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Kostas Vlassopoulos
  • Department of History and Archaeology, Panepistimioupoli Gallou, University of Crete, Rethimno, 74100, Greece
  • 0030 28310 77360

Kostas Vlassopoulos

  • University of Nottingham, Classics, Department Member add
  • My current research interests focus on three different, though related, subjects. The first one is the study of subal... more edit
This lecture explores the multiple identities of enslaved persons in ancient societies. Ancient masters and slaveholding societies often behaved as if the only identity that mattered for enslaved persons was their classification as... more
This lecture explores the multiple identities of enslaved persons in ancient societies. Ancient masters and slaveholding societies often behaved as if the only identity that mattered for enslaved persons was their classification as slaves. While slave classification had profound implications, it was not the only identity that mattered. Employing key conceptual tools from the study of identities, it analyses the diversity of the identities of enslaved persons around six axes. The first axis concerns the imposed identity of slavery and its impact on the self-understanding of enslaved persons. The second examines work and function and the extent to which these led to the creation of identities. The third focuses on gender, family and kinship: male and female identities and the identities and roles of spouses, partners, parents, children, siblings and relatives. The fourth explores ethnic and religious identities. The fifth concerns time: the identities of freedpersons and of enslaved persons who had lived as free and how these identities related to their past. Finally, the sixth axis explores the entanglement between the diverse identities of enslaved persons and the groupness of slave identities.
Slavery was foundational to Greek and Roman societies, affecting nearly all of their economic, social, political, and cultural practices. Greek and Roman Slaveries offers a rich collection of literary, epigraphic, papyrological, and... more
Slavery was foundational to Greek and Roman societies, affecting nearly all of their economic, social, political, and cultural practices. Greek and Roman Slaveries offers a rich collection of literary, epigraphic, papyrological, and archaeological sources, including many unfamiliar ones. This sourcebook ranges chronologically from the archaic period to late antiquity, covering the whole of the Mediterranean, the Near East, and temperate Europe.

Readers will find an interactive and user-friendly engagement with past scholarship and new research agendas that focuses particularly on the agency of ancient slaves, the processes in which slavery was inscribed, the changing history of slavery in antiquity, and the comparative study of ancient slaveries.

Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on ancient slavery, as well as courses on slavery more generally, this sourcebook’s questions, cross-references, and bibliographies encourage an analytical and interactive approach to the various economic, social, and political processes and contexts in which slavery was employed while acknowledging the agency of enslaved persons.
Informed by the global history of slavery, Kostas Vlassopoulos avoids traditional approaches to slavery as a static institution and instead explores the diverse strategies and various contexts in which it was employed. In doing so he... more
Informed by the global history of slavery, Kostas Vlassopoulos avoids traditional approaches to slavery as a static institution and instead explores the diverse strategies and various contexts in which it was employed. In doing so he offers a new historicist approach to the study of slave identity and the various networks and communities that slaves created or participated in.

Instead of seeing slaves merely as passive objects of exploitation and domination, his focus is on slave agency and the various ways in which they played an active role in the history of ancient societies. Vlassopoulos examines slavery not only as an economic and social phenomenon, but also in its political, religious and cultural ramifications. A comparative framework emerges as he examines Greek and Roman slaveries alongside other slaving systems in the Near East, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
Η συλλογή κειμένων που συγκροτεί τον τόμο παρουσιάζει ιστορίες από την καθημερινή ζωή των δούλων στην αρχαιότητα. Με τη μεγάλη της ποικιλία δίνει στους αναγνώστες την ευκαιρία να ξεφύγουν από μια αφηρημένη και γενική αντίληψη της δουλείας... more
Η συλλογή κειμένων που συγκροτεί τον τόμο παρουσιάζει ιστορίες από την καθημερινή ζωή των δούλων στην αρχαιότητα. Με τη μεγάλη της ποικιλία δίνει στους αναγνώστες την ευκαιρία να ξεφύγουν από μια αφηρημένη και γενική αντίληψη της δουλείας και να έρθουν σε επαφή με τις εμπειρίες και τις τύχες συγκεκριμένων δούλων. Οι επιλεγμένες αφηγήσεις είναι αναμφίβολα γοητευτικές· αλλά εικονογραφούν ταυτοχρόνως με παραδείγματα την καταπίεση, την εκμετάλλευση αλλά και την αντίσταση στον θεσμό της δουλείας.
Violence and community were intimately linked in the ancient world. While various aspects of violence have been long studied on their own (warfare, revolution, murder, theft, piracy), there has been little effort so far to study violence... more
Violence and community were intimately linked in the ancient world. While various aspects of violence have been long studied on their own (warfare, revolution, murder, theft, piracy), there has been little effort so far to study violence as a unifi ed fi eld and explore its role in community formation. This volume aims to construct such an agenda by exploring the historiography of the study of violence in antiquity, and highlighting a number of important paradoxes of ancient violence. It explores the forceful nexus between wealth, power and the passions by focusing on three major aspects that link violence and community: the attempts of communities to regulate and canalise violence through law, the constitutive role of violence in communal identities, and the ways in which communities dealt with violence in regards to private and public space, landscapes and territories. The contributions to this volume range widely in both time and space: temporally, they cover the full span from the archaic to the Roman imperial period, while spatially
This volume examines the diversity of networks and communities in the classical and early Hellenistic Greek world, with particular emphasis on those which took shape within and around Athens. In doing so it highlights not only the... more
This volume examines the diversity of networks and communities in the classical and early Hellenistic Greek world, with particular emphasis on those which took shape within and around Athens. In doing so it highlights not only the processes that created, modified, and dissolved these communities, but shines a light on the interactions through which individuals with different statuses, identities, levels of wealth, and connectivity participated in ancient society.
"This book is an ambitious synthesis of the social, economic, political and cultural interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in the Mediterranean world during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. Instead of traditional and... more
"This book is an ambitious synthesis of the social, economic, political and cultural interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in the Mediterranean world during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. Instead of traditional and static distinctions between Greeks and Others, Kostas Vlassopoulos explores the diversity of interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in four parallel but interconnected worlds: the world of networks, the world of apoikiai (‘colonies’), the Panhellenic world and the world of empires. These diverse interactions set into motion processes of globalisation; but the emergence of a shared material and cultural koine across the Mediterranean was accompanied by the diverse ways in which Greek and non-Greek cultures adopted and adapted elements of this global koine. The book explores the paradoxical role of Greek culture in the processes of ancient globalisation, as well as the peculiar way in which Greek culture was shaped by its interaction with non-Greek cultures."
""Ancient Greece is famous as the civilization which "gave" the world democracy. Democracy has in modern times become the rallying cry of liberation from supposed totalitarianism and dictatorship. It is embedded in the assumptions of... more
""Ancient Greece is famous as the civilization which "gave" the world democracy. Democracy has in modern times become the rallying cry of liberation from supposed totalitarianism and dictatorship. It is embedded in the assumptions of Western powers who proclaim their faith in the global spread of democratic governance and at the same time wielded by protesters in the developing world who challenge what they view as the West's cultural imperialism. Thus, a lively and well informed treatment of the nexus between politics in antiquity and political discourse in the modern era is both timely and apposite.

As Kostas Vlassopoulos shows, much can be learned about the practice of politics from a comparative discussion of the classical and the contemporary. His starting point is that the value of looking back to a political system with different assumptions and elements can help us think, and even shape, what the future of modern politics might be. He discusses the contrasting political systems of Athens, Sparta and Rome; the political theories of thinkers like Plato, Aristotle and Cicero; how great events like the Peloponnesian War or the Roman civil wars shaped the course of political theory; and the discovery of freedom, participation and equality as political values in antiquity. Above all, the book shows how important and surprising an analysis of the ancient world can be in reassessing and revaluating modern political debates.""""
This study explores how modern scholars came to write Greek history from a Eurocentric perspective and challenges orthodox readings of Greek history as part of the history of the West. Since the Greeks lacked a national state or a unified... more
This study explores how modern scholars came to write Greek history from a Eurocentric perspective and challenges orthodox readings of Greek history as part of the history of the West. Since the Greeks lacked a national state or a unified society, economy or culture, the polis has helped to create a homogenizing national narrative. This book re-examines old polarities such as those between the Greek poleis and Eastern monarchies, or between the ancient consumer and the modern producer city, in order to show the fallacies of standard approaches. It argues for the relevance of Aristotle's concept of the polis, which is interpreted in a novel way. Finally, it proposes an alternative way of looking at Greek history as part of a Mediterranean world-system. This interdisciplinary study engages with modern debates on globalization, nationalism, Orientalism and history writing, while also debating recent developments in classical studies.
The papers in this volume were initially presented at a conference on Slavery, Citizenship and the State organised by the Institute for the Study of Slavery (ISOS) at the University of Nottingham in September 2006. A specific feature of... more
The papers in this volume were initially presented at a conference on Slavery, Citizenship and the State organised by the Institute for the Study of Slavery (ISOS) at the University of Nottingham in September 2006. A specific feature of ISOS conferences has been the participation of historians of slavery in both the Ancient and the New World, and this is reflected in this collection. All the papers, ancient and modern, contribute to an increasing awareness amongst historians that, though subject to brutal and sometimes murderous violence and the most extreme forms of exploitation, slaves cannot simply be regarded as the objects, as merely the passive victims, of the institution of slavery. Rather, against all the odds, slaves succeeded in developing a wide repertoire of survival strategies and displayed great ingenuity in preserving, restoring or creating families, social networks and cultures. In short, slaves have been the makers, as well as the objects, of history, and their agency has become central to our understanding of the relationship between their masters and themselves. One area of such agency has been the recourse of the servile to legal systems, which – ironically – supported the instrument of their exploitation, namely slavery.
Research Interests:
The aim of this chapter is to raise some major methodological issues about the study of subaltern groups in antiquity and to offer a framework that could be utilised for future work. The main thrust of the argument is that we must not... more
The aim of this chapter is to raise some major methodological issues about the study of subaltern groups in antiquity and to offer a framework that could be utilised for future work. The main thrust of the argument is that we must not take for granted the existence of distinct and distinctive subaltern communities in antiquity. If we want to do history from below properly and accord subaltern agency its rightful place, we need to explore carefully a range of difficult issues. These issues include the nature and format of our sources, the metanarratives within which we interpret and utilise them, the various factors and processes that created subaltern communities, and the languages and discourses that they employed to conceive of themselves and the world and achieve their aims.
The concept of hegemony was one of Gramsci's most seminal contributions, not only to Marxist theory, but also to history and the social sciences. It raised the issue of how the ruling class asserts its dominant position, but at the same... more
The concept of hegemony was one of Gramsci's most seminal contributions, not only to Marxist theory, but also to history and the social sciences. It raised the issue of how the ruling class asserts its dominant position, but at the same time how the subordinate classes contest the authority of their rulers through a mixture of everyday experience, reinterpretation of elements of ruling class ideology, and the creation of alternative discourses. Hegemony requires a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches. The study of slavery in antiquity has been long dominated by a unilateralist and top-down approach. Slavery is seen as a relationship that was unilaterally defined by the masters and imposed on the slaves, who are seen as passive objects of exploitation and domination. This chapter takes its cue from an alternative approach to modern slavery, created by the American Marxist historian Eugene Genovese on the basis of Gramsci's ideas. Genovese portrayed slavery as an asymmetrical negotiation of power between masters, slaves, and other groups, and thus for the first time made it possible to explore slave agency in the history of slavery. Based on the Gramscian concepts of hegemony and double consciousness, I explore the contradictions that were generated by the coexistence of various distinctive discourses on slavery in antiquity, and how slaves used elements of these various discourses in order to enhance their condition, limit their suffering, and create opportunities for themselves.
This contribution explores a paradox. On the one hand, Christianity took slavery for granted and had no intention of even arguing in favour of its abolition. On the other hand, Christianity created a form of subjectivity that was in... more
This contribution explores a paradox. On the one hand, Christianity took slavery for granted and had no intention of even arguing in favour of its abolition. On the other hand, Christianity created a form of subjectivity that was in principle universal, although women and slaves faced severe constraints in exercising this subjectivity. Christian thinkers and Church authorities most of the time simply ignored the constraints of enslaved Christian subjectivity; but there were specific contexts in which the combination of Christian discourses, slave agency and particular conjunctures led to significant changes in the historical trajectory of slavery. The article examines three major contexts: Christian lifeways, focusing on sex and marriage and Sunday observance; participation in the institutions of Christian communities, in particular ordination as priests and monks; and religious conflicts between the various Christian de-nominations, pagans, and Jews. These changes were hardly irreversible; we will explore the continuous tug-of-war as a result of the various pressures, interests and agents involved. None of these changes involved a principled opposition to slavery as such or aimed to abolish slavery; but they had substantial effects for millions of slaves, although these effects were not the same for all periods, places and groups of slaves.
Review of:
1) Lewis, D. M. 2018. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC. Oxford.
2) Rio, A. 2017. Slavery After Rome, 500–1100. Oxford.
Review of the following books: 1) D. Kamen, Status in Classical Athens (Princeton and Oxford: 2013). 2) P. Ismard, La démocratie contre les experts : Les esclaves publics en Grèce ancienne (Paris: 2015). 3) M. George (ed.) Roman Slavery... more
Review of the following books:
1) D. Kamen, Status in Classical Athens (Princeton and Oxford: 2013).
2) P. Ismard,  La démocratie contre les experts : Les esclaves publics en Grèce ancienne (Paris: 2015).
3) M. George (ed.) Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture (Toronto: 2013).
4) R. Zelnick-Abramovitz Taxing Freedom in Thessalian Manumission
Inscriptions (Leiden and Boston: 2013).
5) E. Hall, R. Alston and J. McConnell (eds) Ancient Slavery and Abolition: From Hobbes to Hollywood (Oxford: 2011).
What is the relationship between hope and slavery? The answer to this question depends on the assumptions one makes regarding slavery. A very influential approach starts from Orlando Patterson’s famous definition of slavery as social... more
What is the relationship between hope and slavery? The answer to this question depends on the assumptions one makes regarding slavery. A very influential approach starts from Orlando Patterson’s famous definition of slavery as social death: “the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonoured persons”. If slavery is tantamount to social death, then it is a truly hopeless situation. The only hope a slave might entertain is to reverse the ‘day of slavery’, gain his freedom and, within this new condition, entertain the full range of hopes that those who are socially alive can dream of. Nobody would deny that the concept of social death captures an essential aspect of the experience of slavery. Equally, the hope for freedom is undoubtedly a particularly strong emotion for most slaves across time and space. I shall have more to say about this in the latter part of this essay; but before this, I think it is quite essential to situate the link between hope and slavery within an alternative, and much wider framework, than the one that reduces slavery to a form of social death.
This paper explores the relationship between Marxism and ancient history; it argues that Marxism can learn a lot in dealing with its conundrums through a serious engagement with ancient history; conversely, Marxism can make a significant... more
This paper explores the relationship between Marxism and ancient history; it argues that Marxism can learn a lot in dealing with its conundrums through a serious engagement with ancient history; conversely, Marxism can make a significant contribution to solving the conundrums faced by ancient historians. But the condition for this mutually beneficial engagement consists in putting aside the ahistorical premises that Marxism and ancient history inherited from their formative period in the nineteenth century. In the discussion that follows, I begin by exploring the importance of self- reflexivity among historians and then go on to identify four areas (history from below, a holistic approach to history, the focus on large- scale change, and the construction of metanarratives) in which Marxism has made a particularly significant contribution, both in wider terms and more specifically as regards ancient history. In exploring those contributions, I will also discuss the conundrums faced by Marxists and by ancient historians. A solution of mutual benefit can emerge by taking advantage of the positive features inherent in the Marxist approach to history in order to provide solutions to the conundrums faced by ancient historians, provided that those features are historicized in the light of the advances in historical knowledge and method offered by the last few decades of research. I conclude by outlining a new kind of metanarrative that has much to offer to both Marxism and ancient history.
Αντικείμενο αυτής της μελέτης είναι η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ ιστοριογραφικής θεωρίας και αρχαίας ιστορίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, σκοπός μου είναι να αναδείξω τις επιπτώσεις της εξέλιξης των αντιλήψεων και θεωριών της ιστοριογραφίας για τη... more
Αντικείμενο αυτής της μελέτης είναι η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ ιστοριογραφικής θεωρίας και αρχαίας ιστορίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, σκοπός μου είναι να αναδείξω τις επιπτώσεις της εξέλιξης των αντιλήψεων και θεωριών της ιστοριογραφίας για τη μελέτη και συγγραφή της αρχαίας ιστορίας.
Traditional accounts of Athenian society tend to take our sources at face value, as direct reflections of Athenian reality. They present a model of free citizens working as independent producers, while the elite derived its surplus from... more
Traditional accounts of Athenian society tend to take our sources at face value, as direct reflections of Athenian reality. They present a model of free citizens working as independent producers, while the elite derived its surplus from the exploitation of slaves. This model underestimates the systematic omissions of the sources, their consistent and distorting focus, and the implications of these biases. By mapping the field of vision of Athenian sources and the discourses that focus attention on certain aspects while leaving others in the shadows, this article offers an alternative methodology for reconstructing Athenian society. In particular, it considers the Athenian distinction between slave and free, arguing that the emphasis on a clear distinction between the two is not an automatic result of the significance of slavery in Athens. It also shows how our sources render invisible the large number of freemen that did not live as independent producers, and argues that there was a significant gap between the theoretically clear-cut distinction and its application in practice. A novel approach to Athenian society will need to account for those aspects that are systematically beyond the field of vision of our sources; but it must also take major conceptual distinctions like that between slave and free not as reflections of reality but as Athenian choices about how this society viewed itself that require historical explanation.
Finley’s work on slavery was shaped by three discursive contexts which have dominated the historiography of ancient slavery long before Finley. Finley’s contribution to these three discursive contexts consisted both of accepting their... more
Finley’s work on slavery was shaped by three discursive contexts which have dominated the historiography of ancient slavery long before Finley. Finley’s contribution to these three discursive contexts consisted both of accepting their limits and terms, as well as reformulating the questions and answers that could be raised and given within them. Both Finley’s achievements as well as the multiple and deep contradictions of his slave studies are the result of the interaction between these diff erent discursive contexts. Finally, these three discursive contexts still provide the dominant contexts within which the study of ancient slavery is pursued. By examining the work of Finley within these three discursive contexts, one can combine in a certain way the pre- Finley historiography, Finley’s contribution and an assessment of its impact in contemporary scholarship.
In the last decade the landscape of slavery studies has changed radically. Novel developments raise major new challenges for the global study of slavery. This article is an attempt to take stock of these significant developments for... more
In the last decade the landscape of slavery studies has changed radically. Novel developments raise major new challenges for the global study of slavery. This article is an attempt to take stock of these significant developments for rethinking the history of slavery from a global viewpoint. I will be arguing that we need to set aside the essential-ist understanding of slavery and the ahistorical typology of slave societies and societies with slaves in favor of an understanding of slavery as a temporally—and spatially— changing outcome of the entanglement of various processes. If slavery has no essence, but an open-ended global history, we need a new framework for conceptualizing how such a history can be written. I hope to offer an outline of such a framework, as well as a discussion of the kinds of historical change that such a narrative should include.
This chapter examines the neglected topic of slave names as a source of social history demonstrating that they do more than simply illustrate the distinction between free and slave. Even though the Athenians had the onomastic means to... more
This chapter examines the neglected topic of slave names as a source of social history demonstrating that they do more than simply illustrate the distinction between free and slave. Even though the Athenians had the onomastic means to demarcate slaves as people outside the civic community, and no doubt employed these means, this chapter shows that more than half of the recorded Athenian slaves bore names that did not differentiate them from Athenian citizens. Why was the distinction between slaves and freemen so difficult to observe onomastically? Vlassopoulos suggests that slave names provide evidence of the social strategies employed by both masters and slaves, that they provide an illuminating glimpse of the networks that linked together citizens, slaves, and other freemen and as such they raise interesting questions about the form of communities in which Athenian slaves participated.
This chapter argues that the study of ancient Greek history needs to move away from the ‘citizen club’ polis model to emphasize the diversity of communities within the ancient Greek world, the networks of relationships formed within and... more
This chapter argues that the study of ancient Greek history needs to move away from the ‘citizen club’ polis model to emphasize the diversity of communities within the ancient Greek world, the networks of relationships formed within and between them, and the processes that created, modified, and dissolved them. After reviewing the impact of structuralist and formalist models of the polis, Taylor and Vlassopoulos examine how two distinct conceptual approaches, that of network studies and that of community formation, have been taken up by ancient historians. They argue that ‘network thinking’ allows for a diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches that can benefit the study of ancient Greek history. In doing so they outline a new agenda for approaching the ancient Greek world: one less shaped by the polis, but instead focused on the networks of relationships created and disbanded between people of different status, wealth, identity, and connectivity
Religion and community were deeply intertwined in ancient Greece. On the one hand, Greek religion was, to a very significant extent, communal; the overwhelming majority of cultic and ritual acts took place in various communal contexts.... more
Religion and community were deeply intertwined in ancient Greece. On the one hand, Greek religion was, to a very significant extent, communal; the overwhelming majority of cultic and ritual acts took place in various communal contexts. Public and private religious communities were not static and self-enclosed entities; they were involved in a continuous process of formation, transformation, and dissolution. On the other hand, almost all forms of Greek community had a religious basis, in addition to any other features. The absence of a Church as a separate institution meant that Greek communities had direct control over their religious affairs; it also meant that religion suffused all aspects of communal life. Religion presented a potent means for creating social cohesion and the articulation of communal identities; but it also constituted an arena in which conflicting visions of relationships among humans and between humans and gods were continuously expressed and contested.
The study of ethnicity has become particularly popular over the last twenty years. This article explores certain unexamined assumptions concerning ancient ethnicity and points out certain important blind spots of modern research, focusing... more
The study of ethnicity has become particularly popular over the last twenty years. This article explores certain unexamined assumptions concerning ancient ethnicity and points out certain important blind spots of modern research, focusing in particular on Jonathan Hall's contributions to the debate. Greek historians have devoted little time to thinking about the groups to which the concept of ethnicity is applicable: by exploring together the similarities and differences between poleis, regional, trans-regional, and Panhellenic ethnicities, some startling conclusions emerge. Furthermore, Greek historians have devoted little time to explaining why the concept of ethnicity is a better conceptual tool than that of nationality. But the concept of ethnicity tends to elide the question of an organised community and its shared activities in the formation of identity, with major resulting consequences. Instead of an essentialist definition of ethnicity, like that of Hall, I sketch an alternative framework that approaches ethnicity not as a static entity but as an open-endedprocess, in which the diverse Greek ethnicities moved variously within a spectrum, ranging between a collective and a communal pole.
The purpose of this essay is to examine what role comparative history can play in the future of ancient history. My aim is to show why comparative history is important, as well as to explore the different forms of doing comparative... more
The purpose of this essay is to examine what role comparative history can play in the future of ancient history. My aim is to show why comparative history is important, as well as to explore the different forms of doing comparative history and the advantages and disadvantages that these different forms entail. Ancient historians use comparative history in order to fill in the gaps of the ancient evidence, to explore similarities between areas and periods separated in time and space, to ‘defamiliarise the familiar’, or to explore how other historians have dealt with similar problems. This article explores the methodological problems that different approaches to comparative history entail and provides a survey of how these approaches have affected diverse fields of ancient history. While each approach can make its own valuable contribution, there are good reasons for preferring certain approaches to others.
The most important antithesis of Sparta since the eighteenth century has of course been Athens. The comparison of Athens and Sparta is also a constant and important feature of ancient Greek and Roman sources. But during the period between... more
The most important antithesis of Sparta since the eighteenth century has of course been Athens. The comparison of Athens and Sparta is also a constant and important feature of ancient Greek and Roman sources. But during the period between 1500-1700 the most important comparison for the understanding of Sparta was that with Rome. The comparison between Athens and Sparta has tended to oppose them in almost all issues examined. But the comparison between Sparta and Rome is much more complicated. For, as we shall see, there are cases in which Rome and Sparta will appear to be very different from each other and to suggest very different alternatives on offer; at the same time, we shall see cases in which Rome and Sparta appear very similar.
Despite the enormous diversity of approaches to Greek slavery, there has been an underlying agreement that has been little explored. Scholars might disagree on whether slaves constituted a class, or whether Greek slaves were treated... more
Despite the enormous diversity of approaches to Greek slavery, there has been an underlying agreement that has been little explored. Scholars might disagree on whether slaves constituted a class, or whether Greek slaves were treated humanely; but there seems to be an uncontested consensus on what they have in mind when they refer to slaves, i.e. on their definition of slavery. There seems to be a widespread consensus that slavery is primarily a relationship of property. It is not difficult to trace the origins of this view of slavery; it originates in the philosophical work of Aristotle, who famously defined the slave as ‘a living piece of property, while explaining his theory of natural slavery.
I want to argue that the link between the conception of slavery as a form of property and the theory of natural slavery in Aristotle’s thought is indeed significant. It is well known that Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery, while not without precursors or followers, was a minority position within ancient views on slavery. In the same way, as I will argue, the conception of slavery as a form of property was a minority view within Greek views of slavery. The vast majority of Greek thinkers conceived slavery in a different mode: they conceived slavery primarily as domination. This alternative view of slavery not only explains some important paradoxes of Greek slavery, but could be still of important analytical value for modern research.
The modern study of slavery has been dominated by an Aristotelian idea: the image of the slave as an article of a property, as a living tool. There were good reasons for which modern scholars adopted this definition. It stressed the... more
The modern study of slavery has been dominated by an Aristotelian idea: the image of the slave as an article of a property, as a living tool. There were good reasons for which modern scholars adopted this definition. It stressed the essential fact that the relationship between slave and master was deeply asymmetrical, that the master had enormous power over what was effectively a piece of property, and that slaves were perennially obliged to work to satisfy the needs and wishes of their masters. Nevertheless, it has long been obvious that this image cannot account for the phenomenon of Greek slavery in its totality. My suggestion is that there is an alternative concept which, in combination with the image of the living tool, can allow us to understand ancient slaves in a more comprehensive way. This is the concept of koinônia (association), which is also an important element in Aristotle’s work. The article explores how the concept of koinônia can illuminate the study of ancient slavery.
The concept of the region is gradually becoming appealing to ancient historians. The purpose of this article is to suggest some of the reasons behind this increasing appeal, to explore the various forms of regions that can be traced in... more
The concept of the region is gradually becoming appealing to ancient historians. The purpose of this article is to suggest some of the reasons behind this increasing appeal, to explore the various forms of regions that can be traced in Greek history (political, social, cultural, economic) and the nature of regional identities, and, finally, to propose some important caveats that should be taken into account in future work on Greek regions.
This paper deals with the construction of (a) historicity for Greek history and the role played by new temporalities in the Sattelzeit period of 1750-1850. It is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the contexts of studying... more
This paper deals with the construction of (a) historicity for Greek history and the role played by new temporalities in the Sattelzeit period of 1750-1850. It is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the contexts of studying Greek history during the early modern period (the discussion of classical texts; Antiquitates; Plutarchean exemplary works; the discourse of civic humanism; Universal history; and the history of origins). The second part looks at the changes in discursive practices, the construction of new historical languages and new temporalities that allowed the historicisation of Greek history between 1750-1850. It pays particular emphasis to the temporalities of distantiation (the gap between antiquity and modernity), actualisation (the Vichian similarities of development between antiquity and modernity) and the philosophies of history; and how all these different temporalities ultimately came to enforce a Eurocentric perspective on Greek history. A central argument of the paper is that we should acknowledge the multiplicity of perspectives during each historical period and avoid monolithic reifications.
History, the study of the past, has two sides to it: one is the recent past, contemporary history, what the Germans call Zeitgeschichte. The history of the distant past is a much more demanding task. The big temporal gap between past and... more
History, the study of the past, has two sides to it: one is the recent past, contemporary history, what the Germans call Zeitgeschichte. The history of the distant past is a much more demanding task. The big temporal gap between past and present necessitates to a much greater extent the construction of a binary subject: the present of the narration and the past of the narrative; the „we‟ of the present narrator and the „they‟ of the past subjects of the narrative. The writing of the history of the distant past necessitates therefore the simultaneous construction of a concept of antiquity (the past, our ancestors) and of modernity (we, the present). In a way, our modern conceptions of antiquity and modernity were formulated during the eighteenth century. This makes it all the more important to look at the diverse ways in which the relationship between antiquity and modernity was constructed. I want to offer four different modes of constructing the relationship between antiquity and modernity, or past and present: distantiation, proximity, alterity and immanency.
The term ‘imperialism’ has acquired several different meanings since it was first coined, although its principal meaning today is one that was developed in the late nineteenth century. Consequently, when we turn to earlier periods, we... more
The term ‘imperialism’ has acquired several different meanings since it was first coined, although its principal meaning today is one that was developed in the late nineteenth century. Consequently, when we turn to earlier periods, we have to guard against employing a term with connotations which might be quite different from those relevant to these earlier periods. It is much more useful to look at contexts, concerns and debates within which empire was discussed and problematised. We shall thus see that issues and concerns that we would not now readily associate with empire and imperialism had very different connotations in the early modern period. These considerations are also of importance to the second aspect of this paper, namely the use and conceptualisation of ancient history in eighteenth-century debates on empire and imperialism. There was a plurality of ways in which ancient history could be employed in these debates; moreover, different aspects, or different periods of ancient history, were more useful and stimulating in different contexts. This chapter will identify four such contexts of discussion: empire and universal monarchy; empire and civilization; empire and liberty; and empire and colony.
Greek slave names have been relatively neglected. The only full-scale study dates from as far back as 1907. In more recent years scholars have published catalogues of Athenian slave names or of the slave names recorded in Greek... more
Greek slave names have been relatively neglected. The only full-scale study dates from as far back as 1907. In more recent years scholars have published catalogues of Athenian slave names or of the slave names recorded in Greek manumission inscriptions.But the most important problem is that there has been no dialogue between onomastic studies and the mainstream scholarship on Greek slavery. Slave names and their implications are largely ignored in the standard general accounts of Greek slavery. According to a widely-shared view, slave names reflect an ideology that distinguished clearly between the foreign slaves on the one hand, and the citizens with political and military roles on the other: naming and ideology moved in the same direction. But is this view actually verified by a detailed comparison of slave and citizen names? This article attempts to answer this question by means of a detailed comparison of Athenian slave names with those of citizens and metics during the archaic and classical periods. I will show that the majority of Athenian slaves bore names that were also shared by citizens and that this finding has important implications. But more than that, this article is an attempt to demonstrate the importance of onomastic studies for social history. Slave names raise very important questions about many aspects of the role and function of slavery within Athenian society. These questions and the range of possible answers open new paths that future research will have to seriously take into account.
While there was a categorical and simple division between slave and free in Athenian law, in social practice the situation was different. It is often impossible to tell whether an individual was free or slave; even more, there are many... more
While there was a categorical and simple division between slave and free in Athenian law, in social practice the situation was different. It is often impossible to tell whether an individual was free or slave; even more, there are many examples of citizens accused of being slaves. The explanation of this bifurcation between law and reality should be sought in the social content of Athenian citizenship. In Athens the privileges of citizenship extended to the lower classes of peasants, artisans, and shopkeepers. Slaves and freemen exercised the same professions; this overlap made it impossible to differentiate status solely on the basis of profession or living conditions. Thus, many slaves were in a position to take advantage of this blurring of identities to escape detection and create better conditions for themselves.
Most modern works on Greek history accept a categorical distinction between different identities and statuses in classical Athens: there was a deep chasm between the male citizens’ club and those excluded: foreigners, slaves and women;... more
Most modern works on Greek history accept a categorical distinction between different identities and statuses in classical Athens: there was a deep chasm between the male citizens’ club and those excluded: foreigners, slaves and women; and the identity of male citizen, slave, foreigner and woman was clear, well defined, easy to establish, immutable and unchallenged. Admittedly, this is not simply a modern construction: there are innumerable references in the ancient texts, which present this view of identity and make it a legitimate perspective for modern scholars to adopt.
It is the aim of this article to challenge these long-entrenched assumptions. I want to argue that the distinction between citizens, metics and slaves was often difficult to establish in Athens; that this was connected to the functions of Athenian democracy; that citizens, metics and slaves formed mixed and interacting cultures in collaboration and conflict; and that these interactions were created and enabled by what I will call free spaces. This discussion will raise a second important issue: the interpretation of Athenian democracy. I will argue that many of the current approaches to Athenian democracy have a strong elitist perspective and that we have to turn our attention to a bottom-down perspective; the concept of free spaces can play an important role in changing perspective.
Standard accounts of Greek history have been overwhelmingly polis-centred, Athenocentric and Hellenocentric; they have thus often marginalised the wider Greek world and separated Greek history from the wider Mediterranean and Near Eastern... more
Standard accounts of Greek history have been overwhelmingly polis-centred, Athenocentric and Hellenocentric; they have thus often marginalised the wider Greek world and separated Greek history from the wider Mediterranean and Near Eastern world. This article aims to situate Greek history within a wider world-system. It looks at how we can construct a new subject of Greek history by focusing on the networks moving goods, peoples and ideas and the various centres that organise this world-system.
This article looks at the ways we can use networks in the study of the history of Greece. At the level below the polis, networks take the form of associations (koinoniai) that bring together people of various statuses and backgrounds.... more
This article looks at the ways we can use networks in the study of the history of Greece. At the level below the polis, networks take the form of associations (koinoniai) that bring together people of various statuses and backgrounds. Studying these koinoniai allows us to move beyond structuralist approaches into the study of real social interactions. When looking at the level below the polis, we have to adopt a world-system perspective, and study the networks that move people, goods and ideas/technologies, and the world centres that organize these networks. This approach allows us to move beyond Hellenocentric and Athenocentric approaches, and insert the Greek world into the wider Mediterranean and Near Eastern world-system.
Review of: 1) D. M. Lewis, Greek Slave Systems in Their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c. 800-146 BC (2018). 2) J. G. Manning, The Open Sea: The Economic Life of the Ancient Mediterranean World from the Iron Age to the Rise of Rome... more
Review of:
1) D. M. Lewis, Greek Slave Systems in Their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c. 800-146 BC (2018).
2) J. G. Manning, The Open Sea: The Economic Life of the Ancient Mediterranean World from the Iron Age to the Rise of Rome (2018).
3) G. Anderson, The Realness of Things Past: Ancient Greece and Ontological History (2018).
4) S. Dmitriev, The Birth of the Athenian Community: from Solon to Cleisthenes (2018).
5) D. Pritchard, Athenian Democracy at War (2019).
6) S. D. Lambert, Inscribed Athenian Laws and Decrees in the Age of Demosthenes: Historical Essays (2018).
7) P. Perlman (ed.), Ancient Greek Law in the 21st Century (2018).
8) H. Börm and N. Luraghi (eds.), The Polis in the Hellenistic World (2018).
9) R. Waterfield, Creators, Conquerors and Citizens: A History of Ancient Greece (2018).
10) D. Stuttard, Nemesis: Alcibiades and the Fall of Athens (2018).
11) P. Högemann and N. Oettinger, Lydien: ein altanatolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (2018).
12) E. Jensen, Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World (2018).
13) S. Hornblower and G. Biffis (eds.), The Returning Hero: Nostoi and Traditions of Mediterranean Settlement (2018).
14) N.  Mac Sweeney, Troy: Myth, City, Icon (2018).
15) M. Sommer, Palmyra: A History (2018).
16) B. L. Erickson, Lerna: A Preclassical Site in the Argolid. Volume VIII: The Historical Greek Village (2018).
Review of: 1) A. Powell (ed.) A Companion to Sparta, Volumes I-II (2017) 2) J. Zurbach, Les hommes, la terre et la dette en Grèce, c. 1400-c. 500 a.C., Volumes I-II (2017). 3) G. Zuchtriegel, Colonization and Subalternity in Classical... more
Review of:
1) A. Powell (ed.) A Companion to Sparta, Volumes I-II (2017)
2) J. Zurbach, Les hommes, la terre et la dette en Grèce, c. 1400-c. 500 a.C., Volumes I-II (2017).
3) G. Zuchtriegel, Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece. Experience of the Nonelite Population (2017).
4) C. Taylor, Poverty, Wealth, and Well-being. Experiencing Penia in Democratic Athens (2017).
5) V. Azoulay, The Tyrant-Slayers of Ancient Athens. A Tale of Two Statues (2017).
6) M. Canevaro and B. Gray (eds.),The Hellenistic Reception of Classical Athenian Democracy and Political Thought (2018).
7) I. Kralli, The Hellenistic Peloponnese. Interstate Relations. A Narrative and Analytic History, from the Fourth Century to 146 BC (2017).
8) D. G. J. Shipley, The Early Hellenistic Peloponnese. Politics, Economies, and Networks 338–197 BC (2018).
9) C. Constantakopoulou, Aegean Interactions. Delos and its Networks in the Third Century (2017).
10) R. Boehm, City and Empire in the Age of the Successors. Urbanization and Social Response in the Making of
the Hellenistic Kingdoms (2018).
11) F. Kirbihler, Des Grecs et des Italiens à Éphèse. Histoire d’une intégration croisée, 133 a.C.–48 p.C. (2016).
12) T. Christensen, D. J. Thompson and K. Vandorpe, Land and Taxes in Ptolemaic Egypt. An Edition, Translation and Commentary of the Edfu Land Survey (2017).
13) B. Chrubasik and D. King (eds.), Hellenism and the Local Communities of the Eastern Mediterranean 400 BCE–250 CE (2017).
Review of: 1) A. Duplouy and R. Brock (eds.), Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece (Oxford: 2018) 2) J. Blok, Citizenship in Classical Athens (Cambridge: 2017) 3) P. Ismard, Democracy’s Slaves. A Political History of Ancient Greece... more
Review of:
1)  A. Duplouy and R. Brock (eds.), Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece (Oxford: 2018)
2) J. Blok, Citizenship in Classical Athens (Cambridge: 2017)
3) P. Ismard, Democracy’s Slaves. A Political History of Ancient Greece (Cambridge, MA, and London: 2017)
4) R. Konijnendijk. Classical Greek Tactics. A Cultural History (Leiden and Boston, MA: 2017)
5) T. Ñaco del Hoyo and F. López Sánchez (eds.), War, Warlords, and Interstate Relations in the Ancient Mediterranean.  (Leiden and Boston, MA: 2017)
6) P. Briant, Kings, Countries, Peoples. Selected Studies on the Achaemenid Empire (Stuttgart:  2017)
7) J. P. Stronk, Semiramis’ Legacy. The History of Persia According to Diodorus of Sicily (Edinburgh: 2018)
8) J. O. Hyland, Persian Interventions. The Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450–386 BCE (Baltimore, MD: 2018)
9) R. Garland, Athens Burning. The Persian Invasion of Greece and the Evacuation of Attica (Baltimore, MD: 2017)
10) R. K. Balot, S. Forsdyke and E. Foster.The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides (New York: 2017)
11) R. Osborne and P. J. Rhodes, Greek Historical Inscriptions 478–404 BC (Oxford: 2017)
12) P. J. Rhodes, Periclean Athens (London and New York: 2018)
Review of 1) J. Bodel and W. Scheidel (eds.), On Human Bondage: After Slavery and Social Death (Oxford: 2017) 2) A. Rio, Slavery after Rome: 500–1100 (Oxford: 2017) 3) I. Ramelli, Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery: The Role of... more
Review of
1) J. Bodel and W. Scheidel (eds.), On Human Bondage: After Slavery and Social Death (Oxford: 2017)
2) A. Rio, Slavery after Rome: 500–1100 (Oxford: 2017)
3) I. Ramelli, Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery: The Role of Philosophical Asceticism from Ancient Judaism to Late Antiquity (Oxford: 2016)
1) M. Zaccarini, The Lame Hegemony. Cimon of Athens and the Failure of Panhellenism, ca. 478-450 BC, Bologna, 2017. 2) E. Franchi, Die Konflikte zwischen Thessalern und Phokern. Krieg und Identität in der griechischen Erinnerungskultur... more
1) M. Zaccarini, The Lame Hegemony. Cimon of Athens and the Failure of Panhellenism, ca. 478-450 BC, Bologna, 2017.
2) E. Franchi, Die Konflikte zwischen Thessalern und Phokern. Krieg und Identität in der griechischen Erinnerungskultur des 4. Jahrhunderts, Munich, 2016.
3) L. Thommen, Sparta. Verfassungs- und Sozialgeschichte einer griechischen Polis, Stuttgart, 2017.
4) J. Roisman, The Classical Art of Command. Eight Greek Generals Who Shaped the History of Warfare, New York, 2017.
5) C. Antonetti and P. Biagi, eds., With Alexander in India and Central Asia. Moving East and Back to West, Oxford, 2017.
6) L. C. Nevett, ed., Theoretical Approaches to the Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Manipulating Material Culture, Ann Arbor, MI, 2017.
7) S. N. Jaffe,  Thucydides on the Origins of War. Character and Contest, New York, 2017.
8) M. Rathmann,  Diodor und seine ‘Bibliotheke’. Weltgeschichte aus der Provinz, Göttingen, 2016.
1) T. Russell, Byzantium and the Bosporus. A Historical Study from the Seventh Century BC until the Foundation of Constantinople, Oxford, 2017. 2) A. U. de Giorgi, Ancient Antioch from the Seleucid Era to the Islamic Conquest, Cambridge,... more
1) T. Russell, Byzantium and the Bosporus. A Historical Study from the Seventh Century BC until the Foundation of Constantinople, Oxford, 2017.
2) A. U. de Giorgi, Ancient Antioch from the Seleucid Era to the Islamic Conquest, Cambridge, 2016.
3) M. Domingo Gygax, Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City. The Origins of Euergetism, Cambridge, 2016.
4) A. Powell and K. Meidani, eds., ‘The Eyesore of Aigina’. Anti-Athenian Attitudes across the Greek, Hellenistic and Roman Worlds, Swansea, 2016.
5) K. Bringmann, Im Schatten der Paläste. Geschichte des frühen Griechenlands von den Dunklen Jahrhunderten bis zu den Perserkriegen, Munich, 2016.
6) P. Scholz, Der Hellenismus. Der Hof und die Welt, Munich, 2015.
7) J. Romm, Ghost on the Throne. The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire, New York, 2011.
8) J. T. Roberts, The Plague of War. Athens, Sparta, and the Struggle for Ancient Greece, New York, 2017.
9) T. R. Martin, Pericles. A Biography in Context, New York, 2016.
1) E. Gorogianni, P. Pavúk, and L. Girella, eds., Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean, Oxford and Havertown, 2016. 2) F. de Angelis, Archaic and Classical Greek Sicily. A... more
1) E. Gorogianni, P. Pavúk, and L. Girella, eds., Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean, Oxford and Havertown, 2016.
2) F. de Angelis, Archaic and Classical Greek Sicily. A Social and Economic History, New York, 2016.
3) G. Deligiannakis, The Dodecanese and the Eastern Aegean Islands in Late Antiquity, AD 300–700, Oxford, 2016.
4) E. Carney, King and Court in Ancient Macedonia. Rivalry, Treason and Conspiracy, Swansea, 2015.
5) P. Wheatley and E. Baynham, eds., East and West in the World Empire of Alexander. Essays in Honour of Brian Bosworth, Oxford, 2015.
6) T. Howe, E. E. Garvin and G. Wrightson, eds., Greece, Macedon and Persia. Studies in Social, Political and Military History in Honour of Waldemar Heckel, Oxford and Havertown, PA, 2015.
7) F. L. Holt, The Treasures of Alexander the Great. How One Man’s Wealth Shaped the World, New York, 2016.
8) P. Thonemann, The Hellenistic Age, Oxford, 2016.
9) J. Labuff, Polis Expansion and Elite Power in Hellenistic Karia, Lanham, MD, 2016.
10) E. Eidinow, Envy, Poison, and Death. Women on Trial in Classical Athens, Oxford, 2016.
11) M. R. Lefkowitz and M. Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome. A Source Book in Translation, London and New York, 2016.
12) N. T. Arrington, Ashes, Images, and Memories. The Presence of the War Dead in Fifth-century Athens, New York, 2015.
1) A. Bresson, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City-States. Princeton, NJ, 2016. 2) M. Gagarin and P. Perlman, The Laws of Ancient Crete, c.650–400 BCE, Oxford, 2016. 3) G. Seelentag, Das... more
1) A. Bresson, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City-States. Princeton, NJ, 2016.
2) M. Gagarin and P. Perlman, The Laws of Ancient Crete, c.650–400 BCE, Oxford, 2016.
3) G. Seelentag, Das archaische Kreta. Institutionalisierung im frühen Griechenland, Berlin and Boston, MA, 2015.
4) M. H. Jameson, Cults and Rites in Ancient Greece. Essays on Religion and Society. Cambridge, 2014.
5) A. T. Alwine, Enmity and Feuding in Classical Athens, Austin, TX, 2015.
6) M. Golden, Children and Childhood in Classical Athens, Baltimore, MD, 2015.
7) E. E. Cohen, Athenian Prostitution. The Business of Sex, New York, 2015.
8) D. Hamel, The Battle of Arginusae. Victory at Sea and Its Tragic Aftermath in the Final Years of the Peloponnesian War, Baltimore, MD, 2015.
9) R. W. Wallace, Reconstructing Damon. Music, Wisdom Teaching, and Politics in Perikles’ Athens, New York, 2015.
10) S. Brown Ferrario, Historical Agency and the ‘Great Man’ in Classical Greece, Cambridge, 2014.
11) N. Morley, Thucydides and the Idea of History, London and New York, 2014.
12) D. W. Roller. The Geography of Strabo, Cambridge and New York, 2014.
1) B. Gray, Stasis and Stability. Exile, the Polis, and Political Thought, c. 404–146 BC, Oxford, 2015. 2) W. Mack, Proxeny and Polis. International Networks in the Ancient Greek World, Oxford, 2015. 3) I. Rutherford, State Pilgrims and... more
1) B. Gray, Stasis and Stability. Exile, the Polis, and Political Thought, c. 404–146 BC, Oxford, 2015.
2) W. Mack, Proxeny and Polis. International Networks in the Ancient Greek World, Oxford, 2015.
3) I. Rutherford, State Pilgrims and Sacred Observers in Ancient Greece. A Study of Theōria and Theoroi, Cambridge, 2013.
4) M. Mili, Religion and Society in Ancient Thessaly, Oxford, 2014.
5) Z. H. Archibald, Ancient Economies of the North Aegean, Fifth to First Centuries BC, Oxford, 2013.
6) A. Monson and W. Scheidel, eds., Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, Cambridge, 2015.
7) A. Moreno and R. Thomas, eds., Patterns of the Past. Epitedeumata in the Greek Tradition, Oxford, 2014.
8) E. Sanders, Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens. A Socio-psychological Approach, Oxford, 2014.
9) E. Sanders, C. Thumiger, C, Carey, and N. J. Lowe, eds., Erôs in Ancient Greece, Oxford, 2013.
10) J. Grethlein, Experience and Teleology in Ancient Historiography. ‘Futures Past’ from Herodotus to Augustine, Cambridge, 2013.
11) M. Fragoulaki, Kinship in Thucydides. Intercommunal Ties and Historical Narrative, Oxford, 2013.
12) J. Marincola, L. Llewellyn-Jones and C. Maciver, eds., Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras. History without Historians, Edinburgh, 2012.
An extended review article of the following seven books: 1) K. Bradley and P. Cartledge (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume I, the Ancient Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 2) K. Harper,... more
An extended review article of the following seven books:
1) K. Bradley and P. Cartledge (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume I, the Ancient Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
2) K. Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World AD 275-425 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
3) H. Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
4) M. J. Perry, Gender, Manumission and the Roman Freedwoman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
5) S. Bell and T. Ramsby (eds.), Free at Last! The Impact of Freed Slaves on the Roman Empire (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012).
6) K. Wrenhaven, Reconstructing the Slave: The Image of the Slave in Ancient Greece (London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012).
7) M. Lavan, Slaves to Rome: Paradigms of Empire in Roman Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Review of the following books: 1) P. Ceccarelli, Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC – 150 BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. 2) K. Radner, (ed.), State Correspondence in the Ancient World. From New Kingdom... more
Review of the following books:
1) P. Ceccarelli, Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC – 150 BC).  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
2) K. Radner, (ed.), State Correspondence in the Ancient World. From New Kingdom Egypt to the Roman Empire. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
3) C. Eyre, The Use of Documents in Pharaonic Egypt.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
4) P. Liddel - P. Low (eds.), Inscriptions and their Uses in Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
5) A. Gottesman, Politics and the Street in Democratic Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
6) S. M. Wijma, Embracing the Immigrant: The Participation of Metics in Athenian Polis Religion (5th-4th Century BC). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2014.
7) A. Rubel, Fear and Loathing in Ancient Athens: Religion and Politics during the Peloponnesian War. Durham: Acumen, 2014.
8)  By R. K. Balot, Courage in the Democratic Polis: Ideology and Critique in Classical Athens. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
9) L. Asmonti, Athenian Democracy: A Sourcebook. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.
10) E. Bridges, Imagining Xerxes: Ancient Perspectives On A Persian King.  London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.
11) J. Brouwers, Henchmen of Ares: Warriors and Warfare in Early Greece.  Rotterdam: Karwansaray Publishers, 2013.
12) S. English, Mercenaries in the Classical World to the Death of Alexander. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2012.
13)  M. Roberts - B. Bennett, Twilight of the Hellenistic World. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2012.
14) W. Shepherd, Pylos and Sphacteria 425 BC: Sparta’s Island of Disaster. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing, 2013.
Review of the following books: 1) H, van Wees, Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris: London and New York, 2013. 2) M. Wecowski, The Rise of the Greek Aristocratic Banquet.Oxford University... more
Review of the following books:
1) H, van Wees, Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris: London and New York, 2013.

2) M. Wecowski, The Rise of the Greek Aristocratic Banquet.Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2014.

3) M. H. Hansen, Reflections on Aristotle’s Politics.  Museum Tusculanum Press: Copenhagen, 2013.

4) L. Mitchell, The Heroic Rulers of Archaic and Classical Greece. Bloomsbury Academic: London and New York, 2013.

5) E. M. Anson, Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues. Bloomsbury Academic: London and New York, 2013.

6) I. Worthington, By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2014.

7) C. Fischer-Bovet, Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2014.

8) E. D. Carney, Arsinoë of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life. Oxford University Press: New York, 2013.

9) J. Geiger, Hellenism in the East: Studies on Greek Intellectuals in Palestine.  Franz Steiner Verlag: Stuttgart, 2014.

10) J. Mynott, Thucydides: The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2013.

11) S. Hornblower, Herodotus: Histories Book V. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2013.

12) J. Romm and P. Mensch, Plutarch: Lives that Made Greek History. Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis, 2012.

13) J. Romm and P. Mensch, Herodotus: Histories. Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis, 2014.

14) R. Waterfield and C. Carey, Demosthenes: Selected Speeches. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2014.
Review of: 1) J. Kindt, Rethinking Greek Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 2) D. Kagan and G. F. Viggiano, eds., Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,... more
Review of:
1) J. Kindt, Rethinking Greek Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
2) D. Kagan and G. F. Viggiano, eds., Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013.
3) E. Caravan, The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing the Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
4) M. Canevaro, The Documents in the Attic Orators: Laws and Decrees in the Public Speeches of the Demosthenic Corpus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
5) N. Villacéque, Spectateurs de paroles! Délibération démocratique et théâtre à Athènes à l‘époque classique. Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013.
6) D. L. Kellogg, Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
7) P. Cartledge, After Thermopylae. The Oath of Plataea and the End of the Graeco-Persian Wars. Emblems of Antiquity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
8) D. Lyons, Dangerous Gifts. Gender and Exchange in Ancient Greece. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012.
9) J. Robson, Sex and Sexuality in Classical Athens. Debates and Documents in Ancient History. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
10) D. B. Nagle and S. M. Burstein, Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations. Second Edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
11) R. Vignolo Munson, ed., Herodotus: Volume 1: Herodotus and the Narrative of the Past. Herodotus: Volume 2: Herodotus and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
"Review of: 1) D. Demetriou, Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 2) J. Skinner, The Invention of Greek Ethnography:... more
"Review of:
1) D. Demetriou, Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
2) J. Skinner, The Invention of Greek Ethnography: Ethnography and History from Homer to Herodotus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
3) E. R. M. Dusinberre, Empire, Authority and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
4) M. A. Sears, Athens, Thrace, and the Shaping of Athenian Leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
5) D. Kamen, Status in Classical Athens. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013.
6) D. M. Pritchard, Sport, Democracy and War in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
7) M. R. Christ, The Limits of Altruism in Democratic Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
8) J. Roisman, Alexander’s Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012.
9) P. Martzavou and N. Papazarkadas, eds., Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
10) E. A. Meyer.The Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2013.
11) C. Prêtre, Kosmos et kosmema: les offrandes de parure dans les inventaires déliens. Kernos. Supplément, 27.  Athens: Centre d'Etude de la Religion Grecque Antique, 2012. 
12) E. Baragwanath and M. de Bakker, eds., Myth, Truth and Narrative in Herodotus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
13) J. Beneker, The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch’s Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. "
Review of the following works: 1) T. A. Schmitz and N. Wiater, eds., The Struggle for Identity. Greeks and their Past in the First Century BCE. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2011. 2) J. Bodel and S. M. Olyan, eds., Household and Family... more
Review of the following works:

1) T. A. Schmitz and N. Wiater, eds., The Struggle for Identity. Greeks and their Past in the First Century BCE. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2011.
2) J. Bodel and S. M. Olyan, eds., Household and Family Religion in Antiquity. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2012.
3) S. Johnstone, A History of Trust in Ancient Greece.  Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2011.
4) B. Rutishauser, Athens and the Cyclades: Economic Strategies 540-314 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
5) K. Harloe and N. Morley, eds., Thucydides and the Modern World. Reception, Reinterpretation and Influence from the Renaissance to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
6) E. Foster and D. Lateiner, eds., Thucydides and Herodotus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
7) G. Parmeggiani, Eforo di Cuma: Studi di storiografia greca. Bologna: Pàtron, 2012.
8) J. A. Evans, Daily Life in the Hellenistic Age: From Alexandra to Cleopatra. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.
9) J. Roisman, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: The Evidence. Malden, MA and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
10) B. MacLachlan, Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. London and New York: Continuum Publishing, 2012.
11) J. Crowley, The Psychology of the Athenian Hoplite. The Culture of Combat in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
12) J. Pietrykowski, Great Battles of the Hellenistic World. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2012.
13) A. Keaveney, The Persian Invasions of Greece. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2011.
14) W. Shepherd, Plataea 479 BC: The Most Glorious Victory Ever Seen. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing, 2012.
University of Nottingham
Review of the following works: 1) I. Malkin, A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 2) L. E. Patterson, Kinship Myth in Ancient Greece. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,... more
Review of the following works:

1) I. Malkin, A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
2) L. E. Patterson, Kinship Myth in Ancient Greece. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2010.
3) D. S. Richter, Cosmopolis: Imagining Community in Late Classical Athens and the Early Roman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
4) I. S. Moyer, Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
5) W. Grajetzki, Greeks and Parthians in Mesopotamia and Beyond 331 BC–224 AD. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010.
6) A. Wolpert and K. Kapparis, Legal Speeches of Democratic Athens: Sources for Athenian History.  Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2011.
7) N. Papazarkadas, Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
8) E. W. Robinson, Democracy Beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
9) G. Cawkwell, Cyrene to Chaeronea: Selected Essays on Ancient Greek History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
10) Z. H. Archibald, J. K. Davies, and V. Gabrielsen (eds.), The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
11) P. Cartledge, Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
12) C. Meier, A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
13) J. R. Hale, Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy. London: Gibson Square, 2010.
14) P. J. Rhodes, Alcibiades. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2011.

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