815a6967dd
    26. 26
      Sun, X.; Li, Q.; Zhu, M.; Liang, J.; Zheng, S.; Zhao, Y. Ingestion of microplastics by natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 115, 217– 24,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.004
      26
      Ingestion of microplastics by natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea
      Sun, Xiaoxia; Li, Qingjie; Zhu, Mingliang; Liang, Junhua; Zheng, Shan; Zhao, Yongfang
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 115 (1-2), 217-224CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The ingestion of microplastics by five natural zooplankton groups in the northern South China Sea was studied for the first time and two types of sampling nets (505 μm and 160 μm in mesh size) were compared. The microplastics were detected in zooplankton sampled from 16 stations, with the fibrous microplastics accounting for the largest proportion (70%). The main component of the found microplastics was polyester. The av. length of the microplastics was 125 μm and 167 μm for Nets I and II, resp. The encounter rates of microplastics/zooplankton increased with trophic levels. The av. encounter rate of microplastics/zooplankton was 5%, 15%, 34%, 49%, and 120% for Net I, and 8%, 21%, 47%, 60%, and 143% for Net II for copepods, chaetognaths, jellyfish, shrimp, and fish larvae, resp. The av. abundance of microplastics that were ingested by zooplankton was 4.1 pieces/m3 for Net I and 131.5 pieces/m3 for Net II.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVOltLnI&md5=ea595206f1a99fbdd256302fdcdca93d
    27. 27
      Huntley, M. E.; Barthel, K. G.; Star, J. L. Particle rejection by Calanus pacificus: discrimination between similarly sized particles. Mar. Biol. 1983, 74, 151– 60,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00413918
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    28. 28
      Coppock, R. L.; Galloway, T. S.; Cole, M.; Fileman, E. S.; Queirós, A. M.; Lindeque, P. K. Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 687, 780– 9,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.009
      28
      Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus
      Coppock, Rachel L.; Galloway, Tamara S.; Cole, Matthew; Fileman, Elaine S.; Queiros, Ana M.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
      Science of the Total Environment (2019), 687 (), 780-789CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Microplastics (1 μm-5 mm) are a ubiquitous marine contaminant of global concern, ingested by a wide range of marine taxa. Copepods are a key component of marine food webs, providing a source of food for higher trophic levels, and playing an important role in marine nutrient cycling. Microplastic ingestion has been documented in copepods, but knowledge gaps remain over how this affects feeding preference and fecal d. Here, we use exposure studies incorporating algal prey and microplastics of varying sizes and shapes at a concn. of 100 microplastics mL-1 to show: (1) prey selection by the copepod Calanus helgolandicus was affected by the size and shape of microplastics and algae they were exposed to; Exposure to nylon fibers resulted in a 6% decrease in ingestion of similar shaped chain-forming algae, while exposure to nylon fragments led to an 8% decrease in ingestion of a unicellular algae that were similar in shape and size. (2) Ingestion of microplastics with different densities altered the sinking rates of fecal pellets. Feces contg. low-d. polyethylene sank significantly more slowly than controls, while sinking rates increased when feces contained high-d. polyethylene terephthalate. These results suggest that C. helgolandicus avoid ingesting algae that are similar in size and/or shape to the microplastic particles they are exposed to, potentially in a bid to avoid consuming the plastic.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXht1Wjs7jK&md5=04e4f8752c2008b87e63c3cee79de33d
    29. 29
      Wright, S. L.; Thompson, R. C.; Galloway, T. S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review. Environ Pollut. 2013, 178, 483– 492,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031
      29
      The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review
      Wright, Stephanie L.; Thompson, Richard C.; Galloway, Tamara S.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2013), 178 (), 483-492CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with max. concns. reaching 100 000 particles m3. Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the phys. impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and d.; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the phys. impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXltVCrtLc%253D&md5=20428606cea7a4ad2b9195855fad5bff
    30. 30
      Cole, M.; Galloway, T. S. Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 14625– 14632,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04099
      30
      Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae
      Cole, Matthew; Galloway, Tamara S.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (24), 14625-14632CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Plastic debris is a prolific contaminant effecting freshwater and marine ecosystems across the globe. Of growing environmental concern are microplastics and nanoplastics encompassing tiny particles of plastic derived from manufg. and macroplastic fragmentation. Pelagic zooplankton are susceptible to consuming microplastics, however the threat posed to larvae of com. important bivalves is currently unknown. We exposed Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae (3-24 d.p.f.) to polystyrene particles of 70 nm-20 μm in size, including plastics with differing surface properties, and tested the impact of microplastics on larval feeding and growth. The frequency and magnitude of plastic ingestion over 24 h varied by larval age and size of polystyrene particle (ANOVA, p <0.01), and surface properties of the plastic, with aminated particles ingested and retained more frequently (ANOVA, p <0.01). A strong, significant correlation between propensity for plastic consumption and plastic load per organism was identified (Spearmans, r =0.95, p <0.01). Exposure to 1 and 10 μm PS for ≤8 days had no significant effect on C. gigas feeding or growth at <100 microplastics/mL. In conclusion, while micro- and nanoplastics were readily ingested by oyster larvae, exposure to plastic concns. exceeding those obsd. in the marine environment resulted in no measurable effects on the development or feeding capacity of the larvae over the duration of the study.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvVGiu7bF&md5=e5b9bf6767fe53dd25d15fb6d910dc2d
    31. 31
      Cole, M.; Coppock, R.; Lindeque, P. K.; Altin, D.; Reed, S.; Pond, D. W.; Sørensen, L.; Galloway, T. S.; Booth, A. M. Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 7075– 7082,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01853
      31
      Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod
      Cole, Matthew; Coppock, Rachel; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Altin, Dag; Reed, Sarah; Pond, David W.; Soerensen, Lisbet; Galloway, Tamara S.; Booth, Andy M.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (12), 7075-7082CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Microplastic debris is a pervasive environmental contaminant that has the potential to impact the health of biota, although its modes of action remain somewhat unclear. The current study tested the hypothesis that exposure to fibrous and particulate microplastics would alter feeding, impacting on lipid accumulation, and normal development (e.g., growth, moulting) in an ecol. important coldwater copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Preadult copepods were incubated in seawater contg. a mixed assemblage of cultured microalgae (control), with the addn. of ∼50 microplastics mL-1 of nylon microplastic granules (10-30μm) or fibers (10 × 30μm), which are similar in shape and size to the microalgal prey. The additive chem. profiles showed the presence of stabilizers, lubricants, monomer residues, and byproducts. Prey selectivity was significantly altered in copepods exposed to nylon fibers (ANOVA, P < 0.01) resulting in a nonsignificant 40% decrease in algal ingestion rates (ANOVA, P = 0.07), and copepods exposed to nylon granules showed nonsignificant lipid accumulation (ANOVA, P = 0.62). Both microplastics triggered premature moulting in juvenile copepods (Bernoulli GLM, P < 0.01). Our results emphasize that the shape and chem. profile of a microplastic can influence its bioavailability and toxicity, drawing attention to the importance of using environmentally relevant microplastics and chem. profiling plastics used in toxicity testing.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVaisL%252FO&md5=0d9d9bc53816ad207c33dbb1a7cf88e8
    32. 32
      Choi, J. S.; Jung, Y. J.; Hong, N. H.; Hong, S. H.; Park, J. W. Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 129, 231– 240,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.039
      32
      Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
      Choi, Jin Soo; Jung, Youn-Joo; Hong, Nam-Hui; Hong, Sang Hee; Park, June-Woo
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018), 129 (1), 231-240CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The increasing global contamination of plastics in marine environments is raising public concerns about the potential hazards of microplastics to environmental and human health. Microplastics formed by the breakdown of larger plastics are typically irregular in shape. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of spherical or irregular shapes of microplastics on changes in organ distribution, swimming behaviors, gene expression, and enzyme activities in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Both types of microplastics accumulated in the digestive system, causing intestinal distention. However, when compared to spherical microplastics, irregular microplastics decreased swimming behavior (i.e., total distance travelled and max. velocity) of sheepshead minnow. Both microplastics generated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS-related mol. changes (i.e., transcriptional and enzymic characteristics) differed. This study provides toxicol. insights into the impacts of environmentally relevant (fragmented) microplastics on fish and improves our understanding of the environmental effects of microplastics in the ecosystem.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjs1ajtbc%253D&md5=dab61847f5fdd14d582426c619e8ae0f
    33. 33
      Savoca, M. S.; Wohlfeil, M. E.; Ebeler, S. E.; Nevitt, G. A. Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1600395  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600395
      33
      Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds
      Savoca, Matthew S.; Wohlfeil, Martha E.; Ebeler, Susan E.; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.
      Science Advances (2016), 2 (11), e1600395/1-e1600395/8CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Plastic debris is ingested by hundreds of species of organisms, from zooplankton to baleen whales, but how such a diversity of consumers can mistake plastic for their natural prey is largely unknown. The sensory mechanisms underlying plastic detection and consumption have rarely been examd. within the context of sensory signals driving marine food web dynamics. We demonstrate exptl. that marine-seasoned microplastics produce a di-Me sulfide (DMS) signature that is also a keystone odorant for natural trophic interactions. We further demonstrate a pos. relationship between DMS responsiveness and plastic ingestion frequency using procellariiform seabirds as a model taxonomic group. Together, these results suggest that plastic debris emits the scent of a marine infochem., creating an olfactory trap for susceptible marine wildlife.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXlsVWjsLg%253D&md5=cac732da3b0db237d7d475868ce1382b
    34. 34
      Allen, A. S.; Seymour, A. C.; Rittschof, D. Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 124, 198– 205,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.030
      34
      Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral
      Allen, Austin S.; Seymour, Alexander C.; Rittschof, Daniel
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 124 (1), 198-205CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The drivers behind microplastic (up to 5 mm in diam.) consumption by animals are uncertain and impacts on foundational species are poorly understood. We investigated consumption of weathered, unfouled, biofouled, pre-prodn. and microbe-free National Institute of Stds. plastic by a scleractinian coral that relies on chemosensory cues for feeding. Expt. one found that corals ingested many plastic types while mostly ignoring org.-free sand, suggesting that plastic contains phagostimulents. Expt. two found that corals ingested more plastic that wasn't covered in a microbial biofilm than plastics that were biofilmed. Addnl., corals retained ∼ 8% of ingested plastic for 24 h or more and retained particles appeared stuck in corals, with consequences for energetics, pollutant toxicity and trophic transfer. The potential for chemoreception to drive plastic consumption in marine taxa has implications for conservation.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1aksbvI&md5=76134bf9b06f2a90f3f285759abba10b
    35. 35
      Procter, J.; Hopkins, F. E.; Fileman, E. S.; Lindeque, P. K. Smells good enough to eat: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enhances copepod ingestion of microplastics. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 138, 1– 6,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.014
      35
      Smells good enough to eat: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enhances copepod ingestion of microplastics
      Procter, Jade; Hopkins, Frances E.; Fileman, Elaine S.; Lindeque, Penelope K.
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 138 (), 1-6CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Marine copepods have been shown to readily ingest microplastics - a crucial first step in the transfer of plastics into the marine food chain. Copepods have also been shown to elicit a foraging behavioral response to the presence of olfactory stimuli, such as di-Me sulfide (DMS) - a volatile compd. produced by their algal prey. Here, we show that the temperate Calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus displays enhanced grazing rates of between 0.7 and 3-fold (72%-292%) on microplastics that have been infused in a DMS soln., compared to DMS-free controls. Environmental exposure of microplastics may result in the development of an olfactory signature that includes algal-derived compds. such as DMS. Our study provides evidence that copepods, which are known to use chemosensory mechanisms to identify and locate dense sources of palatable prey, may be at an increased risk of plastic ingestion if it mimics the scent of their prey.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1eisLjO&md5=9bf0e0123b11b0e42f5461cab73c031b
    36. 36
      Barnes, D. K. A. Biodiversity: Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 2002, 416, 808– 809,  DOI: 10.1038/416808a
      36
      Biodiversity: Invasions by marine life on plastic debris
      Barnes, D. K. A.
      Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2002), 416 (6883), 808-809CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Colonization by alien species poses one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Here I investigate the colonization by marine organisms of drift debris deposited on the shores of 30 remote islands from the Arctic to the Antarctic (across all oceans) and find that human litter more than doubles the rafting opportunities for biota, particularly at high latitudes. Although the poles may be protected from invasion by freezing sea surface temps., these may be under threat as the fastest-warming areas anywhere are at these latitudes.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XjtFyksL0%253D&md5=1d0e1426743a5266dc5fec4c4de78914
    37. 37
      Lobelle, D.; Cunliffe, M. Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62, 197– 200,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.013
      37
      Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris
      Lobelle, Delphine; Cunliffe, Michael
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2011), 62 (1), 197-200CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      An important aspect of the global problem of plastic debris pollution is plastic buoyancy. There is some evidence that buoyancy is influenced by attached biofilms but as yet this is poorly understood. We submerged polyethylene plastic in seawater and sampled weekly for 3 wk in order to study early stage processes. Microbial biofilms developed rapidly on the plastic and coincided with significant changes in the physicochem. properties of the plastic. Submerged plastic became less hydrophobic and more neutrally buoyant during the expt. Bacteria readily colonized the plastic but there was no indication that plastic-degrading microorganisms were present. This study contributes to improved understanding of the fate of plastic debris in the marine environment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVSqsbg%253D&md5=5d69e06707205901c3be9768c678a0d0
    38. 38
      Zettler, E. R.; Mincer, T. J.; Amaral-Zettler, L. A. Life in the “plastisphere”: Microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7137– 7146,  DOI: 10.1021/es401288x
      38
      Life in the "Plastisphere": Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris
      Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (13), 7137-7146CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Plastics are the most abundant form of marine debris, with global prodn. rising and documented impacts in some marine environments, but the influence of plastic on open ocean ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly for microbial communities. Plastic marine debris (PMD) collected at multiple locations in the North Atlantic was analyzed with SEM and next-generation sequencing to characterize the attached microbial communities. A diverse microbial community of heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, and symbionts was unveiled, a community referred to as the Plastisphere. Pits visualized in the PMD surface conformed to bacterial shapes suggesting active hydrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymer. Small-subunit rRNA gene surveys identified several hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, supporting the possibility that microbes play a role in degrading PMD. Some Plastisphere members may be opportunistic pathogens such as specific members of the genus Vibrio that dominated one of the plastic samples. Plastisphere communities are distinct from surrounding surface water, implying that plastic serves as a novel ecol. habitat in the open ocean. Plastic has a longer half-life than most natural floating marine substrates, and a hydrophobic surface that promotes microbial colonization and biofilm formation, differing from autochthonous substrates in the upper layers of the ocean.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXptFeht7w%253D&md5=5cb5cc4874bdb7191cdea0bd2fb82a1d
    39. 39
      Yoch, D. C. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: Its Sources, Role in the Marine Food Web, and Biological Degradation to Dimethylsulfide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68, 5804– 5815,  DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5804-5815.2002
      39
      Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: its sources, role in the marine food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide
      Yoch, Duane C.
      Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2002), 68 (12), 5804-5815CODEN: AEMIDF; ISSN:0099-2240. (American Society for Microbiology)
      A review concerning sources of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), its role in marine food webs, and its biol. degrdn. to dimethylsulfide (DMS), is given. Topics discussed include: marine DMS emissions and climate; DMSP sources; linking phytoplankton DMSP to the microbial food web (DMSP released by zooplankton grazing); and bacterial degrdn. of DMSP (DMSP demethylation, phylogeny of DMSP degraders, DMSP uptake and cleavage).
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XptlarsL0%253D&md5=260ea737a2d0db8bc7e5b90f3e83c821
    40. 40
      Pohnert, G.; Steinke, M.; Tollrian, R. Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22, 198– 204,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.005
      40
      Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions
      Pohnert Georg; Steinke Michael; Tollrian Ralph
      Trends in ecology & evolution (2007), 22 (4), 198-204 ISSN:0169-5347.
      Several observations and model calculations suggest that chemically mediated interactions can structure planktonic food webs. However, only recently have improvements in chemical methods, coupled with ecological assays, led to the characterization of chemical cues that affect the behaviour and/or physiology of planktonic organisms. We are currently beginning to elucidate if or how chemical signals can directly affect the interactions between species and even shape complex community structures in aquatic systems. Here, we highlight recent research on the nature and action of chemical signals in the pelagic marine and freshwater environments, with an emphasis on kairomones and defence metabolites.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2s3lvFKjsA%253D%253D&md5=9b98737cb17eecd6df134b21a6952c94
    41. 41
      Lana, A.; Bell, T. G.; Simó, R.; Vallina, S. M.; Ballabrera-Poy, J.; Kettle, A. J.; Dachs, J.; Bopp, L.; Saltzman, E. S.; Stefels, J.; Johnson, J. E.; Liss, P. S. An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2011, 25, 1– 17,  DOI: 10.1029/2010GB003850
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    42. 42
      Endres, C. S.; Lohmann, K. J. Perception of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by loggerhead sea turtles: A possible mechanism for locating high-productivity oceanic regions for foraging. J. Exp. Biol. 2012, 215, 3535– 3538,  DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073221
      42
      Perception of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by loggerhead sea turtles: a possible mechanism for locating high-productivity oceanic regions for foraging
      Endres Courtney S; Lohmann Kenneth J
      The Journal of experimental biology (2012), 215 (Pt 20), 3535-8 ISSN:.
      During their long-distance migrations, sea turtles of several species feed on jellyfish and other invertebrates that are particularly abundant in ocean regions characterized by high productivity. An ability to distinguish productive oceanic regions from other areas, and to concentrate foraging activities in locations where prey density is highest, might therefore be adaptive. The volatile compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS) accumulates in the air above productive ocean areas such as upwelling and frontal zones. In principle, DMS might therefore serve as an indicator of high prey density for turtles. To determine whether turtles perceive DMS, juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were placed into a water-filled arena in which DMS and other odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Turtles exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing 10 nmol l(-1) DMS spent more time at the surface with their noses out of the water than control turtles, which were exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing distilled water. Odors that do not occur in the sea (cinnamon, jasmine and lemon) did not elicit increased surface time, implying that the response to DMS is unlikely to reflect a generalized response to any novel odor. The results demonstrate for the first time that sea turtles can detect DMS, an ability that might enable the identification of favorable foraging areas.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3s%252Fgtl2gtg%253D%253D&md5=16c2aff429d576631694119f3f5b2323
    43. 43
      Steinke, M.; Stefels, J.; Stamhuis, E. Dimethyl sulfide triggers search behavior in copepods. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51, 1925– 1930,  DOI: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1925
      43
      Dimethyl sulfide triggers search behavior in copepods
      Steinke, Michael; Stefels, Jacqueline; Stamhuis, eize
      Limnology and Oceanography (2006), 51 (4), 1925-1930CODEN: LIOCAH; ISSN:0024-3590. (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography)
      The oceans are nutritionally dil., and finding food is a major challenge for many zooplanktonic predators. Chemodetection is necessary for successful prey-capture, but little is known about the infochems. involved in the interaction between herbivorous copepods and their phytoplankton prey. We used females of Temora longicornis to investigate chemodetection of di-Me sulfide (DMS) in this calanoid copepod and quantified its behavioral response to plumes of DMS using video-microscopy in combination with laser-sheet particle image velocimetry (PIV). Slow injection of a 1-μmol L-1 DMS plume into the feeding current resulted in a characteristic behavioral pattern ("tail-flapping"), a redirection of flow equiv. to 30% of the av. current velocity, and changes in the location of flow-induced vortices. In free-swimming individuals, this likely results in somersault-type movements that are assocd. with search behavior in copepods. In comparison to seawater controls, DMS injections significantly increased the av. no. of tail-flaps per copepod during the first 2 s after exposure to DMS gradients. Our results demonstrate that copepods can detect and react to plumes of DMS and suggest that this biogenic trace gas can influence the structure and function of pelagic foodwebs.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xot1anurw%253D&md5=92ef40b7dc3b894c9646a8619925bb47
    44. 44
      DeBose, J. L.; Nevitt, G. A.; Dittman, A. H. Rapid Communication: Experimental evidence that Juvenile Pelagic Jacks (Carangidae) respond behaviorally to DMSP. J. Chem. Ecol. 2010, 36, 326– 8,  DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9755-9
      44
      Rapid communication: experimental evidence that juvenile pelagic jacks (Carangidae) respond behaviorally to DMSP
      Debose Jennifer L; Nevitt Gabrielle A; Dittman Andrew H
      Journal of chemical ecology (2010), 36 (3), 326-8 ISSN:.
      Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced by marine algae and released during foraging activity by zooplankton and fish. Pelagic fishes depend on patchily distributed foraging opportunities, and DMSP may be an important signaling molecule for these events. We have previously shown that the abundance of carangid jacks is positively associated with elevated DMSP levels over coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting that these fishes may use spatial and temporal variation in DMSP to locate foraging opportunities. Here, we extend this work by demonstrating that juveniles of two species of pelagic jack, crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, and bluefin trevally, C. melampygus, detect and respond to DMSP in a flow-through tank in the laboratory. Juveniles of these species showed elevated swimming activity in response to ecologically relevant concentrations of DMSP (10(-9) M). These results provide further evidence that this chemical may serve as a chemosensory cue for carangid species.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3c7otVWrsw%253D%253D&md5=b97c294572279b347eab4f002ff65907
    45. 45
      DeBose, J. L.; Lema, S. C.; Nevitt, G. A. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes. Science 2008, 319, 1356,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1151109
      45
      Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a Foraging Cue for Reef Fishes
      DeBose, Jennifer L.; Lema, Sean C.; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 319 (5868), 1356CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Coral reefs resemble islands of productive habitats where fish aggregate, forage, and spawn. Although it has been suggested some reef fish use biogenic compds. as aggregation cues, specific compds. have not been identified. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced by phytoplankton and benthic algae assocd. with coral reefs and is linked to ocean productivity (M. Steinke, et al., 2006). DMSP is released during grazing by zooplankton or when herbivores are eaten (J.W.H. Dacey, et al., 1994; H. Iida, 1988), suggesting a role as a foraging clue. DMSP has been intensively studied for its role in ocean S cycles and global climate regulation, but its ecol. importance to marine fish is unknown. This work presents evidence that planktivorous reef fish will aggregate to controlled exptl. deployments of DMSP over coral reef habitats in the wild off Curacao coastline, Netherlands Antilles. Results showed DMSP is a potent attractant to some planktivorous reef fish (Chromis multilineata, Clepticus parrae, Inermia vittata); fish also responded to DMSP following species-specific patterns.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXislSktr8%253D&md5=36602d55bab93237273baef6845d88b4
    46. 46
      Breckels, M. N.; Roberts, E. C.; Archer, S. D.; Malin, G.; Steinke, M. The role of dissolved infochemicals in mediating predator-prey interactions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina. J. Plankton Res. 2011, 33, 629– 639,  DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbq114
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    47. 47
      Phuong, N. N.; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A.; Poirier, L.; Kamari, A.; Châtel, A.; Mouneyrac, C.; Al, E. Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments?. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 211, 111– 123,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.035
      47
      Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments?
      Phuong, Nam Ngoc; Zalouk-Vergnoux, Aurore; Poirier, Laurence; Kamari, Abderrahmane; Chatel, Amelie; Mouneyrac, Catherine; Lagarde, Fabienne
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 211 (), 111-123CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The ubiquitous presence and persistency of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are of particular concern since they represent an increasing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Great differences of concns. and/or quantities in field samples have been obsd. depending on geog. location around the world. The main types reported have been polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The presence of MPs in marine wildlife has been shown in many studies focusing on ingestion and accumulation in different tissues, whereas studies of the biol. effects of MPs in the field are scarce. If the nature and abundance/concns. of MPs have not been systematically detd. in field samples, this is due to the fact that the identification of MPs from environmental samples requires mastery and execution of several steps and techniques. For this reason and due to differences in sampling techniques and sample prepn., it remains difficult to compare the published studies. Most lab. expts. have been performed with MP concns. of a higher order of magnitude than those found in the field. Consequently, the ingestion and assocd. effects obsd. in exposed organisms have corresponded to great contaminant stress, which does not mimic the natural environment. Medium contaminations are produced with only one type of polymer of a precise sizes and homogenous shape whereas the MPs present in the field are known to be a mix of many types, sizes and shapes of plastic. Moreover, MPs originating in marine environments can be colonized by organisms and constitute the sorption support for many org. compds. present in environment that are not easily reproducible in lab. Detn. of the mech. and chem. effects of MPs on organisms is still a challenging area of research. Among the potential chem. effects it is necessary to differentiate those related to polymer properties from those due to the sorption/desorption of org. compds.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtlGmtQ%253D%253D&md5=fb914a439cc3a0eae3003e7a8fa422f8
    48. 48
      Cole, M. A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34519  DOI: 10.1038/srep34519
      48
      A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers
      Cole, Matthew
      Scientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 34519CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Microscopic plastic (microplastic, 0.1 μm-5 mm) is a widespread pollutant impacting upon aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Environmental sampling has revealed synthetic fibers are prevalent in seawater, sediments and biota. However, microplastic fibers are rarely used in lab. studies as they are unavailable for purchase and existing prepn. techniques have limited application. To facilitate the incorporation of environmentally relevant microplastic fibers into future studies, new methods are required. Here, a novel cryotome protocol has been developed. Nylon, polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene fibers (10-28 μm diam.) were aligned, embedded in water-sol. freezing agent, and sectioned (40-100 μm length) using a cryogenic microtome. Microplastic fibers were prepd. to specified lengths (P < 0.05, ANOVA) and proved consistent in size. Fluorescent labeling of Nylon microfibers with Nile Red facilitated imaging. A 24 h feeding expt. confirmed bioavailability of 10 × 40 μm Nylon fibers to brine shrimp (Artemia sp). This protocol provides a consistent method for prepg. standardized fibrous microplastics, with widths similar to those obsd. in the natural environment, which could ultimately lead to a better understanding of the biol. and ecol. effects of microplastic debris in the environment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhs1amtLrP&md5=20e1e49aff83ad4f849c9362679664a1
    49. 49
      Archer, S. D.; Cummings, D. G.; Llewellyn, C. A.; Fishwick, J. R. Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 394, 111– 124,  DOI: 10.3354/meps08284
      49
      Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas
      Archer, Stephen D.; Cummings, Denise G.; Llewellyn, Carole A.; Fishwick, James R.
      Marine Ecology: Progress Series (2009), 394 (), 111-124CODEN: MESEDT; ISSN:0171-8630. (Inter-Research)
      The influences of physico-chem. and biol. variables on the concns. of di-Me sulfide (DMS) and its precursor β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were investigated through an annual cycle in the temperate shelf seas of the western English Channel. Total DMSP to chlorophyll a ratios (DMSPt/chl a) varied seasonally by 40-fold, and DMS and DMSP concns. became temporally uncoupled, with elevated relative DMS concns. during spring and midsummer. Taxonomic succession of high DMSP-producing phytoplankton, including Phaeocystis pouchetii, Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum min., is apparent in the seasonal pattern of DMSPt concns. Peridinin and DMSPt concns. showed similar seasonal trends (p < 0.0001), illustrating the substantial contribution by dinoflagellate taxa to DMSP prodn. Summertime stratification of the water column coincided with increased mixed layer doses of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), increased surface UV-B (UVB) irradiance relative to PAR and a decrease in nitrate and phosphate availability. PAR dose explained 68 % of the variability in DMSP/chl a during the seasonal study; while nitrate concns. were inversely related to DMSP/chl a and explained 64 % of the variability in log-transformed DMSP/chl a. PAR dose explained only 25 % of the variation in DMS concn., while nitrate concn. was inversely related to DMS and explained 49 % of the variation in log-transformed DMS concn. The highly significant relationship between DMSP/chl a and PAR dose was similar to those obsd. for the chlorophyll-specific accumulation of the photoprotective xanthophyll compds. diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin and the chlorophyll-specific concns. of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids. These results lend further, indirect evidence for a photoprotective role of DMSP, possibly assocd. with physiol. stress caused by high PAR and UV radiation and intensified by nutrient limitation.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXotVOltg%253D%253D&md5=c4992098d29e51c9cabf401feb66041b
    50. 50
      Frost, B. W. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behaviour of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1972, 17, 805– 815,  DOI: 10.4319/lo.1972.17.6.0805
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    51. 51
      Syberg, K.; Nielsen, A.; Khan, F. R.; Banta, G. T.; Palmqvist, A.; Jepsen, P. M. Microplastic potentiates triclosan toxicity to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2017, 80, 1369– 71,  DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1385046
      51
      Microplastic potentiates triclosan toxicity to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana)
      Syberg, Kristian; Nielsen, Anne; Khan, Farhan R.; Banta, Gary T.; Palmqvist, Annemette; Jepsen, Per M.
      Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues (2017), 80 (23-24), 1369-1371CODEN: JTEHF8; ISSN:1528-7394. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
      Microplastics (MP) are contaminants of environmental concern partly due to plastics ability to sorb and transport hydrophobic org. contaminants (HOC). The importance of this "vector effect" is currently being debated in the scientific community. This debate largely ignores that the co-exposures of MP and HOC are mixts. of hazardous agents, which can be addressed from a mixt. toxicity perspective. In this study, mixt. effects of polyethylene microbeads (MP) and triclosan (TCS) (a commonly used antibacterial agent in cosmetics) were assessed on the marine copepod Acartia tonsa. Data indicated that MP potentiate the toxicity of TCS, illustrating the importance of understanding the mixt. interaction between plastics and HOC when addressing the environmental importance of the vector effect.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhvVWmsr%252FE&md5=e50499c6b81768f8c6e691524d722cdc
    52. 52
      Cannon, B. Y. H. G. On the feeding mechanism of the copepod, Calanus finmarchicus and Diaptomus gracilis. J. Exp. Biol. 1928, 6, 131– 44
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    53. 53
      Paffenhöfer, G.-A.; Strickler, J. R.; Alcaraz, M. Suspension-feeding by herbivorous calanoid copepods: A cinematographic study. Mar. Biol. 1982, 67, 193– 199,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00401285
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    54. 54
      Donaghay, P. L.; Small, L. F. Food selection capabilities of the estuarine copepod Acartia clausi. Mar. Biol. 1979, 52, 137– 146,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00390421
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    55. 55
      Saiz, E.; Kiorboe, T. Predatory and suspension feeding of the copepod Acartia tonsa in turbulent environments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 122, 147– 158,  DOI: 10.3354/meps122147
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    56. 56
      Juinio, M. A. R.; Cobb, J. S. Natural diet and feeding habits of the postlarval lobster Homarus americanus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 85, 83– 91,  DOI: 10.3354/meps085083
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    57. 57
      Stearns, D. E.; Forward, R. B. Photosensitivity of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar. Biol. 1988, 253, 247– 253,  DOI: 10.1007/bf00392766
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    58. 58
      Meyer-Rochow, V. B. Larval and adult eye of the Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus longipes). Cell Tissue Res. 1975, 162, 439– 57,  DOI: 10.1007/BF00209345
      58
      Larval and adult eye of the western rock lobster (Panulirus longipes)
      Meyer-Rochow V B
      Cell and tissue research (1975), 162 (4), 439-57 ISSN:0302-766X.
      A number of differences exists between the compound eyes of larval and adult rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes. The larval eye more closely resembles the apposition type of compound eye, in which retinula cells and rhabdom lie immediately below the cone cells. The adult eye, on the other hand, is a typical clear-zone photoreceptor in which cones and retinula cell layers are separated by a wide transparent region. The rhabdom of the larval eye, if cut longitudinally, exhibits a "banded" structure over its entire length; in the adult the banded part is confined to the distal end, and the rhabdom is tiered. Both eyes have in common an eighth, distally-located retinula cell, which possesses orthogonally-oriented microvilli, and a peculiar lens-shaped "crystal", which appears to focus light onto the narrow column of the distal rhabdom. Migration of screening pigment on dark-light adaptation is accompanied by changes in sensitivity and resolution of the eye. Retinula cells belonging to one ommatidium do not arrange into one single bundle of axons, but interweave with axons of four neighbouring facets in an extraordinarily regular fashion.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaE28%252FktFOjsg%253D%253D&md5=d1231cd4790e013a08e595457279e7d0
    59. 59
      Setälä, O.; Fleming-Lehtinen, V.; Lehtiniemi, M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 185, 77– 83,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013
      59
      Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web
      Setala, Outi; Fleming-Lehtinen, Vivi; Lehtiniemi, Maiju
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 185 (), 77-83CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Expts. were carried out with different Baltic Sea zooplankton taxa to scan their potential to ingest plastics. Mysid shrimps, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, polychaete larvae and ciliates were exposed to 10 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. These expts. showed ingestion of microspheres in all taxa studied. The highest percentage of individuals with ingested spheres was found in pelagic polychaete larvae, Marenzelleria spp. Expts. with the copepod Eurytemora affinis and the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer showed egestion of microspheres within 12 h. Food web transfer expts. were done by offering zooplankton labeled with ingested microspheres to mysid shrimps. Microscopy observations of mysid intestine showed the presence of zooplankton prey and microspheres after 3 h incubation. This study shows for the first time the potential of plastic microparticle transfer via planktonic organisms from one trophic level (mesozooplankton) to a higher level (macrozooplankton). The impacts of plastic transfer and possible accumulation in the food web need further investigations.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFylsr%252FM&md5=74e5445a29a1548a3ae3b928212da777
    60. 60
      Amaral-Zettler, L. A.; Zettler, E. R.; Mincer, T. J. Ecology of the plastisphere. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020, 18, 139– 151,  DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0308-0
      60
      Ecology of the plastisphere
      Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.; Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.
      Nature Reviews Microbiology (2020), 18 (3), 139-151CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Research)
      Abstr.: The plastisphere, which comprises the microbial community on plastic debris, rivals that of the built environment in spanning multiple biomes on Earth. Although human-derived debris has been entering the ocean for thousands of years, microplastics now numerically dominate marine debris and are primarily colonized by microbial and other microscopic life. The realization that this novel substrate in the marine environment can facilitate microbial dispersal and affect all aquatic ecosystems has intensified interest in the microbial ecol. and evolution of this biotope. Whether a 'core' plastisphere community exists that is specific to plastic is currently a topic of intense investigation. This Review provides an overview of the microbial ecol. of the plastisphere in the context of its diversity and function, as well as suggesting areas for further research.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXis1Sjur8%253D&md5=53874876627257bfaa1ab691543170d0
    61. 61
      Pinto, M.; Langer, T. M.; Huffer, T.; Hofmann, T.; Herndl, G. J. The composition of bacterial communities associated with plastic biofilms differs between different polymers and stages of biofilm succession. PLoS One 2019, 14, e0217165  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217165
      61
      The composition of bacterial communities associated with plastic biofilms differs between different polymers and stages of biofilm succession
      Pinto, Maria; Langer, Teresa M.; Hueffer, Thorsten; Hofmann, Thilo; Herndl, Gerhard J.
      PLoS One (2019), 14 (6), e0217165CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)
      Once in the ocean, plastics are rapidly colonized by complex microbial communities. Factors affecting the development and compn. of these communities are still poorly understood. Addnl., whether there are plastic-type specific communities developing on different plastics remains enigmatic. We detd. the development and succession of bacterial communities on different plastics under ambient and dim light conditions in the coastal Northern Adriatic over the course of two months using SEM and 16S rRNA gene analyses. Plastics used were low- and high-d. polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE, resp.), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride with two typical additives (PVC DEHP and PVC DINP). The bacterial communities developing on the plastics clustered in two groups; one group was found on PVC and the other group on all the other plastics and on glass, which was used as an inert control. Specific bacterial taxa were found on sp. surfaces in essentially all stages of biofilm development and in both ambient and dim light conditions. Differences in bacterial community compn. between the different plastics and light exposures were stronger after an incubation period of one week than at the later stages of the incubation. Under both ambient and dim light conditions, one part of the bacterial community was common on all plastic types, esp. in later stages of the biofilm development, with families such as Flavobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Planctomycetaceae and Phyllobacteriaceae presenting relatively high relative abundances on all surfaces. Another part of the bacterial community was plastic-type specific. The plastic-type specific fraction was variable among the different plastic types and was more abundant after one week of incubation than at later stages of the succession.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtlKls7rJ&md5=f7bfb2e506aa55c5e5e1659360b17bf0
    62. 62
      Enders, K.; Lenz, R.; Stedmon, C. A.; Nielsen, T. G. Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 100, 70– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027
      62
      Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥ 10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution
      Enders, Kristina; Lenz, Robin; Stedmon, Colin A.; Nielsen, Torkel G.
      Marine Pollution Bulletin (2015), 100 (1), 70-81CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      We studied abundance, size and polymer type of microplastic down to 10 μm along a transect from the European Coast to the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASG) using an underway intake filtration technique and Raman micro-spectrometry. Concns. ranged from 13 to 501 items m- 3. Highest concns. were obsd. at the European coast, decreasing towards mid-Atlantic waters but elevated in the western NASG. We obsd. highest nos. among particles in the 10-20 μm size fraction, whereas the total vol. was highest in the 50-80 μm range. Based on a numerical model size-dependent depth profiles of polyethylene microspheres in a range from 10-1000 μm were calcd. and show a strong dispersal throughout the surface mixed layer for sizes smaller than 200 μm. From model and field study results we conclude that small microplastic is ubiquitously distributed over the ocean surface layer and has a lower residence time than larger plastic debris in this compartment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ehurjI&md5=a84c9a9e4238847d80bea39982655c07
    63. 63
      Lindeque, P. K.; Cole, M.; Coppock, R. L.; Lewis, C. N.; Miller, R. Z.; Watts, A. J. R.; Wilson-McNeal, A.; Wright, S. L.; Galloway, T. S. Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of. Environ Pollut. 2020, 265, 114721  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721
      63
      Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size
      Lindeque, Penelope K.; Cole, Matthew; Coppock, Rachel L.; Lewis, Ceri N.; Miller, Rachael Z.; Watts, Andrew J. R.; Wilson-McNeal, Alice; Wright, Stephanie L.; Galloway, Tamara S.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 265 (Part_A), 114721CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Microplastic debris is ubiquitous and yet sampling, classifying and enumerating this prolific pollutant in marine waters has proven challenging. Typically, waterborne microplastic sampling is undertaken using nets with a 333μm mesh, which cannot account for smaller debris. In this study, we provide an est. of the extent to which microplastic concns. are underestimated with traditional sampling. Our efforts focus on coastal waters, where microplastics are predicted to have the greatest influence on marine life, on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. Microplastic debris was collected via surface trawls using 100, 333 and 500μm nets. Our findings show that sampling using nets with a 100μm mesh resulted in the collection of 2.5-fold and 10-fold greater microplastic concns. compared with using 333 and 500μm meshes resp. (P < 0.01). Based on the relationship between microplastic concns. identified and extrapolation of our data using a power law, we est. that microplastic concns. could exceed 3700 microplastics m-3 if a net with a 1μm mesh size is used. We further identified that use of finer nets resulted in the collection of significantly thinner and shorter microplastic fibers (P < 0.05). These results elucidate that ests. of marine microplastic concns. could currently be underestimated.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlCltbjE&md5=d11df4ef93260d6544dbf73c5f52b2e3

  • Supporting Information

    Supporting Information

    ARTICLE SECTIONS
    Jump To

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02715.

    • Images of the microplastics and microplastic concentration data at T0, T3, and T6 (PDF)


    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

PDF [ 2MB]

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect