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Secrets of human ancestor evolution revealed

Studies of ancient humans help us understand the movement and evolution of modern populations of humans. Seguin-Orlando et al. present the genome of an ancient individual, K14, from northern Russia who lived over 36,000 years ago. K14 is more similar to west Eurasians and Europeans than to east Asians, indicating that these populations had already diverged.
Science, this issue p. 1113

Abstract

The origin of contemporary Europeans remains contentious. We obtained a genome sequence from Kostenki 14 in European Russia dating from 38,700 to 36,200 years ago, one of the oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans from Europe. We find that Kostenki 14 shares a close ancestry with the 24,000-year-old Mal’ta boy from central Siberia, European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, some contemporary western Siberians, and many Europeans, but not eastern Asians. Additionally, the Kostenki 14 genome shows evidence of shared ancestry with a population basal to all Eurasians that also relates to later European Neolithic farmers. We find that Kostenki 14 contains more Neandertal DNA that is contained in longer tracts than present Europeans. Our findings reveal the timing of divergence of western Eurasians and East Asians to be more than 36,200 years ago and that European genomic structure today dates back to the Upper Paleolithic and derives from a metapopulation that at times stretched from Europe to central Asia.

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Supplementary Material

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Materials and Methods
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Tables S1 to S18
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Science
Volume 346 | Issue 6213
28 November 2014

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Received: 8 October 2014
Accepted: 30 October 2014
Published in print: 28 November 2014

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Acknowledgments

We thank J. F. Hoffecker for help and discussion and the Danish National Sequencing Centre, especially C. Mortensen and K. Magnussen, for technical assistance. We also thank D. Poznik for providing the chromosome Y mask file and table of informative SNPs. GeoGenetics members were supported by the Lundbeck Foundation and the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94). A.-S.M. was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PBSKP3_143529). Research on the archaeological background by P.R.N. was supported by a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (322261). M.W. and D.L. thank the Australian Research Council for support. Data for this study are available under accession no. PRJEB7618 from the European Nucleotide Archive (www.ebi.ac.uk/ena). Source code for the main analyses in this study is available at GitHub (https://github.com/martinsikora).

Authors

Affiliations

Andaine Seguin-Orlando*
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Thorfinn S. Korneliussen*
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Martin Sikora*
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Andrea Manica
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
Ida Moltke
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Cummings Life Science Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
The Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark.
Anders Albrechtsen
The Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark.
Amy Ko
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
Ashot Margaryan
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Vyacheslav Moiseyev
Department of Physical Anthropology, Kunstkamera, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Srednii Prospect, Vassilievskii Island, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Ted Goebel
Center for the Study of the First Americans and Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, TAMU-4352, College Station, Texas 77845-4352, USA.
Michael Westaway
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
David Lambert
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
Valeri Khartanovich
Department of Physical Anthropology, Kunstkamera, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Srednii Prospect, Vassilievskii Island, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Jeffrey D. Wall
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 5, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
Philip R. Nigst
Division of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DZ, UK.
Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany.
Robert A. Foley
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, CB2 1QH, UK.
Marta Mirazon Lahr [email protected]
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, CB2 1QH, UK.
Rasmus Nielsen [email protected]
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
Ludovic Orlando
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Eske Willerslev [email protected]
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Notes

*
These authors contributed equally to the work.
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (E.W.), [email protected] (R.N.), [email protected] (M.M.L.)

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