Human-environment interaction during the Holocene along the shoreline of the Ancient Lake Ladoga: A case study based on palaeoecological and archaeological material from the Karelian Isthmus, Russia
Abstract
Introduction
Study area and site description
Environmental setting
Archaeological context
Material and methods
Coring, sediment stratigraphy, and dating
Laboratory no. | Sample depth (cm) from water surface | 14C age year BP | 68.2 % cal age ranges (from) (to) |
95.4 % cal age ranges (from) (to) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poz-83563 | 396 | 610±30 | 1302AD (27.5%) 1329AD 1341AD (27.0%) 1367AD |
1295AD (95.4%) 1404AD |
Poz-83565 | 414 | 3495±30 | 1880BC (12.5%) 1861BC 1853BC (55.7%) 1771BC |
1900BC (94.0%) 1741BC |
Poz-83564 | 417 | 3745±35 | 2203BC (50.7%) 2131BC 2085BC (17.5%) 2051BC |
2214BC (86.2%) 2035BC |
Poz-77604 | 470 | 5110±40 | 3966BC (24.1%) 3936BC 3872BC (44.1%) 3811BC |
3981BC (95.4%) 3797BC |
Poz-77603 | 510 | 5970±60 | 4937BC (68.2%) 4788BC | 4999BC (95.4%) 4719BC |
Poz-77602 | 550 | 6750±50 | 5706BC (18.3%) 5683BC 5678BC (49.9%) 5628BC |
5732BC (90.1%) 5611BC |
Poz-77601 | 590 | 7590±50 | 6477BC (68.2%) 6413BC | 6533BC (92.4%) 6374BC |
Poz-77600 | 630 | 8140±50 | 7179BC (68.2%) 7062BC | 7306BC (95.4%) 7048BC |
Poz-77598 | 670 | 8380±50 | 7526BC (48.0%) 7449BC 7409BC (20.2%) 7366BC |
7551BC (95.4%) 7330BC |
Pollen and charcoal analyses
Diatoms and other microbiomorphical analyses
Results
Lithostratigraphy and physical parameters
Chronology
Diatom | Pollen | ||
---|---|---|---|
DAZ depth (cm) Age |
DAZ description | Local PAZ depth (cm) Age |
PAZ description |
5 385–395 cm Medieval/modern – AD 1300 |
Diatom concentrations decrease to tens of millions of valves g-1. The proportion of acidophilous taxa drops significantly. Alkaliphilous taxa (planktonic Aulacoseira ambigua, Fragilaria crotonensis, and benthic Staurosira venter and Staurosirella pinnata) are the most numerous in this subzone. |
5 385–402 cm Medieval/ modern – AD 285 |
Mean land pollen conc.: 588 430 Mean charcoal conc.: 463 150 AP: 91%, NAP: 5%, QM trees: 0.8 % Of spores and aquatics, Isoetes lacustris (4%), Sphagnum (1%), Polypodiaceae (0.8%), Pteridium (0.3%) |
4 395–412 cm AD 1300–1460 BC |
DAZ is characterized by another increase in diatom concentrations, >100 000 000 valves g-1, although their values fluctuate significantly. Proportions of circumneutral and alkaliphilous taxa (planktonic Aulacoseira granulata, A. islandica, C. dubius, C. radiosa and benthic Achnanthes spp, Navicula spp), as well as the total abundance of “large-lake species” decreases to almost zero. Acidophilous taxa (planktonic Aulacoseira alpigena, A. humilis, A. lacustris, A. lirata, A. perglabra, and epiphytic Eunotia spp) increase notably. |
4 402–496 cm AD 285–BC 4480 |
Mean land pollen conc.: 790 200 Mean charcoal conc.: 752 550 AP: 91%, NAP: 2%, QM trees: 5% Dominance of Pinus (50%), Betula (17.3%), Picea (14%), and Alnus (9.4%), Noble deciduous trees show decreasing trend throughout the zone. Juniperus at an increased level until 3250 BC (452 cm). Anthropochores in this zone include: Plantago lanceolata 940 BC (409 cm), Plantago lanceolata 2240 BC (422 cm), Cannabis 2310 BC (424 cm), Triticum 2480 BC (429 cm), Plantago lanceolata 3615 BC (463 cm) Of spores and aquatics, Isoetes lacustris (3.4%), Polypodiaceae (0.4%), Pteridium (0.3%). and Sphagnum (0.3%) occur regularly. Epilobium angustifolium 2310 BC (424 cm) |
3 412–496 cm 1460–4480 BC |
The composition of diatom assemblages changes significantly as planktonic Cyclotella radiosa becomes a dominant species (up to 33%). The relative abundance of planktonic Cyclostephanos dubius increases as well. The proportion of previously abundant A. islandica decreases (1–5%). The total planktonic rise (to 58%) is also characteristic for the subzone. Epiphytic S. construens drops to 1–5%. |
||
2 496–670 cm 4480–7540 BC |
Diatom concentrations increase notably. Their highest values, >100 000 000 valves g-1, are characteristic of the lower part (~6.50 to ~4.75 m). Within the same interval, high concentrations of chrysophyte cysts and sponge spicules are also observed. The abundances of the Ancylus Lake taxa decrease drastically and most of them disappear completely from the record. Accordingly, the overall proportion of “large-lake species” decreases more than threefold. These are represented mainly by A. islandica, contributing to 4-36% of the total diatom assemblages, and benthic Achnanthes joursacense, A. ostrupii, Navicula aboensis, N. jaernefeltii, and N. jentzschii. The total abundance of “small-lake species” rises up to 80%, mostly at the expense of epiphytic Staurosira construens and Staurosirella pinnata and other Fragilaria sensu lato. A notable peak in siliceous microfossil concentrations is observed at the boundary between DAZ-2 and DAZ-3. |
3 496–600 cm BC 4480– 590 |
Mean land pollen conc.: 587 130 Mean charcoal conc.: 823 240 AP: 88.6%, NAP: 3.2%, Noble deciduous trees: 7%, Dominance of Pinus (45%), Betula (26%), and Alnus (11%), Picea pollen starts to increase from the middle of the zone onwards, reaching c. 7% by the end of the zone. Increase in Juniperus from the end of the zone 4600 BC (501 cm) Anthropochores in this zone include: Hordeum -type 4880 BC (513 cm) Of spores and aquatics, Isoetes lacustris (2.2%), Pteridium (0.7%), Polypodiaceae (0.7%), and Sphagnum (0.3%) occur regularly, Equisetum 0.1% Rumex: 4600 BC (501 cm), Rumex: 4800 BC (509 cm) Gelasinospora spores |
1 670–835 cm Prior to 7540 BC |
The diatom concentrations are generally low, < 100 000 valves g-1, increasing to several millions in the upper part of DAZ-1b. The total proportion of “large-lake species” in DAZ-1a (835–770 cm) exceeds 40%, of which planktonic Aulacoseira islandica is the most abundant. Reworked marine taxa (mainly Chaetoceros spp resting spores) contribute up to 34% of the total diatom assemblage in DAZ-1a, decreasing upward. In DAZ-1b (770–670 cm), the relative abundance of “large-lake species” further increases to 80%. Besides planktonic A. islandica, the dominant species in the “large-lake” group (up to 60%), some typical Ancylus Lake taxa (e.g. benthic Cocconeis disculus, Diploneis domblittensis, D. maulerii, Ellerbeckia arenaria, Navicula scutelloides, Opephora martyi etc.) appear in the diatom record or increase in abundance. |
2 600–740 cm BC 6590–9500 |
Mean land pollen conc.: 415 900 Mean charcoal conc.: 782 600 AP: 90.8%, NAP: 4.8%, Noble deciduous trees: 2.8% Dominance of Pinus (57.7%), Betula (25.4%), and Alnus (7.6% is present from 690 cm onwards). Of spores and aquatics, Equistum, Polypodium and Sphagnum are most abundant, diminishing toward the upper end of the zone |
1 740–835 cm 9500 BC– |
Mean land pollen conc.: 27 900 Mean charcoal conc.: 1684 000 AP: 69.8%, NAP: 17.7%, Noble deciduous trees: 2.1% Dominance of Betula (43%), Pinus (22.7%) and NAP (17.4%) with Cyperaceae (6.3%), Poaceae (4.5%), Ericaceae (2.5%), Chenopodiaceae (2.5%), and Artemisia (2.3%) as most abundant Salix: 6% Of spores and aquatics, Equisetum (3.9%), Polypodium (3.6%) and Sphagnum (2.2%) as most abundant |
Diatom, pollen, and charcoal records and other microbiomorphical analyses
Discussion
Early stages of the palaeobasin; Baltic Ice Lake and Ancylus Lake
Neolithic period and human impact
Indications of changing land use
Outbreak of the River Neva: End of the record
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
ORCID iDs
References
Supplementary Material
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