Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are not only side products of chemical reactions, but participants in various cellular processes as well. ROS and RNS are involved in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms (H2O2, HOCl, ONOO–, \({\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }},\) and OH•), fertilization (H2O2), cell division \(\left( {{\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}} \right),\) apoptosis (H2O2), regeneration (H2O2), coordination of a direction of the cellular movement, regulation of the vascular tone (NO•), etc. A balance between the production and the removal of ROS and RNS results in an intracellular homeostasis, whereas their overproduction causes cell damage and most probably leads to changes in the cellular metabolism. ROS and RNS can act as intracellular messengers, i.e., change the intracellular oxidative–reductive state and/or structure and function of a protein by means of a modification of amino acid residues (mainly cysteines), and the red-ox state of a number of proteins can affect the cellular metabolism. Hydrogen peroxide is the main form of ROS which participates in oxidative–reductive transduction of signals in eukaryotes. Alterations in antioxidant systems contribute to aging and a development of the age-related diseases. Primarily, aging is associated with an increased level of oxidative stress, various types of macromolecular changes, and an accumulation of DNA damage. Ageing can, to some extent, be a consequence of disorders in the proteostasis regulation and changes in the proteome functioning, because proteins are responsible for most of the cellular functions. Moreover, not all the cellular proteins can be resynthesized due to the age-related DNA damage. Thus, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are permanently generated in an organism are important participants in regulatory mechanisms in a cell, but also a reason for several pathological states, including cancers. ROSs are known to regulate the metabolism of signal molecules which are necessary for the cell cycle. Moreover, ROSs are able to change the activity of the iron-containing proteins. The aging that is associated with an ineffective functioning of the antioxidant defense is connected with the oxidative stress, various changes in cellular structures and macromolecules, an accumulation of metabolic products which can have a negative effect, the DNA damage (for example, owing to mistakes during a replication by DNA polymerases), and disorders in functioning of reparation systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Snezhkina, A., Kudryavtseva, A., Kardymon, O., Savvateeva, M.V., Melnikova, N.V., and Krasnov, G.S., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2019, vol. 2019, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6175804
Höhn, A., Weber, D., Jung, T., Ott, C., Hugo, M., Kochlik, B., Kehm, R., König, J., Grune, T., and Castro, J.P., Redox. Biol., 2017, vol. 11, pp. 482–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.001
Poljsak, B., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2011, vol. 2011, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/194586
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., and Cross, C.E., J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1992, vol. 119, pp. 598–620.
Gutteridge, J.M.C., Free Radic. Res. Commun., 1993, vol. 19, pp. 141–158. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309111598
Scriven, P., Brown, N.J., Pockley, A.G., and Wyld, L., J. Mol. Med., 2007, vol. 85, pp. 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-006-0150-5
Santos, C.X.C., Tanaka, L.Y., Wosniak, J., and Laurindo, F.R.M., Antioxid. Redox Signaling, vol. 11, pp. 2409–2427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-006-0150-5
Pegg, A.E., IUBMB Life, 2009, vol. 61, pp. 880–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.230
Elamin, Y.Y., Rafee, S., Osman, N., O’Byrne, K.J., and Gately, K., Cancer Microenviron., 2016, vol. 9, pp. 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12307-015-0173-y
Tabata, S., Yamamoto, M., Goto, H., Hirayama, A., Ohishi, M., Kuramoto, T., Mitsuhashi, A., Ikeda, R., Haraguchi, M., Kawahara, K., Shinsato, Y., Minami, K., Saijo, A., Hanibuchi, M., Nishioka, Y., Sone, S., Esumi, H., Tomita, M., Soga, T., Furukawa, T., and Akiyama, S., Sci. Rep., vol. 8, pp. 6760–6767. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25189-y
Brown, N.S., Jones, A., Fujiyama, C., Harris, A.L., and Bicknell, R., Cancer Res., 2000, vol. 60, pp. 6298–6302.
Halliwell, B., Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.002
Tafani, M., Sansone, L., Limana, F., Arcangeli, T., De Santis, E., Polese, M., Fini, M., and Russo, M.A., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016, vol. 2016, pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3907147
Sosnowska, B., Mazidi, M., Penson, P., Gluba-Brzozka, A., Rysz, J., and Banach, M., Atherosclerosis, 2017, vol. 265, pp. 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.027
Brand, M.D., Exp. Gerontol., 2010, vol. 45, pp. 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.003
Yasui, H., Hayashi, S., and Sakurai, H., Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2005, vol. 20, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.20.1
Whatley, S.A., Curti, D., Gupta, F.D., Ferrier, I.N., Jones, S.J., Taylor, C., and Marchbanks, R.M., Mol. Psychiatry, 1998, vol. 3, pp. 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000375
Hey-Mogensen, M., Goncalves, R.L.S., Orr, A.L., and Brand, M.D., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2014, vol. 72, pp. 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.007
Zhang, L., Yu, L., and Yu, C.A., J. Biol. Chem., 1998, vol. 273, pp. 33 972–33 976. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.51.33972
Kaludercic, N., Mialet-Perez, J., Paolocci, N., Parini, A., and Di Lisa, F., J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2014, vol. 73, pp. 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.032
Wang, S., Dyes Pigments, 2008, vol. 76, pp. 714–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.01.012
Narváez, R., Bandala, O., Sol., E., Hernández, L., and Manuel, J., Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, vol. 16, pp. 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1764-1
Poljsak, B., Šuput, D., and Milisav, I., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2013, vol. 2013, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/956792
Hunt, P.R., Son, T.G., Wilson, M.A., Yu, Q.S., Wood, W.H., Zhang, Y., Becker, K.G., Greig, N.H., Mattson, M.P., Camandola, S., and Wolkow, C.A., PLoS One, 2011, vol. 6, e21 922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021922
Deng, W.-M., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2019, vol. 1167, pp. 8–250.
Mut-Salud, N., Álvarez, P., Garrido, J., Carrasco, E., Aránega, A., and Rodríguez-Serrano, F., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016, vol. 2016, pp. 1–19.
Savchenko, A.A., Kudryavtsev, I.V., and Borisov, A.G., J. Infect., 2017, vol. 7, pp. 327–340. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2017-4-327-340
Winterbourn, C.C., Antioxid. Redox. Signaling, 2018, vol. 29, pp. 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7425
Son, Y., Kim, S., Chung, H.-T., and Pae, H.-O., Methods Enzymol., 2013, vol. 528, pp. 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-405881-1.00002-1
Tkachuk, V.A., Tyurin-Kuzmin, P.A., Belousov, V.V., and Vorotnikov, A.V., Biol. Membr., 2012, vol. 29, pp. 21–37.
Veal, E.A., Day, A.M., and Morgan, B.A., Mol. Cell, 2007, vol. 26, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.03.016
Radi, R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2018, vol. 115, pp. 5839–5848. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804932115
Onyango, A.N., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016, vol. 2016, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2398573
Stanley, C.P., Maghzal, G.J., Ayer, A., Talib, J., Giltrap, A.M., Shengule, S., Wolhuter, K., Wang, Y., Chadha, P., Suarna, C., Prysyazhna, O., Scotcher, J., Dunn, L.L., Prado, F.M., Nguyen, N., Odiba, J.O., Baell, J.B., Stasch, J.P., Yamamoto, Y., Mascio, P.D., Eaton, P., Payne, R.J., and Stocker, R., Nature, 2019, vol. 566, pp. 548–552. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0947-3
Radi, R., J. Biol. Chem., 2013, vol. 288, pp. 26 464–26 472. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.r113.472936
Ramdial, K., Franco, M.C., and Estevez, A.G., Brain Res. Bull., 2017, vol. 133, pp. 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.008
Alhasawi, A., Legendre, F., Jagadeesan, S., Appanna, V., and Appanna, V., Microb. Divers. Genom. Era, 2019, vol. 2017, pp. 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814849-5.00010-1
Adams, L., Franco, M.C., and Estevez, A.G., Exp. Biol. Med., 2015, vol. 240, pp. 711–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370215581314
Schröter, J. and Schiller, J., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016, vol. 2016, pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8386362
Rees, M.D., McNiven, T.N., and Davies, M.J., J. Biochem., 2007, vol. 401, pp. 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8386362
Colon, S., Page-McCaw, P., Bhave, G., Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 2017, vol. 27, pp. 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7245
Hawkins, C.L., Free Radic. Res., 2009, vol. 43, pp. 1147–1158. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715760903214462
Ismael, F.O., Barrett, T.J., Sheipouri, D., Brown, B.E., Davies, M.J., and Hawkins, C.L., PLoS One, 2016, vol. 11, e0168 844. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168844
Yang, W.S. and Stockwell, B.R., Trends Cell Biol., 2016, vol. 26, pp. 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.014
Jiang, L., Kon, N., Li, T., Wang, S.J., Su, T., Hibshoosh, H., Baer, R., and Gu, W., Nature, 2015, vol. 520, pp. 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14344
Xie, Y., Hou, W., Song, X., Yu, Y., Huang, J., Sun, X., Kang, R., and Tang, D., Cell Death Differ., 2016, vol. 23, pp. 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.158
Schieber, M. and Chandel, N.S., Curr. Biol., 2014, vol. 24, pp. R453–R462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034
Saha, S., Lee, S., Won, J., Choi, H.Y., Kim, K., Yang, G.-M., Dayem, A.A., and Cho, S.-G., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2017, vol. 18, pp. 1544–1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071544
Briehl, M., Redox Biol., 2015, vol. 5, pp. 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.002
Nikolenko, V.N., Gridin, L.A., Oganesyan, M.V., Rizaeva, N.A., Podolskiy, Y.S., Kudryashova, V.A., Kochurova, E.V., Kostin, R.K., Tyagunova, E.E., Mikhaleva, L.M., Avila-Rodriguez, M., Somasundaram, S.G., Kirkland, C.E., and Aliev, G., Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2019, vol. 19, pp. 2991–2998. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666191127122452
Bienert, G.P., Schjoerring, J.K., and Jahn, T.P., Biochim. Biophys. Acta—Biomembr., 2006, vol. 1758, pp. 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.015
Sies, H., Redox Biol., 2017, vol. 11, pp. 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.035
Hara-Chikuma, M., Satooka, H., Watanabe, S., Honda, T., Miyachi, Y., Watanabe, T., and Verkman, A.S., Nat. Commun., 2015, vol. 6, p. 7454. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8454
Gardner, P.R., Raineri, I., Epstein, L.B., and White, C.W., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, vol. 270, pp. 13 399–13 405. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.22.13399
White, M.F. and Dillingham, M.S., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2012, vol. 22, pp. 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2011.11.004
Winterbourn, C.C., Nat. Chem. Biol., 2008, vol. 4, pp. 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.85
Ferrer-Sueta, G., Manta, B., Botti, H., Radi, R., Trujillo, M., and Denicola, A., Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2011, vol. 24, pp. 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx100413v
Dickinson, B.C. and Chang, C.J., Nat. Chem. Biol., 2011, vol. 7, pp. 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.607
Marinho, H.S., Real, C., Cyrne, L., Soares, H., and Antunes, F., Redox Biol., 2014, vol. 2, pp. 535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.006
McCord, J.M. and Fridovich, I., Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 2014, pp. 1548–1549. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5547
Sarsour, E.H., Kalen, A.L., and Goswami, P.C., Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 2014, pp. 1618–1627. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5303
Moldogazieva, N.T., Mokhosoev, I.M., Feldman, N.B., and Lutsenko, S.V., Free Radic. Res., 2018, vol. 52, pp. 507–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2018.1457217
Zhu, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, J., and Hu, Q., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2017, vol. 967, pp. 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_25
Ferrer-Sueta, G., Manta, B., Botti, H., Radi, R., Trujillo, M., and Denicola, A., Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2011, vol. 24, pp. 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx100413v
Prasad, S., Gupta, S., Pandey, M., Tyagi, A.K., and Deb, L., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016, vol. 2016, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5010423
Balani, S., Nguyen, L.V., and Eavesa, C.J., Nat. Commun., 2017, vol. 8, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15422
Ray, P.D., Huang, B.-W., and Tsuji, Y., Cell Signal., 2012, vol. 24, pp. 981–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008
Geybels, M.S., Brandt, P.A., van Schooten, F.J., and Verhage, B.A.J., Cancer Epidem. Biomar., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0968
Jaramillo, M.C. and Zhang, D.D., Gene Dev., 2013, vol. 27, pp. 2179–2191. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.225680.113
Carocho, M. and Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Food Chem. Toxicol., 2013, vol. 51, pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021
Jungwoon, L., Yee, S.C., Haiyoung, J., and Inpyo, C., Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2018, vol. 2018, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4081890
Boutros, T., Chevet, E., and Metrakos, P., Pharmacol. Rev., 2008, vol. 60, pp. 261–310. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.107.00106
Zhong, S., Jeong, J.-H., Chen, Z., Chen, Z., and Luo, J.-L., Transl. Oncol., 2020, vol. 13, pp. 57–69.
Doppler, H. and Storz, P., Front. Oncol., 2017, vol. 7, pp. 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00041
Carrier, A., Antioxid. Redox Signal., 2017, vol. 26, pp. 429–431. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2016.6929
Kallaur, A.P., Reiche, E.M.V., Oliveira, S.R., Simao, A.N.C., Pereira, W.L.D.J., Alfieri, D.F., Flauzino, T., Proenca, C.D., Lozovoy, M.A.B., Kaimen-Maciel, D.R., and Maes, M., Mol. Neurobiol., 2017, vol. 54, pp. 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9648-6
Lindqvist, D., Dhabhar, F.S., James, S.J., Hough, C.M., Jain, F.A., Bersani, F.S., Reus, V.I., Verhoeven, J.E., Epel, E.S., Mahan, L., Rosser, R., Wolkowitz, O.M., and Mellon, S.H., Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017, vol. 76, pp. 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.031
Krakhmal, N.V., Zavyalova, M.V., Denisov, E.V., Vtorushin, S.V., and Perelmuter, V.M., Acta Nat., 2015, vol. 7, pp. 17–28. https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-2-17-28
Dodig, S., Čepelak, I., and Pavić, I., Biochem. Med. (Zagreb), 2019, vol. 29, pp. 483–497. https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2019.030501
Rinnerthaler, M., Bischof, J., Streubel, M.K., Trost, A., and Richter, K., Biomolecules, 2015, vol. 5, pp. 545–589. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom5020545
Espinosa-Diez, C., Miguel, V., Mennerich, D., Kietzmann, T., Sánchez-Pérez, P., Cadenas, S., and Lamas, S., Redox Biol., 2015, vol. 6, pp. 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.008
Sies, H., Berndt, C., and Jones, D.P., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2017, vol. 86, pp. 715–748. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037
Yang, L., Zheng, L., Tian, Y., Zhang, Z.Q., Dong, W.L., Wang, X.F., Zhang, X.Y., and Cao, C., Exp. Cell Res., 2015, vol. 332, pp. 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.017
Harisa, G.I., Saudi Pharm. J., 2015, vol. 23, pp. 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.04.006
Hall, H.L., Blundon, M.A., Ladda Robertson, A.W., Martinez-Farina, C.F., Jakeman, D.L., and Goralski, K.B., Pharmacol. Res. Perspect., 2015, vol. 3, e00110. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.110
Wilson, A.J., Kerns, J.K., Callahan, J.F., and Moody, C.J., J. Med. Chem., 2013, vol. 56, pp. 7463–7476. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm400224q
Corcoran, A. and Cotter, T.G., FEBS J., 2013, vol. 280, pp. 1944–1965. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12224
Truong, T.H. and Carroll, K.S., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2013, vol. 48, pp. 332–356. https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2013.790873
Sabharwa, S.S. and Schumacker, P.T., Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2014, vol. 14, pp. 709–721. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3803
Porter, K.M., Kang, B.-Y., Adesina, S.E., Murphy, T.C., Hart, C.M., and Sutliff, R.L., PLoS One, 2014, vol. 9, e98532. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098532
Zhao, W., Ma, G., and Chen, X., Vascul. Pharmacol., 2014, vol. 63, pp. 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.008
Spencer, N.Y. and Engelhardt, J.F., Biochemistry, 2014, vol. 53, pp. 1551–1564. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi401719r
Dang, W., Drug Discov. Today Technol., 2014, vol. 12, pp. e9–e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.08.003
Woo, H.A., Yim, S.H., Shin, D.H., Kang, D., Yu, D.Y., and Rhee, S.G., Cell, 2010, vol. 140, pp. 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.009
Koppenol., W.H., Bounds, P.L., and Dang, C.V., Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2011, vol. 11, pp. 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3038
Reuter, S., Gupta, S.C., Chaturvedi, M.M., and Aggarwal, B.B., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2010, vol. 49, pp. 1603–1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006
Rudolf, E. and Rudolf, K., Apoptosis, 2015, vol. 20, pp. 1651–1665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-015-1182-5
Zeng, L., Yang, Y., Hu, Y., Sun, Y., Du, Z., Xie, Z., Zhou, T., and Kong, W., PLoS One, 2014, vol. 9. e88 019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088019
Castro, J.P., Grune, T., and Speckmann, B., Biol. Chem., 2016, vol. 397, pp. 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2015-0305
Pernodet, N., Dong, K., and Pelle, E., Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2016, vol. 67, pp. 13–20.
König, J., Besoke, F., Stuetz, W., Malarski, A., Jahreis, G., Grune, T., and Höhn, A., BioFactors, 2016, vol. 42, pp. 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1274
Kudryavtseva, A.V., Krasnov, G.S., Dmitriev, A.A., Alekseev, B.Y., Kardymon, O.L., Sadritdinova, A.F., and Snezhkina, A.V., Oncotarget, 2016, vol. 7, pp. 7–25. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9821
Mercado, N., Ito, K., and Barnes, P.J., Thorax, 2015, vol. 70, pp. 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206084
Hepple, R.T., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2016, vol. 98, pp. 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.017
Burton, D.G.A. and Faragher, R.G.A., Biogerontology, 2018, vol. 19, pp. 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-018-9763-7
Singh, V.P., Bali, A., Singh, N., and Jaggi, A.S., Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2014, vol. 18, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1
Reeg, S., Jung, T., Castro, J.P., Davies, K., Henze, A., and Grune, T., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2016, vol. 10, pp. 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.002
Toda, N. and Okamura, T., J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 1228–1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.179
Flohe, L., Free Radic. Res., 2016, vol. 50, pp. 126–142. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2015.1046858
Sies, H., Redox Biol., 2015, vol. 4, pp. 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.002
Campisi, J., Kapahi, P., Lithgow, G.J., Melov, S., Newman, J.C., and Verdin, E., Nature, 2019, vol. 571, pp. 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1365-2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants and animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by L. Onoprienko
Abbreviations: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; 2dDR1P, 2-deoxy-D-riboso-1-phosphate; ERL, lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; NOX, NADPH oxidase; Prx, peroxiredoxin; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TP, thymidine phosphorylase; UPR, response of an unfolded protein.
Corresponding author; phone: +7 950 768-48-78; e-mail: rkostin2000@mail.ru.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shlapakova, T.I., Kostin, R.K. & Tyagunova, E.E. Reactive Oxygen Species: Participation in Cellular Processes and Progression of Pathology. Russ J Bioorg Chem 46, 657–674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162020050222
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162020050222