Abstract
Fipronil (FIP) is widely used across the world as a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide and veterinary drug. FIP was the insecticide to act by targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and has favorable selective toxicity towards insects rather than mammals. However, because of accidental exposure, incorrect use of FIP or widespread FIP use leading to the contamination of water and soil, there is increasing evidence that FIP could cause a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans, such as neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, reproductive, and cytotoxic effects on vertebrate and invertebrates. In the last decade, oxidative stress has been suggested to be involved in the various toxicities induced by FIP. To date, few reviews have addressed the toxicity of FIP in relation to oxidative stress. The focus of this article is primarily intended to summarize the progress in research associated with oxidative stress as a possible mechanism for FIP-induced toxicity as well as metabolism. The present review reports that studies have been conducted to reveal the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a result of FIP treatment and have correlated them with various types of toxicity. Furthermore, the metabolism of FIP was also reviewed, and during this process, various CYP450 enzymes were involved and oxidative stress might occur. The roles of various compounds in protecting against FIP-induced toxicity based on their anti-oxidative effects were also summarized to further understand the role of oxidative stress in FIP-induced toxicity.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the extensive comments offered by five reviewers who were selected by the Editor and anonymous to the authors. The comments were very helpful in revising the manuscript.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. The affiliation of the authors is as shown on the cover page. This work was supported by Grants from 948 of the Ministry of Agriculture Project (2014-S12), International Cooperation Project (4002-122002), Project of Excellence FIM UHK and Project S2013/ABI-2728 (ALIBIRD-CM Program) from Comunidad de Madrid, Spain. The final manuscript is the exclusive work product of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency or the authors’ employers. None of the authors have appeared in regulatory or legal proceedings related to the contents of the manuscript.