Globalization and contentious politics: A comparative analysis of nonviolent and violent campaigns
Abstract
Scholarly interest in the topic of nonviolent resistance has recently increased as a result of the worldwide spread of nonviolent campaigns such as the Arab Spring. Yet causal factors that facilitate the emergence of nonviolent resistance campaigns remain underexplored. This paper comparatively analyzes the causal factors of nonviolent and violent resistance campaigns in the world for the period 1976–2006 by utilizing NAVCO 2 data. This paper argues that increasing levels of globalization lead to a preference for nonviolent campaigns over violent ones. The findings confirm that increasing levels of globalization are positively associated with the emergence of nonviolent campaigns, while negatively influencing the probability of violent campaigns. Integration into the world increases the popularity of peaceful alternatives to achieve political goals.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Abouharb RM, Cingranelli DL (2007) Human Rights and Structural Adjustment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ackerman P, Karatnycky A (2005) How Freedom is Won—From Civic Resistance to Durable Democracy. New York: Freedom House.
Ackerman P, DuVall J (2000) A Force more Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Palgrave.
Alan H, Summers R, Aten B (2011) Penn World Table Version 7.0. Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania.
Albrow MA (1997) The Global Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Asal V, Legault R, Szekely O, Wilkenfeld J (2013) Gender ideologies and forms of contentious mobilization in the Middle East. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 305–318.
Beck N, Katz JN, Tucker (1998) Taking time seriously: Time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. American Journal of Political Science 42(4): 1260–1288.
Berger S (2000) Globalization and politics. Annual Review of Political Science 3: 43–62.
Bhagwati J (2004) In Defence of Globalization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Blanton RG, Apodaca C (2007) Economic globalization and violent civil conflict: Is openness a pathway to peace? The Social Science Journal 44(4): 599–619.
Bob C (2002) Political Process Theory and transnational movements: Dialectics of protest among Nigeria’s Ogoni minority. Social Problems 49(3): 395–415.
Bond J, Bond D (2008) Peaceful transitions: Nonviolent direct action and stability. Mimeo, Harvard University and Virtual Research Associates Inc.
Brady D, Denniston R (2006) Economic globalization, industrialization and deindustrialization in affluent democracies. Social Forces 85(1): 297–329.
Bunce V, Wolchik S (2007) Bringing down dictators: American democracy promotion and electoral revolutions in postcommunist Eurasia. Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University, Working Paper, 5-07.
Bussmann M, Schneider G (2007) When globalization discontent turns violent: Foreign economic liberalization and internal war. International Studies Quarterly 51: 79–97.
Butcher C, Svensson I (2014) Manufacturing dissent modernization and the onset of major nonviolent resistance campaigns. Journal of Conflict Resolution July: 1–29.
Carter DB, Signorino CS (2010) Back to the future: Modeling time dependence in binary data. Political Analysis 18(3): 271–292.
Chenoweth E, Cunningham KG (2013) Understanding nonviolent resistance: An introduction. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 271–276.
Chenoweth E, Lewis AO (2013) Unpacking nonviolent campaigns: Introducing the NAVCO 2.0 dataset. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 415–423.
Chenoweth E, Stephan MJ (2011) Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.
Chenoweth E, Ulfelder J (2015) Can structural conditions explain the onset of nonviolent uprisings? Journal of Conflict Resolution;
Collier P, Hoeffler A, Rohner D (2008) Beyond greed and grievance: Feasibility and civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 61(1): 1–27.
Corrigall-Brown C (2012) Patterns of Protest: Trajectories of Participation in Social Movements. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Cox RW (1996) A perspective on globalization. In: Mittelman JH (ed.), Globalization: Critical reflections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 21–30.
Cunningham KG (2013) Understanding strategic choice: The determinants of civil war and nonviolent campaign in self-determination disputes. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 291–304.
Davenport C (2007) State repression and political order. Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1–23.
Davenport C, Inman M (2012) The state of state repression research since the 1990s. Terrorism and Political Violence 24:4, 619–634.
De Soysa I, Fjelde H (2010) Is the hidden hand an iron fist? Capitalism and civil peace, 1970–2005. Journal of Peace Research 47(3): 287–298.
Devetak R (2008) Globalization’s shadow: An introduction to the globalization of political violence. In: Devetak R, Hughes CW (eds), The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization’s Shadow. London: Routledge.
Dreher A, Gaston N, Martens P (2008) Measuring Globalization, Gauging its Consequences. New York: Springer.
Dudouet V (2013) Dynamics and factors of transition from armed struggle to nonviolent resistance. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 401–413.
Fearon J (1994) Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes. American Political Science Review 88: 577–592.
Fearon JD, Laitin DD (2003) Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.
Flaten KD, De Soysa I (2012) Globalization and Political Violence, 1970–2008. International Interactions 38(5): 622–646.
Gibney M, Cornett L, Wood R, Haschke P (2010) Political Terror Scale 1976–2012. Available from the Political Terror Scale Web site: http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/
Gilpin R (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Goldstone J (2004) More social movements or fewer. Theory and Society 33: 333–365.
Guillén MF (2001) Is globalization civilizing, destructive or feeble? A critique of five key debates in the social science literature. Annual Review of Sociology 27: 235–260.
Gupta DK, Singh H, Sprague T (1993) Government coercion of dissidents deterrence or provocation? Journal of Conflict Resolution 37(2): 301–339.
Gurr TR (1970) Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hafez MM (2003) Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Hartzell CA, Hoddie M, Bauer M (2010) Economic liberalization via IMF structural adjustment: Sowing the seeds of civil war? International Organization 64(2): 339–356.
Hegre H, Gissinger R, Gleditsch NP (2003) Globalization and internal conflict. In: Schneider G, Barbieri K, Gleditsch NP (eds), Globalization and Conflict. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 251–275.
Held D, McGrew A, Goldblatt D, Perraton J (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hyde S, Marinov N (2012) Which elections can be lost? Political Analysis 20(2): 191–201.
Jakobsen TG, De Soysa I (2009) Give me liberty, or give me death! State repression, ethnic grievance and civil war, 1981–2004. Civil Wars 11(2): 135–157.
Kaya Y (2010) Globalization and ındustrialization in 64 developing countries, 1980–2003. Social Forces 88(3): 1153–1182.
Kiely R (2000) Globalization: From domination to resistance. Third World Quarterly 21(6): 1059–1070.
Kobrin SJ (1997) The architecture of globalization: State sovereignty in a networked global economy. In: Dunning JH (ed.), Governments, Globalization, and International Business. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 146–171.
Kuperman AJ (2008) The Moral hazard of humanitarian intervention: Lessons from the Balkans. International Studies Quarterly 52: 49–80.
Lichbach MI (1987) Deterrence or escalation? The puzzle of aggregate studies of repression and dissent. Journal of Conflict Resolution 31(2): 266–297.
Livingston S (2011) Africa’s evolving infosystems: A pathway to security and stability. Africa Center for Strategic Studies Research Paper No. 2.
Magee CSP, Massoud GT (2011) Openness and internal conflict. Journal of Peace Research 48(1): 59–72.
Mandelbaum M (2002) The Ideas that Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the 21st Century. New York: Public Affairs.
Marshall MG, Jaggers K, Gurr TR (2011) Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010. Available from: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
McAdam D (1982) Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Merriman H, Duvall J (2007) Dissolving terrorism at its roots. In: Ram S, Summy R (eds), Nonviolence: An Alternative for Countering Global Terrorism. Hauppauge: Nova Science, pp. 221–234.
Meyer DS, Tarrow SG (1998) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Oxford: Rowan and Littlefield
Mittelman JH (2010) Hyperconflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Moore WH (2000) The repression of dissent: A substitution model of government coercion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(1): 107–127.
Murdie A, Bhasin T (2011) Aiding and abetting: Human rights INGOs and domestic protest. Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(2): 163–191.
Nepstad SE (2013a) Nonviolent civil resistance and social movements. Sociology Compass 7: 590–598.
Nepstad SE (2013b) Mutiny and nonviolence in the Arab Spring: Exploring military defections and loyalty in Egypt, Bahrain, and Syria. Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 337–349.
Nieman MD (2011) Shocks and turbulence: Globalization and the occurrence of civil war. International Interactions 37(3): 263–292.
Olzak S (2011) Does globalization breed ethnic discontent? Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(1): 3–32.
Oneal JR, Russett B (1999) The Kantian peace: The pacific benefits of democracy, interdependence, and international organizations, 1885–1992. World Politics 52(1): 1–37.
Pierskalla JH, Hollenbach FM (2013) Technology and collective action: The effect of cell phone coverage on political violence in Africa. American Political Science Review 107(2): 207–224.
Ranis G, Vreeland JR, Kosack S (eds) (2006) Globalization and the Nation State: The Impact of the IMF and the World Bank. London: Routledge.
Regan P, Norton D (2005) Greed, grievance, and mobilization in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(3): 319–336.
Roberts A (2009) Introduction. In: Roberts A, Garton Ash T (eds), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Robertson GB, Teitelbaum E (2011) Foreign direct investment, regime type, and labor protest in developing countries. American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 665–677.
Rodrik D (1997) Has Globalization Gone too Far? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
Rodrik D (2011) The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and Democracy can’t Coexist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Russett B, Oneal J (2001) Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations. London: W. W. Norton.
Schneider G (2013) Peace through globalization and capitalism? Prospects of two liberal propositions. Journal of Peace Research 51(2): 173–183.
Schock K (2005) Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
Sharp G (1973) The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent
Sharp G (1990) The Role of Power in Nonviolent Struggle. Cambridge, MA: Albert Einstein Institution.
Stephan MJ, Chenoweth E (2008) Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict. International Security 33(1): 7–44.
Stiglitz JE (2002) Globalization and its Discontents. London: W.W. Norton.
Sutherland B, Meyer M (2000) Guns and Gandhi in Africa: Pan-African Insights on Nonviolence, Armed Struggle and Liberation. Trenton: Africa World Press.
Svensson I, Lindgren M (2011) Community and consent: Unarmed insurrections in non-democracies. European Journal of International Relations 17(1): 97–120.
Tilly C, Tarrow S (2007) Contentious Politics. London: Paradigm.
Tomz M, Wittenberg J, King G (2003) CLARIFY: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results. Journal of Statistical Software. Available from: http://j.mp/k3k0rx
Went R (2000) Globalization: Neoliberal Challenge, Radical Responses. London: Pluto Press.
Wiktorowicz Q (2004) Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
World Bank (2012) World Development Indicators. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
Young JK (2012) Repression, dissent, and the onset of civil war. Political Research Quarterly August: 1–17.
Zunes S (1994) Unarmed insurrections against authoritarian governments in the third world: A new kind of revolution. Third World Quarterly 15(3): 403–426.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 22, 2016
Issue published: July 2018
Keywords
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Conflict Management and Peace Science.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 1915
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 24 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 20
-
Fueling protest? Climate change mitigation, fuel prices and protest on...
-
Is the Fifth Generation of Revolution Studies Still Coming?
-
State international income position, trade openness, and mass antigove...
-
The unequal effect of economic development on perceived labor market r...
-
Divided We Fall: Ethnic Cleavages, Movement Cohesion, and the Risk of ...
-
Is it all the same? Repression of the media and civil society organiza...
-
When the levee breaks: A forecasting model of violent and nonviolent d...
-
Nonviolent Resistance, Social Justice, and Positive Peace
-
The politics of nonviolent mobilization: Campaigns, competition, and s...
-
Confronting the caliphate? Explaining civil resistance in jihadist pro...
-
Impact of globalization and governance determinants on economic growth...
-
Nonviolent Resistance, Social Justice, and Positive Peace
-
The dilemma of violence
-
International Trade and Public Protest: Evidence from Russian Regions
-
Social Ties and the Strategy of Civil Resistance
-
Power in Peacekeeping
-
Principles of Conflict Economics
-
To include or not to include? A poetics perspective on the Muslim work...
-
Selbstbestimmung und Gewalt: Zur Rolle von Territorium in subnationale...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
PSSI members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
PSSI members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
