Mitochondrial Thiols in the Regulation of Cell Death Pathways
Publication: Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 17, Issue Number 12
Abstract
Significance: Regulation of mitochondrial H2O2 homeostasis and its involvement in the regulation of redox-sensitive signaling and transcriptional pathways is the consequence of the concerted activities of the mitochondrial energy- and redox systems. Recent Advances: The energy component of this mitochondrial energy-redox axis entails the formation of reducing equivalents and their flow through the respiratory chain with the consequent electron leak to generate \( $${ \rm O}_2^{ \cdot - }$$ \) and H2O2. The mitochondrial redox component entails the thiol-based antioxidant system, largely accounted for by glutathione- and thioredoxin-based systems that support the activities of glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductase. The ultimate reductant for these systems is NADPH: mitochondrial sources of NADPH are the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase-2, and malic enzyme. NADPH also supports the glutaredoxin activity that regulates the extent of S-glutathionylation of mitochondrial proteins in response to altered redox status. Critical Issues: The integrated network of these mitochondrial thiols constitute a regulatory device involved in the maintenance of steady-state levels of H2O2, mitochondrial and cellular redox and metabolic homeostasis, as well as the modulation of cytosolic redox-sensitive signaling; disturbances of this regulatory device affects transcription, growth, and ultimately influences cell survival/death. Future Directions: The modulation of key mitochondrial thiol proteins, which participate in redox signaling, maintenance of the bioenergetic machinery, oxidative stress responses, and cell death programming, provides a pivotal direction in developing new therapies towards the prevention and treatment of several diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 17, 1714–1727.
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Published In
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 17 • Issue Number 12 • December 15, 2012
Pages: 1714 - 1727
PubMed: 22530585
Copyright
Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
History
Published in print: December 15, 2012
Published online: 17 October 2012
Published ahead of print: 11 June 2012
Published ahead of production: 24 April 2012
Accepted: 24 April 2012
Received: 9 April 2012
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