Slovakia

Slovakia’s relations with the states of Eastern Europe not only have a bilateral impact, but contain geopolitical, security and economic dimensions as well. This article analyzes the domestic, bilateral and multilateral aspects of relations between Slovakia and Russia before and after the parliamentary elections of 1998, when Slovakia adopted a pro-Western course aimed at EU and NATO membership. The article also focuses on bilateral relations with Ukraine, where Slovakia is among the most active supporters of Ukraine’s future EU membership. The final sections analyze the Eastern policy of Slovakia – particularly within the framework of the EU’s Eastern Partnership and the Visegrad Group – as well as Slovakia’s relations with the new Eastern European partners, such as Belarus, Moldova and Georgia, as target countries of Slovakia’s “soft power.”

With respect to the problem of the capacity of media to transmit religious messages, it is important to understand where the catholic media stand in terms of popularity. A thorough examination of the question of media preferences of children and youth (and the question of media themselves, their content and  genres, in particular) is highly relevant and much needed, since the answer to that question may help us better understand the new generation. 
This study offers resarch findings on how children and young people in Slovakia perceive Catholic media.

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den revolutionären Ereignissen im November und Dezember 1989 in der Stadt und im Bezirk Spišská Nová Ves. Zu Beginn wird die gessellschaftliche und politische Situation im Ostblock in der zweiten Hälfte der 80. Jahre des Jahrhunderts und 1989 kurz dargestellt. Anschließend wird die Reaktion auf die Ereignisse in Prag am 17. November 1989 in Spišská Nová Ves und Umgebung erörtert. Der Text verdeutlicht die Aktivitäten der lokalen Bevölkerung, einschließlich Demonstrationen und Diskussionen am Arbeitsplatz. Darin werden auch die Aktivitäten der lokalen Stelle der Öffentlichkeit gegen die Gewalt und die sich ändernden Einstellungen der lokalen Organisation der Kommunistichen Partei analysiert. Der Beitrag verfolgt die Ereignisse in der Stadt und im Bezirk Spišská Nová Ves vor dem Hintergrund landesweiter Ereignisse, die unaufhaltsam zum Sturz des kommunistischen Regimes in der Tschechoslovakischen Sozialistichen Republik führten. Anschließend befasst sich der Text mit der weiteren Entwicklung im Land und in Spišská Nová Ves in 1990. In diesem Jahr waren wichtige Ereignisse die Parlaments- und Kommunalwahlen, die den Abzug der Kommunisten von der Szene sowohl landesweit, als auch in Spišská Nová Ves bestätigten. Der Regimewechsel war auch auf den Straßen sichtbar, von denen viele umbenannt wurden. Die neue gesellschaftliche und politische Situation ermöglichte auch die Installation von Gedenktafeln und Denkmälern für bisher unerwünschte Persönlichkeiten wie Milan Rastislav Štefánik.

With ample regard to the scandal of Mark Zuckerberg and the inevitable leaks from media that have exposed unjust data protection processing, there is in fact, legislation in the European Union which aims to guard such from occurring. This paper focuses on how Facebook will differ come GDPR and how data protection laws in Slovakia will be transformed come May 25, 2018.

This paper presents an overview of the adoption of Adam Smith’s work in the Central European countries, namely the Czech lands and the Hungarian Kingdom in the last third of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first one, after a short presentation concerning the teaching and writing on economic issues in Smith’s time, we discuss various channels through which Smith’s ideas reached Central Europe. We take stock of the economists influenced by his thoughts, most of them students at the University of Göttingen. In the second part, we discussed the life and the work of Gregorius von Berzeviczy, an eminent economist living in the Kingdom of Hungary, who seemed to be most influenced by the teaching of the Great Scotsman. We reviewed Berzeviczy’s main works and discussed his influence.

Each industrial revolution caused changes in several fields, including the human resources in organisations. The aim of the paper is to theoretically summarize the main findings about changes in the requirements on human resources from the point of view of their knowledge and in the context of industrial revolutions. Then analyse current trends in management theories and outline their application in the process of adapting organizations to the industry 4.0 and finally, identify key themes for human resources research in the future as a basis for the identification of requirements on human resources in the context of industry 4.0. The findings show that during the 1st industrial revolution, there was not a formalized education or training (before or after starting a job) and no specific knowledge and skills were required. During the 2nd industrial revolution, suitable candidate for the position was required (physically and mentally) and there was a training after starting a job. During the 3rd industrial revolution, educated candidate was required (before starting a job).

Hlavným cieľom tejto práce je poukázať na vzťah medzi koncepciou morálnych hodnôt Vasila Gluchmana a  predoslými konzekvencialistickými pozíciami v období renesancie. Rovnako ako iní renesanční myslitelia, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola a Niccolò Machiavelli vo svojich prácach ponúkajú humanisticky orientovanú etiku, ktorá je v prípade Pica postavená na hodnote ľudskej dôstojnosti a u Machiavelliho na snahe dosiahnuť moc a dobrý zivot spoločnosti. Obidva pohľady, či uz renesančný (Pico, Machiavelli) alebo aj súčasný (Gluchman), zdieľajú neutilitaristicky konzekvencialistické chápanie morálnych hodnôt, ktoré vyzdvihuje hodnotu ľudskej dôstojnosti a na teoretickej úrovni tak opätovne prinása chápanie ľudského zivota vo svojej komplexnosti. Slovenský filozof Vasil Gluchman taktiez rozvinul etickú teóriu neutilitaristického konzekvencializmu. Vo svojej práci pochopil, ze etika sociálnych dôsledkov sa potrebuje rozsíriť o rovinu morálnych hodnôt. Z tohto dôvodu začal analyzovať koncept dôstojnosti. Vďaka tomu dokázal ponúknuť takú etickú teóriu, ktorá je v súčasnosti prijateľná, a to i bez toho, aby sa vzdala filozofického a etického dedičstva novoveku. Nie náhodou začal svoju prácu o dôstojnosti človeka citovaním jedného z najznámejsích odborníkov na renesančnú filozofiu, Paula Oskara Kristellera, keď čerpal z jeho diela Renaissance Thought and Its Sources (Gluchman 2007, s. 158). Ako sa v ďalsej časti tejto práce dá postrehnúť, koncept dôstojnosti ako základ ľudského zivota je charakteristickou vlastnosťou neutilitaristicko-konzekvencialistického stanoviska
renesančných mysliteľov, a zároveň aj skorým novodobým dedičstvom, ktoré si Gluchman zachováva.

Slovakia’s first music industry report. Following the three income streams model from creation till audience, we summarized for the the number of works that were created, recorded, staged in Hungary in a year. We calculated their revenues, their value added, their employment effect and the investments of the recording industry.

Popradské rašelinisko is a part of the Poprad Basin, which is subdivision of the Sub-Tatra Basin. Occurrence of batracho- and herpetofauna there was carried in the interval of years 2002–2013. The research of this locality was based on irregular visits from June to September. During this research they were identified 5 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles. The most common species was Bufo bufo from amphibians and Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) and Vipera berus from reptiles. All of these species were confirmed during each season. Our findings also confirm some of the older data from this region that means all observed species of amphibians and Lacerta agilis, Zootoca vivipara, Natrix natrix and Vipera berus among reptiles. Absence of some species, such as Salamandra salamandra or Anguis colchica is remarkable. From the mapping point of the view is very interesting the first record of Natrix tessellata in the Poprad Basin. We discuss also aspects of the vulnerability of the amphibians and reptiles with regard to observed locality.

Môj príspevok v zborníku (od str. 12) z konferencie na tému:
Vychovávajú dezinformačné a konšpiračné médiá Kotlebových voličov?

Od zvolenia 14 poslancov za stranu Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko do NR SR v marci 2016 sa v odbornej verejnosti i medzi laikmi viedli diskusie o príčinách a dôvodoch vzostupu popularity tejto kontroverznej strany a jej hlavného predstaviteľa. Niektorí uvádzali
ako hlavný dôvod teóriu tzv. frustrovaného voliča, iní krízu tradičných politických strán či úspešnú prácu v teréne a mobilizáciu stúpencov tejto strany.

Viacerí analytici zaznamenali nadpriemerne vysokú aktivitu a viditeľnosť tejto strany v sociálnych médiách, kde je ich mediálny výtlak rádovo vyšší než miera skutočných sympatií voličov. Pomerne málo pozornosti však bolo venované fenoménu prepojení a vzájomných sympatií
a kontaktov medzi tzv. dezinformačnými médiami (často nesprávne nazývanými alternatívne médiá) a extrémistickými politickými subjektmi.

Outer space has become a contested, congested and competitive domain with an ever growing importance to life on Earth. Recently, an increasing number of new players have entered the space arena. Slovakia has also stepped up its space related activities. In March 2013, it declared its interest to become a member of European Space Agency (ESA) by 2020. Increased involvement in space sector will bring new opportunities and responsibilities for Slovakia. Is Slovakia ready to address these challenges?

Globálne alebo rozvojové dobrovoľníctvo sa v medzinárodnej komunite čoraz viac uznáva ako významný nástroj na prekonávanie výziev v oblasti medzinárodného rozvoja (vrátanie riešenia problematiky migrácie). Je ho však ťažké definovať a ešte ťažšie merať, keďže jeho formy a spôsoby sa líšia naprieč hranicami aj kultúrami. Prípadovou štúdiou však možno prezentovať vybrané pozitívne príklady slovenskej dobrovoľníckej praxe a ich dosahy na celé komunity – ako v konkrétnych nízkopríjmových krajinách, tak aj doma. Na konkrétnom príklade členskej organizácie Platformy rozvojových organizácií Ambrela – ADRA Slovensko – ilustrujeme, ako sa jej vyslaným mladým ľuďom mení pohľad na globálne výzvy aj plány do budúcnosti.

Political parties are considered an important political actor influencing the whole political process from its inputs to the outputs. From this point of view, the question of the role of their program and ideological orientation arises. Their orientation should indicate their position in cleavage as an element limiting the creation of certain coalitions. The aim of this paper is to characterize the position of the political parties in the political system of the Slovak Republic and their attitude to cleavages trying to identify potential discrepancy between their activities on the national and regional level.

Forschungsprojekt zur gegenwärtigen Armutsmigration nach Tirol, durchgeführt am Institut für Zeitgeschichte der Univ. Innsbruck.
Laufzeit April-August 2016.
Gefördert vom Tiroler Wissenschaftsfonds.
ProjektmitarbeiterInnen: Elisabeth Hussl, Mario Rodriguez Polo und Dano Skobla

Despite the low electoral attendance, the opposition and unknown candidate Zuzana Čaputová won the presidential elections in the Slovak Republic in 2019. The results of the presidential elections were well received outside the country. The media and abroad began to talk enthusiastically about the new President in the Slovak Republic and the issue of more such examples arose. Despite the low voter turnout, the opposition and unknown candidate Zuzana  Čaputová won the election. What political events, factors, trends allowed Zuzana Čaputová to win? In order to find an answer to this question, an analysis of provisions from interviews for scientific publications and mass media of Slovak and foreign scientists about the presidential elections in the Slovak Republic in 2019 was carried out. Thus, the author of the article was able to identify the reasons for Zuzana Čaputová's victory in the presidential elections in 2019, her understanding of the public mood, the clearly constructed image of the presidential candidate: the absence of competitors, withdrawal of one of the candidates in favor of Zuzana Čaputová's candidacy, non-participation of the incumbent President in the presidential elections, well-structured marketing campaign, strong oratorical skills, personal professional awards, lack of any political experience, financial support, etc. Voters voted for Zuzana Čaputová to see new changes in domestic political life in the Slovak Republic in the future.

Urban tourism, characterized by a high share of international tourists in Slovakia, represents the specific type of tourism that is the main aim of this study. It includes analysis of bed capacities of collective accommodation establishments and urban tourism performance, which represent the basis for the subsequent typification of urban tourism centres. In typification, localization conditions and their attractiveness , which form the very basis of potential of urban tourism centres, are evaluated. Results of the research indicate, that urban tourism is one of the most important type of tourism in Slovakia. In the terms of tourism, the most valuable towns are those with high cultural and historical value (historical towns) and towns defined as spa resorts. The main objective of this paper is the quantification and spatial interpretation of urban tourism in Slovakia, which can serve as a geographical basis for further research .

Oslavy " dňa slobody " , ako sa 28. október 1918 nazýval v období prvej Československej republiky (ČSR), patrili medzi najvýznamnejšie pravidelne sa opakujúce udalosti v pomyselnom štátnom kalendári významných udalostí. V ňom sa tento deň označoval aj ako " prehlásenie nezávislosti " či " prehlásenie samostatnosti " , či dokonca ako " deň oslo-bodenia českého národa ". Od začiatku sa mu jasne priraďovali české, resp. československé národné atribúty, pričom pojmy štátny a národný boli v tlači často zamieňané. 2 Pravidelné pripomínanie panovníkov, významných osobností, či zakladateľských udalostí predstavuje významnú súčasť historických politík jednotlivých štátnych útvarov, ktoré z nich neraz odvodzujú legitimitu svojej existencie. Pierre Nora v kontexte spo-mienkovej praxe v moderných dejinách vytvoril koncept miest pamäti, ktoré sa podľa neho rodia a žijú z pocitu, že neexistuje žiadna spontánna pamäť, že je potrebné vytvá-rať archívy, sláviť výročia, organizovať oslavy, prednášať smútočné prejavy a vytvárať záznamy, pretože tieto úkony nie sú prirodzené. Objekt sa stáva miestom pamäti, keď sa niekto usiluje neupadnúť do zabudnutia (napr. stavaním pamätných dosiek), keď sa v spo-ločnosti diskutuje o jeho vplyve a ešte stále vzbudzuje emócie. Miestom pamäti sa podľa Noru môže stať všetko, čo predstavuje niečo materiálne a veľmi konkrétne, eventuálne geograficky situované, až po abstraktný objekt, ktorý vznikol činnosťou intelektu. Môže ísť o monument, významnú osobu, múzeum, rovnako ako o symbol, udalosť či inštitúciu. 3 V tomto kontexte 28. október 1918 predstavuje tiež takéto miesto, pričom spomienky naň boli už v medzivojnovom období zhmotnené v rôznych monumentoch, textoch, či verejných performatívnych aktoch, akými boli oslavy či divadelné predstavenia. Zároveň predstavoval pravidelne pripomínanú ideu, ktorej atribúty aj spoločenský význam sa však v čase a v priestore výrazne menil.

This paper explores the extent of unfairly streaming of Roma children into special schools in Slovakia using UNDP household data. We roughly introduce the general development of the Slovak education system and the measurement approach of UNDP household surveys in Slovakia. Afterwards we compare 2005 and 2010 data about the number of young Roma enrolled in special education settings and investigate the influence of settlement type and mother tongue on placement of Roma into special schools. Finally we come up with some conclusions concerning streaming children into special schools and language policy.

In principle, we can divide the system of financing and management of higher territorial units in Slovakia from 2002 to 2016 into two periods.In the first phase, the system of financing higher territorial units was very tightly linked to the state budget and, in the area of management, it provided the higher territorial units with only the minimum space to implement their own plans.During 2002-2004, the main source of funding for higher territorial units was the „decentralization grant“.The second period of financing of regional self-government in Slovakia begins after 2005. The second period has brought regional governments the possibility to raise funds from a number of sources and to replace the funding system used by the decentralization subsidy.The common denominator of the legislative changes after 2004 was the decentralization of the revenue component of the regional self-government budgets and the creation of a suitable financial system that would meet European standards. Therefore, the number and diversification of the financial resources of the higher territorial units has significantly expanded.Compared to the first period, after 2005, the area of own revenues was extended to the higher territorial area and the possibility of own management of own assets.

Research background: The research examines the impact of emotional intelligence and ethics on knowledge sharing within organizations. It examines the impact of emotional intelligence (EQ) on the ethical behavior of the individual. The focus is on the individuals working in the SME sector. A questionnaire survey was considered the most appropriate technique to conduct the research. The study is based on 1162 responses, collected from three countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia). Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between knowledge sharing, ethics and emotional intelligence. Furthermore, nationality, gender, education, and the Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 907-934 908 age of the respondents influencing EQ are also examined. The additional goal is to explore the factors that influence employee behavior. Methods: We identified four hypotheses. To test these hypotheses, we used variance analysis and logistic regression. The AES scale was chosen to assess EQ, which consisted of 33 items. The results obtained are compared with the opinion of SME owners resulting from structured interviews. Findings & value added: About 20% of enterprises are not using any motivation tool to initiate knowledge sharing of their employees. The most common (47.2%) reason for silencing knowledge-the lack of appreciation-did not appear among the answer of company owners. According to the employee perceptions, gender has impact on the level of emotional intelligence, while nationality, education and age group have no impact on the EQ. SME owners do not address much attention to gender. The occurrence of unethical behavior does not depend on the size of the enterprise. According to employee opinion, the EQ has positive impact on knowledge sharing, while it is not affected by ethics. The majority of owners also agreed with the positive impact of EQ. The attitude of employees and owners differ in different aspects. The results have shown that gender plays an influential role in EQ. The research of this complex problem laid down the empirical foundations for the V4 countries.

Významnú kapitolu dejín Kysúc predstavuje obdobie sprevádzané vysťahovalectvom do USA podnietené viacerými nevyhovujúcimi podmienkami v rámci Rakúsko-Uhorska. Príspevok sa zaoberá konkrétne problematikou vysťahovalectva z oblasti Bystrickej doliny koncom 19. a v prvých rokoch 20. storočia. Sleduje motívy migrácie a jej jednotlivé fázy, pričom obsahuje i štatistické údaje o migrantoch v danom období. Pozornosť taktiež venuje samotnému priebehu cesty do Ameriky a popisu konkrétnych cieľových miest, do ktorých vysťahovalci smerovali zväčša za účelom zárobku, či už natrvalo alebo s úmyslom vrátiť sa neskôr do pôvodnej vlasti. Súčasťou štúdie je i tabuľka emigrantov zo sledovanej oblasti, ktorá vychádza z údajov databázy imigračného strediska Ellis Island.
One of the most important chapters in the history of Kysuce is the period when emigration to the USA was very frequent. This was caused by many factors, mostly unsuitable conditions in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. This paper deal particularly with emigration from the region of the Bystrica valley at the end of the 19th and in the first years of the 20th century. It stuedies the motives for migration and its individual phases, while also working with course of the journey to America and describes the specific target destinations, permanently or with the intentio to return to their homeland. The table listing emigrants from this region is also part of this study - based on data from the Ellis Island immigration centre database.

(= Slavonic names for mosque with special regard to Polish, Silesian, Czech and Slovak data). -- Abstract: Even though mosques are a typical element of the Islamic culture the channels through which their designations came into Slavonic (as well as some other European languages) are not really well known. This author divides Slavonic reflexes of the Arabo-Turkic word into eight groups and discusses the reasons for their various shapes. The essay is composed of three parts: (1) Background and Western European data; (2) Slavonic and German; (3) Results and questions. The most interesting aspect is that of a semantic difference between two types of words (meczet ~ mešita ~ mošeja and džamija) and its importance for the etymology, as well as some comments on the source of the Czech and Slovak word on the one hand and the Russian term on the other. In the end of part (2) particular attention is paid to the question whether the Silesian name was borrowed from Polish or from Czech.

Denník Pravda v seriáli Svedectvá pravdy priblížil povojnové obdobie, najmä päťdesiate roky minulého storočia. Priniesol príbehy ľudí, ktorých jediná vládnuca komunistická strana označila za triednych nepriateľov a tvrdo ich trestala. Posledný diel prináša pohľad na túto etapu našich dejín, ktorá sa napriek budovaniu a obnove vojnou zničeného štátu stala najkrutejším obdobím komunistického režimu. Do sovietskych gulagov boli odvlečené tisícky slovenských občanov. Autor: ARCHÍV VLADIMÍRA LEHOTAIA " Tri roky som sa každé ráno budil s tým, že možno dnes ma popravia, a počúval, ako viedli ľudí na popravu, " spomínal bývalý politický väzeň Ján Zeman, člen vtedajšej Demokratickej strany. Napokon ho nepopravili. Trest smrti mu po troch rokoch zmenili na doživotie. Viacerí také šťastie nemali. Z politických dôvodov bolo na Slovensku od roku 1948 do roku 1954 popravených 45 ľudí a odsúdených približne 25­tisíc. " Boli medzi nimi aj tí, čo spochybňovali alebo otvorene kritizovali myšlienku "socializácie dediny " , ktorej nosným plánom bolo združstevňovanie. Pod jej rúškom režim tvrdo presadzoval výchovu v duchu socializmu. Straníci vedeli, že je to možné najmä cez učiteľov. Prvá veta nového riaditeľa školy v Slovenskej Vsi znela: Táto dedina bude prvou ateistickou obcou! Žiakom dávali písať sloh na tému Prečo môj otec nevstúpil do JRD, v čase, keď na roľníkov tlačili, aby podpísali prihlášku," približuje František Neupauer, riaditeľ sekcie výskumu Ústavu pamäti národa. Niekde sa presvedčovacie metódy obmedzili na nátlak cez deti, ktoré poslali domov zo škôl či zamestnania, kým rodičia nepodpíšu vstup do jednotného roľníckeho družstva. Inde k nim pribudla aj bitka či namierený revolver. " V roku 1953 sa roľníci v prešovskom regióne začali verejne a hromadne búriť. Dokonca predstavitelia vtedajšieho Sovietskeho zväzu žiadali československú vládu, aby "zvoľnila " proces kolektivizácie. Báli sa, aby vzbury nezasiahli aj ZSSR," dodáva Neupauer. Režim si podriadil všetko Odstrániť vykorisťovanie človeka človekom a rovnosť šancí pre každého! To bolo ústredné heslo komunistickej vlády, ktorá sa dostala k moci 25. februára 1948. " Nová politická moc programovo a cieľavedome rozbíjala staré spoločenské a vlastnícke štruktúry, aby na ich troskách založila novú spoločnosť s novými ľuďmi. Na tento účel propagandisticky zneužila najmä mladú, neskúsenú generáciu

The aim of this paper is to analyze the problems of the business of local municipality in the Slovak Republic and analyze problem areas. Business activities of municipalities serve as a secondary source of revenue and create a competitive environment for other businesses. At the same time they pose potential risks and the possibility of resultant losses as business plans resides. Apart from the risk of property or financial loss for municipalities, there is the other specific pitfalls operation of business activities of municipalities' obligations under existing legislation and application practice functioning of municipal business in Slovakia.

O TOM sa nehovorí, TO sa má robiť!“ – prezrádza jedna z rád starých mám a otcov. Tobôž by sa o TOM – teda o sexe a sexualite – nemalo písať. Autorský kolektív knihy Moc sexu sa však rozhodol pomyselne „prekročiť rubikon“ a otvoriť témy, pri vyslovení ktorých by sa naši predkovia, ale aj mnohí súčasníci iba hanblivo červenali. Odborníčky a odborníci z oblasti histórie, etnológie, sociológie, politológie a psychológie na jednom mieste ponúkajú príbehy zo sveta dejín sexuálnej každodennosti, erotickej literatúry, podôb sexuálnej výchovy, prostitúcie, „mravne skazenej“ mládeže či aktivizmu sexuálnych menšín v modernej ére Slovenska. Sex a sexualita sú totiž jedny z najprirodzenejších súčastí ľudského bytia, hoci sa často stávajú objektom nálepkovania, predsudkov a politizovania, ktoré zatieňuje iné, reálne problémy spoločnosti.

The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of rural and small-town individual housing construction in the easternmost region of Slovakia, in Zemplín. Like the houses themselves, their facades have undergone a dynamic development during the 20th century, from ancient clay greases throught the spread of lime plasters with a stylized plastic facade, modernist abstract structures, a postmodern expansion of decorativeness, moderate unitary uniformity similar to the initial state, till the attempts to "return to nature". The information base of the paper are mainly plasters itself. At the time of their inception, they were not researched and the author could not capture any master plasterer active at the end of the 1960s, when their development culminated. Today, these remarkable finishes of vernacular dwellings throughout the last century have been massively abolished under the unscrupulous wave of thermal insulation, and with them evidence of the craftsmanship, fantasy and aesthetic taste of generations of our immediate ancestors disappears.