Mathematical Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy

absolute magnitude agreement analysis angular diameter aperture apparent magnitude approximately assumption bright brightest cluster galaxies causal manifold causal morphism causal orientation causality-preserving chronometric hypothesis chronometric prediction chronometric theory convex cone coordinates corresponding Cosmos cutoff defined denote deviation dispersion distance distribution elementary particle energy equation estimates expansion hypothesis expansion theory expansion-theoretic Figure finite frequency Friedmann model given globally causal Hubble theory infinitesimal intrinsic luminosity invariant Lie algebra limiting magnitude linear luminosity function m—z relation mapping mathematical metric Minkowski space N-galaxies notion objects observed parameter physical quasars radiation radio redshift redshift intervals redshift range redshift-magnitude relation redshift–distance relation for quasars relatively sample Sandage scale Schmidt Scholium selection effects space-time spatial homogeneity special relativistic special relativity statistical structure SU(n subgroup subsample symmetry tangent space temporal theoretical tion transformation unicover unispace universal Vaucouleurs vector field