Redox Proteomics in Selected Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Its Infancy to Future Applications
Publication: Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 17, Issue Number 11
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that oxidative damage is a characteristic feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins may disrupt cellular functions by affecting protein expression, protein turnover, cell signaling, and induction of apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that protein oxidation could have both physiological and pathological significance. For nearly two decades, our laboratory focused particular attention on studying oxidative damage of proteins and how their chemical modifications induced by reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species correlate with pathology, biochemical alterations, and clinical presentations of Alzheimer's disease. This comprehensive article outlines basic knowledge of oxidative modification of proteins and lipids, followed by the principles of redox proteomics analysis, which also involve recent advances of mass spectrometry technology, and its application to selected age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Redox proteomics results obtained in different diseases and animal models thereof may provide new insights into the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of oxidative-stress-related neurodegenerative disorders. Redox proteomics can be considered a multifaceted approach that has the potential to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of a disease, to find disease markers, as well as to identify potential targets for drug therapy. Considering the importance of a better understanding of the cause/effect of protein dysfunction in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, this article provides an overview of the intrinsic power of the redox proteomics approach together with the most significant results obtained by our laboratory and others during almost 10 years of research on neurodegenerative disorders since we initiated the field of redox proteomics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 17, 1610–1655.
Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Protein (/Lipid) Oxidation and Protein Dysfunction
A. Protein carbonyls
B. Protein nitration
1. Peroxynitrite (ONOO−)
2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
C. HNE adduction to proteins
D. Importance of clearance and detoxification systems
1. The proteasome, parkin, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1, and HSPs
2. Superoxide dismutase
3. Catalase
4. Peroxiredoxins
5. Trx and Trx reductase
6. Glutathione reductase
7. Vitamins in neurodegeneration
8. Involvement of iron in neurodegeneration
E. Role of iron in neurodegeneration
1. Fe homeostasis in AD
2. Fe homeostasis in PD
3. Fe homeostasis in ALS
4. Fe homeostasis in HD
F. Some known consequences of protein oxidation
III. Overview of Redox Proteomics
A. Global, gel-based approaches
B. Targeted, gel-free approach
1. Enrichment of PCO modified proteins
2. Enrichment of HNE modified proteins
3. Enrichment of 3-NT modified proteins
IV. Application of Redox Proteomics to Selected Neurodegenerative Disorders
A. Alzheimer's disease
1. PCO in AD
2. Identification of carbonylated proteins in brain of subjects with AD
a. Sample: the brain
b. Energy dysfunction
c. Excitotoxicity
d. Proteosomal dysfunction
e. Neuritic abnormalities
f. APP regulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cell cycle regulation
g. Synaptic abnormalities and LTP
h. pH maintenance
i. Mitochondrial abnormalities
3. Carbonylated proteins in brain of subjects with amnestic MCI
4. EAD carbonylated proteins
5. PCAD vs. amnestic MCI protein carbonylation in brain
6. Protein-bound HNE in brain and progression of Alzheimer's disease
7. Protein-bound 3-NT in brain and progression of Alzheimer's disease
8. Nitrated brain proteins in MCI
9. Nitrated proteins in EAD
B. Parkinson disease
1. Redox proteomics in PD
C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1. Redox proteomics studies in ALS transgenic mice
D. Huntington disease
1. Redox proteomics-transgenic mouse model of HD
2. Proteomics of HD brain
E. Down syndrome
1. Redox proteomics in DS transgenic mice
V. Conclusions and Future Directions
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Published In
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 17 • Issue Number 11 • December 1, 2012
Pages: 1610 - 1655
PubMed: 22115501
Copyright
Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
History
Published in print: December 1, 2012
Published online: 25 September 2012
Published ahead of print: 18 January 2012
Published ahead of production: 24 November 2011
Accepted: 23 November 2011
Revision received: 21 November 2011
Received: 13 June 2011
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