Dalmatia

Osmanlı Devleti ile Venedik Cumhuriyeti arasında, küçük birtakım mücadeleleri kenara bırakırsak en temelde yedi ayrı savaş meydana gelmiştir. Savaşların son üçü ise incelediğimiz tarih aralığında yaşanmıştır... bu savaşların çoğu Osmanlılar tarafından Venediklileri Balkanlardan tamamen atmak için bilinçli bir politikanın ürünü olarak çıkarılmışlardır. Çünkü Osmanlı yöneticileri için karada Venediklilerle yapılacak olan savaş denizde yapılanların aksine çok daha kolay neticelenecek ve istenilen hedefe çok hızlı bir şekilde ulaşmak mümkün olacaktır. Hatta bir kronikte ifade edildiği şekliyle; “Venedik keferesi dahi deryâ cengi hilekârlığında akrânı nadir pehlevândır. Lâkin karada musâff cenglerine zehresi olmayup, kal’alarından taşra çıkması güya balık sudan çıkduğı misillidür".  Ancak, burada ifade edildiği şekliyle kara özelinde cereyan eden
savaşlarda -ki bunlar meydan savaşları değil kuşatma savaşlarıdır- Venedikliler, Osmanlıların ifade ettiği gibi pek de sudan çıkmış balık olmamışlar; aksine Osmanlı ordusunu birçok noktada mağlup etmişler veya başarılı savunmalar gerçekleştirmişlerdir.

The book focuses on the most important examples of eleventh-century sculpture from Dalmatia and Croatia. This study re-evaluates figural sculptures from Zadar and Biskupija in northern Dalmatia, Solin in central Dalmatia, and Koločep in southern Dalmatia by contextualising their visual presence in the churches, examining issues of patronage, and tracing intertextual relationships with visual sources and patristic texts.

More specifically, the book focuses on marble and limestone relief carvings from five sites in the present-day Croatian region of Dalmatia which are decorated with human figures. The carvings include five sets of chancel screens, a portal, a capital, a perforated panel, and a fragmentary crucifix. Each chapter discusses a specific site, and follows a consistent analytical programme, which includes contextualising the sculptures according to their immediate architectural setting, their visual and textual sources, and their likely patrons, thereby placing them both in a local historical context and in the wider spiritual and artistic contexts of their time.

U ovome radu prikupljeni su svi dostupni podaci o ubikaciji Stridona, rodnog mjesta sv. Jeronima. Uz podatke koje pružaju sami Jeronimovi spisi, u obzir su uzete i pretpostavke autora brojnih novovjekovnih i modernih rasprava o tome pitanju.

U članku se prikazuje razvoj sokolskog pokreta od prvih početaka u Češkoj i njegovo širenje u Hrvatskoj te istražuje povijest društva Hrvatski sokol u Makarskoj. Autor istražuje značenje sokolstva u Hrvatskoj, Dalmaciji i Makarskoj te uvjete njegova djelovanja. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na povezivanje sokolskog djelovanja s političkom situacijom u Hrvatskoj i Monarhiji te strankama koje su imale najveći utjecaj na Hrvatski sokol. Sokolsko društvo u Makarskoj osnovano je 1894., a prestalo je s djelovanjem 1914. uslijed zabrane rada sokolskim društvima u Monarhiji zbog početka Prvog svjetskog rata. U funkcioniranju mu je velike probleme stvarao otpor kotarskog poglavarstva i autonomaška stranka, no unatoč tome postiglo je veliki utjecaj u svakodnevnom gradskom životu.

Koristeći se talijanskim diplomatskim dokumentima u ovome radu prikazuje se i analizira talijanska vanjska politika prema jadranskom pitanju od izbijanja Prvoga svjetskog rata do zaključenja Londonskog ugovora u travnju 1915. Kada je rat zatekao Italiju na strani Centralnih sila, ona se proglasila neutralnom, računajući pritom ponajprije na razvoj jadranskog pitanja nakon rata. Za Italiju je dvojba bila sljedeća: ili će na Jadranu dominirati ojačana Austro-Ugarska (ako pobijedi u ratu) ili će Jadranom dominirati velika slavenska država (ako se Monarhija raspadne uslijed ratnog poraza). Rad slijedi pregovore Italije s Antantom, prikazujući taktiziranje s teritorijalnim zahtjevima koje je Italija tražila kao zadovoljštinu za ratni angažman protiv vlastitih saveznika – Austro-Ugarske i Njemačke. Ističu se različiti pogledi koje su na jadransko pitanje imali ministri vanjskih poslova Antonio San Giuliano i njegov nasljednik Sidney Sonnino koji pak je bio inspirator i kreator pregovora s Antantom i u konačnici postignutog dogovora nazvanog Londonski ugovor.

S razvojem ikonografije sv. Jeronima u talijanskom slikarstvu od 14. stoljeća njegovi prikazi postaju sporadično prisutni i na istočnoj obali Jadrana. Jačanjem političkih, trgovačkih i kulturnih veza između dvije obale Jadrana, kao i uplivom humanizma i renesanse, tijekom 15.
stoljeća Jeronimovi prikazi postaju sveprisutni u dalmatinskim komunama. Razlog tomu je i štovanje Jeronima kao nacionalnog sveca od strane njegovih sunarodnjaka. Ovo izlaganje bavit će se procesom vizualnog usvajanja popularnih ikonografskih prikaza sveca, poput
Jeronima učenjaka ili Jeronima pustinjaka, kroz naručivanje slika talijanske produkcije, ali i kroz adaptacije lokalnih majstora. Osim tipskog razlaganja umjetničke produkcije prisutne u dalmatinskim komunama tijekom 14. i 15. stoljeća, izlaganje će dati pregled razvoja ikonografije temeljene na pisanim izvorima i sačuvanim likovnim djelima, vodeći se pitanjem postojanja specifičnog prikaza koji odražava Jeronimov novi status. U tom kontekstu, izlaganje će donijeti novo čitanje ikonografije renesansnog reljefa sv. Jeronima u špilji iz trogirske krstionice koji je izradio Andrea Aleši 1467. godine, kao apotropejskog prikaza koji
odražava Jeronimovu zaštitničku ulogu. Razlažući razloge njegovog nastanka, umjetničke modele i nasljednike, istaknut će se previđena važnost ovog djela za razvoj renesanse umjetnosti i ideja u Dalmaciji, kao i za formiranje i širenje kulta sv. Jeronima diljem istočne
obale Jadrana.

Potaknut istraživanjima u novijoj literaturi (M. Matijević Sokol, N. Budak), autor na primjeru sinodalnih spisa splitskih crkvenih sabora 10. stoljeća istražuje tekstualni odnos kronike Historia Salonitana autora Tome Arhiđakona (13. stoljeće) s kolektanejem Historia Salonitana Maior nepoznatog sastavljača (vjerojatno 16. stoljeće), kao i obilježja tog odnosa. Analizom sinodalnih akata u konfrontaciji s Arhiđakonovom kronikom, autor zaključuje da je splitski pisac raspolagao bogatim tekstualnim materijalom o splitskim sinodama, vjerojatno cjelokupnim skupom izvora o njima, kakav je tradiran u Historia Salonitana Maior.

U članku se predstavljaju slabije poznati detalji o ubojstvu istaknutog splitskog HSS-ovca Vojka Krstulovića, reakciji tadašnjih medija i redarstvenoj istrazi koja je uslijedila, a koje je moguće rekonstrurati na temelju dokumenata pohranjenih u Državnom arhivu u Splitu.
U prijeratnim godinama Krstulović se istaknuo kao novinar te član Omladinske organizacije HSS na području Dalmacije. Nakon talijanskog zauzimanja Dalmacije 1941. Krstulović se seli u Omiš, a u listopadu 1943. vraća se u Split gdje nastavlja s političkim radom, zapaženim i od strane Komunističke partije. Likvidiran je 22. lipnja 1944. metkom u sljepoočnicu, a u izvješću Župske redarstvene oblasti istaknuto je da je „na temelju dobivenih obavieštenja ubojstvo izvršeno na pok. Krstulovića iz političkih razloga i sa sigurnošću se može reći da je to izvršeno od strane komunističke partije u Splitu“. U dokumentima SUP-a iz 1960-ih godina ostalo je zabilježeno da je Krstulović likividiran„od članova otpora zato što je aktivno saradjivao sa ustašama i okupatorom“.

Na smrt Vojka Krstulovića osvrnuli su se glasilo Hrvatske radićevske omladine „Republika“ i splitski dnevni tisak, ali i partizansko glasilo „Glas Splita“ koje je objavilo da je „osvetnička narodna ruka satrla još jednog neprijatelja naroda i njegove svete oslobodilačke borbe“.

Župska redarstvena oblast u Splitu odmah je po ubojstvu Vojka Krstulovića saslušala niz svjedoka koji su se te večeri našli u neposrednoj blizini događaja. Saslušano je nekoliko svjedoka, no u rujnu 1944. zaključeno je da se istragom ništa novo nije moglo doznati o likvidaciji Vojka Krstulovića. Identitet atentatora razotkrilo je izvješće Okružnog komiteta KPH Split od 25. lipnja 1944. u kojemu se navodi da su akciju izvršili pripadnik Komunističke partije Tito Kirigin i jedan skojevac.

Here, a specific episode of Foscolo’s study of Dante is set in a historical context : his first contact with « il padre nostro Allighieri », our father Alighieri, as told by Foscolo himself in the first lines of the fragment known as Della poesia lucreziana. The autobiographical reading that is usually provided of such passage fails to capture the full wealth of its implications. Inspired by some of Carlo Dionisotti’s methodological guidelines, completed by Giuseppe Indizio’s and Carlo Ginzburg’s ones,
the paper provides new documents about Foscolo’s Dalmatian years, with a focus on his mentor, Francesco Gianuizzi. The fragment acts as a tool to fruitfully investigate a broader area, halfway between biography and literary culture, than Foscolo’s words may suggest. Their ultimate meaning goes back to Vittorio Alfieri’s lesson, both in the image
that Foscolo wants to give of himself and in the choice of Dante’s appellation, ‘father’. Echoes of Alfieri’s appellation can be found in two of Foscolo’s texts, the ode A Dante and a passage from the Ortis, if read in parallel with sonnet liii from Alfieri’s Rime.

The aim of this study was to record the state of the natural and cultural heritage for the geographical area that entails the narrow space of Krupa River Canyon, as well as the area from Velebit to river Zrmanja. The goal was to establish whether there are grounds to form recommendations for protection and preservation of this area as a cultural landscape. Based on conducted terrain-oriented reconnaissance, research expeditions, and analysis of the available archives and literature, it is concluded that there is a justification in pointing out the importance of Krupa River Canyon as well as to recommend establishing its new status as the protected cultural landscape.

The evacuation to El Shatt represents an important, yet largely forgotten, collective experience in modern Dalmatian history. The oral testimonies I have drawn on for this chapter offer profound insights into the experience of being a refugee, of being in exile and of encountering various losses. They also provide instructive accounts of the ways in which the refugees’ social, cultural, and religious life in the camp was organized on a daily basis, and the systematic indoctrination of the camp’s inhabitants with socialist ideology. Drawing on the notion that remembering trauma is integral to public pedagogy, I have assumed that storytelling makes a crucial contribution in this context. In this discussion, I draw on literature, archival records, autobiographical memoirs, my own ethnographic fieldwork observations, and oral histories that I have gathered and analyzed to bring the memory of the El Shatt refugee camp alive.

The Statute of Split from 1312 and its later revisions bear witness to the changes in the political makeup of the city. As a legal monument, and also as an important document of Split’s political and social state in the pivotal 14th century, the statute notes changes to the communal makeup of the local government and the closely related development of the Split’s nobility. The development of the city’s governing bodies and its nobility required an established legal order. Communal bodies and services operated ad hoc, and their jurisdictions were regulated by communal laws, however, with the development of the city and the growth of its administration, the need for clear legal regulation arose. The former commune, i.e. a community of citizens represented in a assembly in which they would make decisions together, during the time in which the statute was put together and its revisions were implemented, was narrowed down to only its noble core, the makeup of which came down to familial ties and politics. What were at first informal and counseling bodies that would prepare topics for the citizens’ assembly, grew over time into permanent councils and services tightly connected to the inner circle of citizens that would slowly define itself as the city’s nobility, and whose political primacy was statutorily established. This change was followed by the differentiation of the rest of the citizens. The statute reflects the balance between church and worldly authorities characteristic of the communal period. This was particularly present and notable in Split due to the exceptional influence of its metropoly. Church authorities had a vast degree of influence on communal institutions, which partially slowed down their development. The process of secularization in the government of Split was also slower than in other Dalmatian cities. Through a processes of political, institutional and class changes, the very concept of a commune was slowly redefined, until it no longer referred to a community of all citizens and instead came to mean the authority of the nobility that represented that community. All of these changes were observed and noted in statutory legislature. Therefore, Split’s statute and its revisions, along with the preserved records of the General and Secret councils of Split, reveal a great deal about civil law, civility, communal and aristocratic bodies and government services, as well as the definitions of the commune and the city (civitas), its citizenry and its nobility. The statute served as the anchor of autonomy and the backbone of resistance for the city’s management against Croatian and Hungarian noblemen and their attempts to reform the city’s legal system and push their interests forward. Split’s citizens, and later its noblemen, attempted to preserve the city’s autonomy and self-governing through their work in its communal institutions all through the Middle Ages. The preserved records from the General council in 1357-58 end symbolically; with a rejection of the Hungarian demands that countermand the liberties of Split and its citizens, in which many centuries of Split’s council striving for independence are reflected. The backbone of this struggle was the statute, the fundamental legal monument of Split’s commune, with its vast actual and symbolic significance; the most important sign of the autonomy and self-government of the city.

Katalogbeitrag zur Ausstellung  JO, L'ARXIDUC. El desig d'anar més lluny. CASA SOLLERIC 28.02.-14.06.2015, PALMA DE MALLORCA.
Un arxiduc amb mètode. Lluis Salvador el cientific pp.112-125; Un archiduque con método. Luis Salvador el científico pp. 278-286; An Archduke with Method. Ludwig Salvator, Man of Scienze pp. 277-284 (CD). in: Jo, L'Arxiduc. El desig d'anar més lluny. Catàleg. Institut d'Estudis Baleàrics, Palma de Mallorca 2015.

"The main research subjects of this study are: (1) the naval force under the command of the Governor-general of Dalmatia and Albania, in this paper referred to as the Adriatic squadron, and (2) the problems of organization of defense of the Adriatic during the War for Crete (1645-1669). More precisely, this article deals with the operational tasks assigned to the Adriatic squadron during this war, its composition, governance, administration and main logistics problems related to keeping this force operational in an armed conflict lasting for more than 20 years. Furthermore, the essay also addresses the question of the strategic importance of Adriatic for the Venetian Republic in case of war in the Levant, and it argues that the rulers of the Republic were clearly aware of the threat that the loss of control over the sea lanes of communication in the Adriatic would have for the overall Venetian war effort and consequently committed significant naval forces to the Adriatic theater of operations.
Keywords:
Republic of Venice, War for Crete, Ottoman Empire, New Military History, Adriatic, Naval warfare, Early Modern Period, Galleys, Barche Armate, Fuste, Galeotte."

Zašto ove gradine u novijoj arheologiji nazivaju obrambenim ili gradinskim naseljima začuđuje i za takve tvrdnje ne postoji niti jedan razlog, kad na prostoru koje nasipi opasavaju je teško prohodan krš i kamenjar, a negdi je i ravan plato na kojem nema nikakvih tragova života, nikakvih ostatka građevina, nikakvog izvora vode. Dok su starija arheološka istraživanja otkrila ispod nasipa gradina redove kostura, a na drugim gradinama redove paljevinskih grobova između slaganih zidina na kojima je bio nasip, dakle, zidine na nekim mjestima ispod nasipa su građene za nadgrobne svrhe ili je riječ o ostacima sakralnih građevina, kao šta danas imamo crkve na nadgrobnim prapovijesnim gomilama.

This article considers the turbulent period in Croatian history between the collapse of the ‘old’ Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the creation of new states. The beginning of the period was marked by the partial liberalization of political circumstances in the Monarchy, and ended with the closure of Croatian and Serbian institutions in the city of Zadar in 1921. The collapse of the Monarchy was followed by the Italian military occupation of part of the eastern Adriatic coastline. Zadar was among one of the first places to be taken. The new circumstances affected both political and social life in Dalmatia. The article focuses especially on the small, well-positioned Serbian city community. Just before the First World War, it collaborated closely with the Italian community, but during the war, and particular in the post-war years, it worked more closely with the Croatian elite in the city, in response to Italian pressure. After the Italian occupation, both the Croatian and Serbian communities were exposed to political reprisals and uncertainty. As a result, most of the Serbian community left and almost all their institutions in Zadar were abolished.

The family of Franz von Suppé moved from his native Split to Zadar in the fall of 1819, when the composer was a few months old. He received his early music education in Zadar from the Cathedral choirmaster and harpsichordist at the Teatro Nobile, Giovanni Cigala (1805–57). In 1835 von Suppé wrote the first act of his unfinished operetta <Il pomo> to a libretto by Giuseppe Sabalich, Sr., which was privately performed, as well as a Mass in F major for three soloists, male chorus, and organ (later revised and published as <Missa Dalmatica>), which was performed at the Franciscan Church. After his father Pietro's death on 22 January 1835, the composer and his mother left Zadar for Vienna on 13 September. Suppé returned to Zadar for the first time in September 1860, when the Società Filarmonica dedicated a concert to him, and later in May 1878. However, he retained a friendship with several people in Dalmatia, documented in the correspondence preserved in the composer's collection at the Stadtbibliothek, Vienna. Two letters (1876–77) from Suppé to his childhood friend, the Franciscan Donato Fabianić (1808–90), in which he describes his daily routine in Vienna and differences between the Italian and German forms of the Mass, are commented upon in detail. Reception of Suppé's works in 19th-century Croatia is outlined.

The book contains two papers  on the history of Friuli 1943-1960 approximately. There is invasion Cossack, commissioned by the Nazis in anti-partisan operation (1944-1945). Then there are many testimonies Julian Dalmatian exodus towards Udine, which was a safe haven for many exiles from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia, as Trieste was under Anglo-American control until 1954 and Gorizia was broken in two with Yugoslavia. Finally, there is the story of the Hub will Refugee Udine, from which passed through more than one hundred thousand refugees fleeing the violence of Comunists since the end of World War II until 1960, when it closed its doors.

The goal of this study is to investigate how medieval and Renaissance
Ragusans spoke about themselves as a community, developing a set of recognizable
ways of characterizing their city-state. In other words, it seeks to reconstruct
different discourses of collective identity, i.e., different strategies of collective
self-representation, which emerged in the culture of the Ragusan Republic. In
doing so it draws on a broad array of sources, from historiography, literature,
diplomatic correspondence all the way to civic ritual and visual monuments.
The utterances regarding collective identity found in these sources are analyzed
within a contextualizing framework which addresses their authors, the specific
circumstances of their creation, and the purposes they served..