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First published online July 1, 2008

“I Have Heard Horrible Stories . . .”: Rape Victim Advocates' Perceptions of the Revictimization of Rape Victims by the Police and Medical System

Shana L. MaierView all authors and affiliations
Volume 14, Issue 7
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208320245

Abstract

This study explores rape victim advocates' perceptions of the revictimization of rape victims by the police and medical system. Most of the previous research on revictimization focuses on either victims or members of the criminal justice, legal, medical, or mental health systems. The current study provides a more complete picture of victims' possible revictimization by the police and medical system through in-depth interviews with 47 rape victim advocates in four states who had direct experience with police or medical professionals. Rape victim advocates describe the power wielded by the police and medical system to revictimize rape victims and their own role in attempting to mitigate this revictimization.

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1.
1. The stereotypical image of a “real” rape victim is someone who was raped by a stranger and was not intoxicated during the incident. In addition, such a victim sustains obvious physical injuries, appears emotionally distressed, and reports the crime to the police immediately.
2.
2. Women are much more likely than men to be victims of sexual assault and rape. Approximately 1 out of 6 U.S. women and 1 out of 33 U.S. men have been victims of a completed or attempted rape at some time in their lives (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000).
3.
3. Rape kits, also referred to as evidence collection kits or forensic evidence collection kits, include plucking samples of hair and pubic hair, scraping under a victim's fingernails for skin samples, a complete pelvic exam including swabbing the vagina for semen, and swabbing the rectum if anal penetration occurred.
4.
4. I was unable to recruit participants from one of the university-based centers. Because of the university's somewhat lengthy Institutional Review Board process, I was not permitted to start recruiting participants until the end of the Fall 2003 semester. Despite assistance from the faculty advisor, no one volunteered for the research; presumably this was because of the stress and workload of college students during the final weeks of a semester. In addition, this university-based center only had approximately 10 active volunteers.
5.
5. The average population of the four total counties served by three rape centers was 517,000. The population of one city was approximately 1.5 million, and the population of the other city was approximately 582,000. These 2004 population estimates were retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau (http://quickfacts.census.gov). The university at which the university-based center was located has a student population of more than 15,000 full-time undergraduate students and more than 3,000 graduate students.
6.
6. I was unable to determine how many total rape victim advocates were asked to participate by directors or coordinators because I was not present at all meetings and am unaware of the total number of rape victim advocates that directors informally recruited and provided with my phone number or e-mail address. I was able to schedule interviews with the vast majority of rape victim advocates who allowed directors or coordinators to provide me with an e-mail address or phone number to reach them.
7.
7. I interviewed one man because of encouragement by one center's executive director, who expressed a concern over the exclusion of men from this type of research. It is possible that later research will expand samples to include men; however, the interview conducted with the 1 man is not included in the current analysis.
8.
8. Thirteen percent were African American, 8.5% were Hispanic or Latina, 8.5% were multiracial, 2% were Indian, and 2% were Asian American.
9.
9. All names used are pseudonyms.

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Published In

Volume 14, Issue 7
Pages: 786 - 808
Article first published online: July 1, 2008
Issue published: July 2008

Keywords

  1. medical professionals
  2. police
  3. rape victim
  4. rape victim advocate

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PubMed: 18559867

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Shana L. Maier
Widener University
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