Abstract
Niche construction efforts by small-scale human societies that involve ‘wild’ species of plants and animals are organized into a set of six general categories based on the shared characteristics of the target species and similar patterns of human management and manipulation: (i) general modification of vegetation communities, (ii) broadcast sowing of wild annuals, (iii) transplantation of perennial fruit-bearing species, (iv) in-place encouragement of economically important perennials, (v) transplantation and in-place encouragement of perennial root crops, and (vi) landscape modification to increase prey abundance in specific locations. Case study examples, mostly drawn from North America, are presented for each of the six general categories of human niche construction. These empirically documented categories of ecosystem engineering form the basis for a predictive model that outlines potential general principles and commonalities in how small-scale human societies worldwide have modified and manipulated their ‘natural’ landscapes throughout the Holocene.
References
- 1
Groube L. . 1989 The taming of the rain forests: a model for Late Pleistocene forest exploitation in New Guinea. Foraging and farming (eds, Harris D.& Hillman G. ), pp. 292–304. London, UK: Unwin Hyman. Google Scholar - 2
Nakao S. . 1976 Saibai-shokubutsu no Sekai (the world of cultivated plants). Tokyo, Japan: Chuokoronsha. Google Scholar - 3
Nishida M. . 1982 The emergence of food production in Neolithic Japan. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 2, 305–322.doi:10.1016/0278-4165(83)90012-0 (doi:10.1016/0278-4165(83)90012-0). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 4
Moran E. (ed.) 1990 The ecosystem approach in anthropology. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. Crossref, Google Scholar - 5
Hammett J. . 1992 Ethnohistory of aboriginal landscapes in the southeastern United States. South. Indian Stud. 41, 1–50. Google Scholar - 6
- 7
Pavlides C.& Gosden C. . 1994 35,000 year-old-sites in the rainforests of west New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Antiquity 68, 604–610. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 8
Cosgrove R. . 1996 Origin and development of Australian Aboriginal tropical rainforest culture: a reconsideration. Antiquity 70, 900–912. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 9
Akeret O., Haas J., Leuzinger U.& Jacomet S. . 1999 Plant macrofossils and pollen in goat/sheep faeces from the Neolithic lake-shore settlement Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland. Holocene 9, 175–182.doi:10.1191/095968399666631581 (doi:10.1191/095968399666631581). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 10
Johnson N. . 1999 Humans as agents of ecological change—overview. Ecological stewardship, vol. II (eds, Szaro R., Johnson N., Sexton W.& Malk A. ), pp. 433–437. London, UK: Elsevier. Google Scholar - 11
Doolittle W. . 2000 Cultivated landscapes of Native North America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar - 12
Minnis P.& Elisens W. (eds) 2000 Biodiversity and native America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Google Scholar - 13
Willis K., Gillson L.& Brncic T. . 2004 How virgin is virgin rainforest? Science 304, 402–403.doi:10.1126/science.1093991 (doi:10.1126/science.1093991). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar - 14
Anderson M. . 2005 Tending the wild. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Crossref, Google Scholar - 15
Deur D.& Turner N. (eds) 2005 Keeping it living. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. Google Scholar - 16
Smith B. D. . 2007 Niche construction and the behavioral context of plant and animal domestication. Evol. Anthropol. 16, 188–199.doi:10.1002/evan.20135 (doi:10.1002/evan.20135). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 17
Zong Y., Chen Z., Innes J., Chen C., Wang Z.& Wang H. . 2007 Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China. Nature 449, 459–462.doi:10.1038/nature06135 (doi:10.1038/nature06135). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar - 18
Dean R. (ed.) 2010 The archaeology of anthropogenic environments. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 37. Google Scholar - 19
Riede F. . 2011 Adaptation and niche construction in human prehistory: a case study from the southern Scandinavian Late Glacial. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 793–808.doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0266 (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0266). Link, ISI, Google Scholar - 20
Rowley-Conwy P.& Layton R. . 2011 Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 849–862.doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0307). Link, ISI, Google Scholar - 21
Zeder M., Bradley D., Emshwiller E.& Smith B. D. (eds) 2006 Documenting domestication. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Google Scholar - 22
Kitagawa J.& Yasuda Y. . 2004 The influence of climatic change on chestnut and horse chestnut preservation around Jomon sites in northeastern Japan. Quat. Int. 123–125, 89–103.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.02.011 (doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.02.011). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 23
Kitagawa J.& Yasuda Y. . 2008 Development and distribution of Castanea and Aesculus culture during the Jomon period in Japan. Quat. Int. 184, 41–55.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.014 (doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.014). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 24
Smith E. A.& Wishnie M. . 2000 Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 29, 493–524.doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.493 (doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.493). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 25
Yen D. . 1989 The domestication of environment. Foraging and farming (eds, Harris D.& Hillman G. ), pp. 55–75. London, UK: Unwin Hyman. Google Scholar - 26
Crawford G. . 2011 People and plant interactions in the northeast. Subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies (ed.& Smith B. D. ), pp. 431–438. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Google Scholar - 27
Terrell J., 2003 Domesticated landscapes. J. Archaeol. Method Theor. 10, 323–368.doi:10.1023/B:JARM.0000005510.54214.57 (doi:10.1023/B:JARM.0000005510.54214.57). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 28
Posey D.& Balee W. (ed.) 1989 Resource management in Amazonia. New York, NY: New York Botanical Garden. Google Scholar - 29
Castetter E.& Bell W. . 1951 Yuman Indian agriculture, Inter-Americana series 2. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Google Scholar - 30
Laland K., Odling-Smee J.& Feldman L. . 2001 Cultural niche construction and human evolution. J. Evol. Biol. 14, 22–33.doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00262.x (doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00262.x). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar - 31
Odling-Smee J., Laland K.& Feldman M. . 2003 Niche construction. Monographs in Population Biology, no. 37. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar - 32
Mellars P. . 1976 Fire ecology, animal populations, and man. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 42, 15–45. Crossref, Google Scholar - 33
- 34
- 35
Laris P. . 2002 Burning the seasonal mosaic: preventative burning strategies in the wooded savanna of Southern Mali. Hum. Ecol. 30, 155–186.doi:10.1023/A:1015685529180 (doi:10.1023/A:1015685529180). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 36
Delcourt P.& Delcourt H. . 2004 Prehistoric native Americans and ecological change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Crossref, Google Scholar - 37
Sheuyange A., Obaa G.& Weladjib R. . 2005 Effects of anthropogenic fire history on savanna vegetation in northeastern Namibia. J. Environ. Manage. 75, 189–198. Google Scholar - 38
Stephens S., Martin R.& Clinton N. . 2007 Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. For. Ecol. Manage. 251, 205–216.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005 (doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 39
Smith B. D. . 2009 Resource resiliency, human niche construction, and the long-term sustainability of pre-Columbian subsistence economies in the Mississippi River Valley corridor. Ethnobiology 29, 167–183.doi:10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.167 (doi:10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.167). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 40
Bird R., Bliege D., Bird B., Codding C., Parker H.& Jones J. . 2008 The ‘fire stick farming’ hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 14 796–14 801.doi:10.1073/pnas.0804757105 (doi:10.1073/pnas.0804757105). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 41
Russell E. . 1983 Indian-set fires in the forests of the Northeastern United States. Ecology 64, 78–88.doi:10.2307/1937331 (doi:10.2307/1937331). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 42
Dorney C.& Dorney J. . 1989 An unusual Oak Savanna in northeastern Wisconsin: the effect of Indian-caused fire. Am. Midl. Nat. 122, 103–113.doi:10.2307/2425687 (doi:10.2307/2425687). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 43
Bohrer P. . 1991 Recently recognized and encouraged plants among the Hohokam. Kiva 56, 227–235. Crossref, Google Scholar - 44
Clark J.& Royall P. . 1995 Transformation of a northern hardwood forest by aboriginal (Iroquois) fire. Holocene 5, 1–9.doi:10.1177/095968369500500101 (doi:10.1177/095968369500500101). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 45
Sullivan A. . 1996 Risk, anthropogenic environments, and western Anasazi subsistence. Evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric southwest (eds, Tainter J.& Tainter B. ), pp. 145–167. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar - 46
Delcourt P., Delcourt H., Ison C., Sharp W.& Gremillion K. . 1998 Prehistoric human use of fire, the eastern agricultural complex, and Applachian oak-chestnut forests. Am. Antiq. 63, 263–278.doi:10.2307/2694697 (doi:10.2307/2694697). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 47
Turner N. . 1999 Time to burn. Indians, fire and the land in the Pacific northwest (ed.& Boyd R. ), pp. 185–218. Corvallis, OR: Oregon University Press. Google Scholar - 48
Vale T. . 2002 Fire, native peoples, and the natural landscape. Washington, DC: Island Press. Google Scholar - 49
Williams G. . 2002 Aboriginal use of fire: are there any ‘natural’ plant communities? In Wilderness and political ecology (eds, Kay C.& Simmons R. ), pp. 179–214. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. Google Scholar - 50
Dean J. . 2004 Anthropogenic environmental change in the Southwest as viewed from the Colorado Plateau. The archaeology of global change (eds, Redman C., James S.& Fish P. ), pp. 191–207. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. Google Scholar - 51
Black B., Ruffner C.& Abrams M. . 2006 Native American influences on the forest composition of the Allegheny Plateau, Northwest Pennsylvania. Can. J. For. Res. 36, 1266–1275.doi:10.1139/X06-027 (doi:10.1139/X06-027). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 52
Huang C., Pang J., Chen S., Su H., Han J., Cao Y., Zhao W.& Tan Z. . 2006 Charcoal records of fire history in the Holocene loess–soil sequences over the southern Loess Plateau of China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 239, 28–44.doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.004 (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.004). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 53
Allen C., Anderson R., Jass R., Toney J.& Batsan C. . 2008 Paired charcoal and tree-ring records of high-frequency Holocene fire from two New Mexico bog sites. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 17, 115–130.doi:10.1071/WF07165 (doi:10.1071/WF07165). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 54
- 55
Smith B. D. . 2006 Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12 223–12 228.doi:10.1073/pnas.0604335103 (doi:10.1073/pnas.0604335103). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 56
Smith B. D. . 2001 Low level food production. J. Archaeol. Res. 9, 1–43.doi:10.1023/A:1009436110049 (doi:10.1023/A:1009436110049). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 57
Fowler C. . 2000 We live by them. Biodiversity and native America (eds, Minnis P.& Elisens W. ), pp. 99–132. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Google Scholar - 58
Fowler C.& Rhode D. . 2011 Plant foods and foodways among the Great Basin's indigenous peoples. Subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies (ed.& Smith B. D. ), pp. 233–270. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Google Scholar - 59
Gremillion K. . 1996 Diffusion and adoption of crops in evolutionary perspective. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 15, 183–204.doi:10.1006/jaar.1996.0007 (doi:10.1006/jaar.1996.0007). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 60
Gremillion K. . 2011 The role of plants in southeastern subsistence economies. Subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies (ed.& Smith B. D. ), pp. 387–400. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Google Scholar - 61
Hammett J. . 1997 Interregional patterns of land use and plant management in Native North America. People, plants and landscapes (ed.& Gremillion K. ), pp. 195–216. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. Google Scholar - 62
Swanton J. . 1946 The Indians of the southeastern United States. Bureau of American ethnology bulletin, vol. 137. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Google Scholar - 63
Yarnell R.& Black M. . 1985 Temporal trends indicated by a survey of Archaic and Woodland plant food remains from southeastern North America. Southeast. Archaeol. 4, 93–106. Google Scholar - 64
Adair M.& Drass R. . 2011 Patterns of plant use in the prehistoric central and southern Plains. Subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies (ed.& Smith B. D. ), pp. 307–352. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Google Scholar - 65
Black M. . 1978 Plant dispersal by native North Americans in the Canadian Subarctic. Anthro. Papers Mus. Anthro. University of Michigan 67, 255–263 (56, 227–235). Google Scholar - 66
Deur D. . 2005 Tending the garden, making the soil: northwest coast estuarine gardens as engineered environments. Keeping it living (eds, Deur D.& Turner N. ), pp. 296–330. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. Google Scholar - 67
Shipek F. . 1989 An example of intensive plant husbandry. Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation (eds, Harris D.& Hillman G. ), pp. 159–170. London, UK: Unwin Hyman. Google Scholar - 68
Bye R.& Linares E. . 2000 Relationships between Mexican ethnobotanical diversity and indigenous peoples. Biodiversity and native America (eds, Minnis P.& Elisens W. ), pp. 44–73. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Google Scholar - 69
Kislev M., Hartmann A.& Bar-Yosef O. . 2006 Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 312, 1372–1374.doi:10.1126/science.1125910 (doi:10.1126/science.1125910). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar - 70
Foster H., Black B.& Abrams M. . 2004 A witness tree analysis of the effects of Native American Indians on the pre-European settlement forests in east-central Alabama. Hum. Ecol. 32, 27–41.doi:10.1023/B:HUEC.0000015211.98991.9c (doi:10.1023/B:HUEC.0000015211.98991.9c). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 71
Hebda R., Pellatt M., Mathewes R., Fedje D.& Acheson S. . 2005 Vegetation history of Anthony Island, Haida Gwaii, and its relationship to climate change and human settlement. Haida Gwaii (eds, Fedje D.& Mathewes R. ), pp. 59–76. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. Google Scholar - 72
Yarnell R. . 1964 Aboriginal relationships between culture and plant life in the upper Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan. Anthropological Papers 23. Crossref, Google Scholar - 73
Yarnell R.& Richard A. . 1982 Problems of interpretation of archaeological plant remains of the eastern woodlands. Southeast. Archaeol. 1, 1–7. Google Scholar - 74
Wykoff M. . 1991 Black Walnut on Iroquoian landscapes. Northeast Indian Quar. 4, 4–17. Google Scholar - 75
Posey D. . 1985 Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon. Agroforestry Syst. 3, 139–158.doi:10.1007/BF00122640 (doi:10.1007/BF00122640). Crossref, Google Scholar - 76
Steward J. . 1933 Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in Am. Archaeol. Ethnol. 33, 233–350. Google Scholar - 77
Doolittle W., Neely J., Fish P.& Adams K. (ed.) 2004 Safford Valley grids: prehistoric cultivation in the Southern Arizona desert. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. Google Scholar - 78
Denham T., Haberle S., Lentfer C., Fullagar R., Field J., Therin M., Porch N.& Winsborough B. . 2003 Origins of agriculture at Kuk swamp in the highlands of New Guinea. Science 301, 189–193.doi:10.1126/science.1085255 (doi:10.1126/science.1085255). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar - 79
Harper J. . 2006 The clam gardens of the Broughton Archipelago, geological survey of Canada. See www.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/org/sidney/sem/sem2005_12_14_e.php. Google Scholar - 80
Campbell S.& Butler V. . 2010 Fishes and loaves?: explaining sustainable, long-term animal harvesting on the Northwest Coast using the ‘plant paradox.’. In The archaeology of anthropogenic environments (ed.& Dean R. ), pp. 175–203. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 37. Google Scholar - 81
Connaway J. . 2007 Fishweirs. Archaeological Report no. 33. Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Google Scholar - 82
Janetski J. . 2011 Animal use in the Great Basin of North America. Subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies (ed.& Smith B. D. ), pp. 271–306. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Google Scholar - 83
O'Shea J.& Meadows G. . 2009 Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes. Proc. Natl Acad. sci. USA 106, 10 120–10 123.doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106 (doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 84
Neusius S. . 2007 Game procurement among temperate horticulturalists. Case studies in environmental archaeology (eds, Reitz E., Scarry M.& Newsom L. ), pp. 273–288. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. Google Scholar - 85
Salmon M.& Salmon W. . 1979 Alternative models of scientific explanation. Am. Anthropol. 81, 61–74.doi:10.1525/aa.1979.81.1.02a00050 (doi:10.1525/aa.1979.81.1.02a00050). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar - 86
Smith B. D. . 1982 Explanation in archaeology. Theory and explanation in archaeology (eds, Renfrew C., Rowlands M.& Segraves B. ), pp. 73–82. New York, NY: Academic Press. Google Scholar - 87
Smith B. D. . 2009 Core conceptual flaws in human behavioral ecology. Commun. Integr. Biol. 2, 1–2. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar - 88
Pascual M.& Dunne J. (ed.) 2006 Ecological networks: linking structure to dynamics in food webs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar