The persistence of lifestyles: Rates and correlates of homicide in Western Europe from 1960 to 2010
Abstract
This article analyses rates and correlates of homicide in 15 West European countries from 1960 to 2010. The results show that the levels of homicide in 2010 and the trends in homicide from 1960 to 2010 are not related to any of the traditional demographic and socioeconomic predictors of crime. Homicide victimization rates show an increase from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s, and a decrease since then. Victims of both genders and all group ages follow the same trend, except in the case of infanticide, which decreased during the whole period. These results do not support the hypothesis of a homicide trend driven by the evolution of victimization of young men in public space. The authors propose an explanation based on a lifestyle approach.
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Appendix
| Country | 1960–4 | 1965–9 | 1970–4 | 1975–9 | 1980–4 | 1985–9 | 1990–4 | 1995–9 | 2000–4 | 2005–10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.46 | 1.42 | 1.49 | 1.27 | 1.33 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.62 |
| Belgium | 0.62 | 0.77 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.51 | 1.68 | 1.56 | 1.90 | 1.59 | 1.31 |
| Denmark | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.10 | 0.94 | 0.81 |
| Finland | 2.59 | 2.27 | 2.66 | 3.00 | 2.79 | 2.79 | 3.04 | 2.69 | 2.38 | 2.14 |
| France | 1.46 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.68 |
| Greece | 1.22 | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 1.15 | 1.24 | 0.86 | 1.11 |
| Ireland | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.97 |
| Italy | 1.04 | 0.85 | 1.03 | 1.43 | 1.88 | 1.63 | 2.10 | 1.26 | 0.94 | 0.86 |
| Netherlands | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 0.96 |
| Norway | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.72 |
| Portugal | 1.14 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.71 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.52 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 1.04 |
| Spain | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.74 |
| Sweden | 0.67 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.97 |
| Switzerland | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 1.16 | 1.25 | 1.43 | 1.03 | 0.88 | 0.67 |
| United Kingdom | 0.59 | 0.73 | 1.09 | 1.44 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.39 |
| Geometric mean | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.87 | 1.09 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.87 |
| Mean | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.97 | 1.19 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.36 | 1.21 | 1.07 | 0.93 |
| Median | 0.67 | 0.77 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 0.94 | 0.86 |
| Standard deviation | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.40 |
| Minimum | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.80 | 0.56 | 0.39 |
| Maximum | 2.59 | 2.27 | 2.66 | 3.00 | 2.79 | 2.79 | 3.04 | 2.69 | 2.38 | 2.14 |
| Ratio (1 to) | 17.07 | 14.38 | 7.20 | 4.34 | 3.43 | 3.31 | 4.44 | 3.35 | 4.24 | 5.50 |
Source: Own calculations based on data from WHO mortality statistics.
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