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Life in the “Plastisphere”: Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris

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Sea Education Association, P.O. Box 6, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd., MS# 51, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
§ The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
*Phone: 508-289-7259 (L.A.A.-Z.); 508-289-3640 (T.J.M.). Fax: 508-457-4727 (L.A.A.-Z.); 508-289-3640 (T.J.M.). E-mail: [email protected] (L.A.A.-Z.); [email protected](T.J.M.).
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 13, 7137–7146
Publication Date (Web):June 7, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/es401288x
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

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    Abstract

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    Plastics are the most abundant form of marine debris, with global production rising and documented impacts in some marine environments, but the influence of plastic on open ocean ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly for microbial communities. Plastic marine debris (PMD) collected at multiple locations in the North Atlantic was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and next-generation sequencing to characterize the attached microbial communities. We unveiled a diverse microbial community of heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, and symbionts, a community we refer to as the “Plastisphere”. Pits visualized in the PMD surface conformed to bacterial shapes suggesting active hydrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymer. Small-subunit rRNA gene surveys identified several hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, supporting the possibility that microbes play a role in degrading PMD. Some Plastisphere members may be opportunistic pathogens (the authors, unpublished data) such as specific members of the genus Vibrio that dominated one of our plastic samples. Plastisphere communities are distinct from surrounding surface water, implying that plastic serves as a novel ecological habitat in the open ocean. Plastic has a longer half-life than most natural floating marine substrates, and a hydrophobic surface that promotes microbial colonization and biofilm formation, differing from autochthonous substrates in the upper layers of the ocean.

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    Figure S1 shows a heatmap with the relative abundances of the most abundant taxonomic groups from PP, PE and seawater. Figure S2 shows an ARB tree with the placement of our most abundant Vibrio OTU. Figure S3 shows the LDA scores for the OTUs that explain the greatest differences between seawater, PP and PE communities. Table S1 provides contextual data for the samples used in this study including observed richness and evenness. Table S2 provides a MIMARKS table. Table S3 provides the taxonomy for the network analysis shown in Figure 6.This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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