skip to main content
research-article

A Variational Neural Architecture for Skill-based Team Formation

Published:18 August 2023Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Team formation is concerned with the identification of a group of experts who have a high likelihood of effectively collaborating with each other to satisfy a collection of input skills. Solutions to this task have mainly adopted graph operations and at least have the following limitations: (1) they are computationally demanding, as they require finding shortest paths on large collaboration networks; (2) they use various types of heuristics to reduce the exploration space over the collaboration network to become practically feasible; therefore, their results are not necessarily optimal; and (3) they are not well-suited for collaboration network structures given the sparsity of these networks. Our work proposes a variational Bayesian neural network architecture that learns representations for teams whose members have collaborated with each other in the past. The learned representations allow our proposed approach to mine teams that have a past collaborative history and collectively cover the requested desirable set of skills. Through our experiments, we demonstrate that our approach shows stronger performance compared to a range of strong team formation techniques from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives.

REFERENCES

  1. [1] Ahmed Abu Reyan, Turja Md Asadullah, Sahneh Faryad Darabi, Ghosh Mithun, Hamm Keaton, and Kobourov Stephen G.. 2021. Computing Steiner trees using graph neural networks. CoRR abs/2108.08368 (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. [2] Akiba Takuya, Iwata Yoichi, and Yoshida Yuichi. 2013. Fast exact shortest-path distance queries on large networks by pruned landmark labeling. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. ACM, 349360. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. [3] Arkin Esther M. and Hassin Refael. 2000. Minimum-diameter covering problems. Networks 36, 3 (2000), 147155. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. [4] Baykasoglu Adil, Dereli Türkay, and Das Sena. 2007. Project team selection using fuzzy optimization approach. Cybern. Syst. 38, 2 (2007), 155185. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. [5] Bergamaschi Sonia, Domnori Elton, Guerra Francesco, Lado Raquel Trillo, and Velegrakis Yannis. 2011. Keyword search over relational databases: A metadata approach. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. ACM, 565576. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. [6] Blundell Charles, Cornebise Julien, Kavukcuoglu Koray, and Wierstra Daan. 2015. Weight uncertainty in neural networks. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’15). JMLR.org, 16131622.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. [7] Bryson Spencer, Davoudi Heidar, Golab Lukasz, Kargar Mehdi, Lytvyn Yuliya, Mierzejewski Piotr, Szlichta Jaroslaw, and Zihayat Morteza. 2020. Robust keyword search in large attributed graphs. Inf. Retr. J. 23, 5 (2020), 502524. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. [8] Camuto Alexander, Willetts Matthew, Roberts Stephen J., Holmes Chris C., and Rainforth Tom. 2021. Towards a theoretical understanding of the robustness of variational autoencoders. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics( Proceedings of Machine Learning Research , Vol. 130). PMLR, 35653573. Retrieved from http://proceedings.mlr.press/v130/camuto21a.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. [9] Caprara Alberto, Toth Paolo, and Fischetti Matteo. 2000. Algorithms for the set covering problem. Ann. Oper. Res. 98, 1 (2000), 353371.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  10. [10] Cheatham Michelle and Cleereman Kevin. 2006. Application of social network analysis to collaborative team formation. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems. IEEE Computer Society, 306311. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. [11] Costa Alexandre, Ramos Felipe Barbosa Araújo, Perkusich Mirko, Dantas Emanuel, Dilorenzo Ednaldo, Chagas Ferdinandy, Meireles André, Albuquerque Danyllo, Silva Luiz, Almeida Hyggo O., and Perkusich Angelo. 2020. Team formation in software engineering: A systematic mapping study. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 145687145712. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. [12] Devlin Jacob, Chang Ming-Wei, Lee Kenton, and Toutanova Kristina. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, 41714186. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. [13] Dorn Christoph, Skopik Florian, Schall Daniel, and Dustdar Schahram. 2011. Interaction mining and skill-dependent recommendations for multi-objective team composition. Data Knowl. Eng. 70, 10 (2011), 866891. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. [14] Du Yulu, Meng Xiangwu, Zhang Yujie, and Lv Pengtao. 2020. GERF: A group event recommendation framework based on learning-to-rank. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 32, 4 (2020), 674687. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. [15] Durfee Edmund H., Jr. James C. Boerkoel, and Sleight Jason. 2014. Using hybrid scheduling for the semi-autonomous formation of expert teams. Fut. Gen. Comput. Syst. 31 (2014), 200212. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. [16] Dustdar Schahram and Schreiner Wolfgang. 2005. A survey on web services composition. Int. J. Web Grid Serv. 1, 1 (2005), 130. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. [17] Fang Yixiang, Cheng Reynold, Luo Siqiang, and Hu Jiafeng. 2016. Effective community search for large attributed graphs. Proc. VLDB Endow. 9, 12 (2016), 12331244. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. [18] Fani Hossein, Jiang Eric, Bagheri Ebrahim, Al-Obeidat Feras N., Du Weichang, and Kargar Mehdi. 2020. User community detection via embedding of social network structure and temporal content. Inf. Process. Manag. 57, 2 (2020), 102056. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. [19] Fitzpatrick Erin and Askin Ronald G.. 2005. Forming effective worker teams with multi-functional skill requirements. Comput. Industr. Eng. 48, 3 (2005), 593608. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. [20] Gaston Matthew E., Simmons John, and desJardins Marie. 2004. Adapting network structure for efficient team formation. In Artificial Multiagent Learning, Papers from the 2004 AAAI Fall Symposium. Arlington, VA, USA, October 22-24, 2004, Vol. FS-04-02. AAAI Press, 18. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/2004/fs04-02-001.php.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. [21] Graves Alex. 2011. Practical variational inference for neural networks. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. 23482356. Retrieved from https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2011/hash/7eb3c8be3d411e8ebfab08eba5f49632-Abstract.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. [22] Jospin Laurent Valentin, Laga Hamid, Boussaïd Farid, Buntine Wray L., and Bennamoun Mohammed. 2022. Hands-on bayesian neural networks—A tutorial for deep learning users. IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag. 17, 2 (2022), 2948. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. [23] Kargar Mehdi and An Aijun. 2011. Discovering top-k teams of experts with/without a leader in social networks. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. ACM, 985994. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. [24] Kargar Mehdi, Golab Lukasz, Srivastava Divesh, Szlichta Jaroslaw, and Zihayat Morteza. 2022. Effective keyword search over weighted graphs. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 34, 2 (2022), 601616. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. [25] Karp Richard M.. 1972. Reducibility among combinatorial problems. In Proceedings of a Symposium on the Complexity of Computer Computations. Plenum Press, New York, 85103. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. [26] Keane Peter, Ghaffar Faisal, and Malone David. 2019. Using machine learning to predict links and improve Steiner tree solutions to team formation problems. In Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII - Volume 2 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications COMPLEX NETWORKS 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, December 10-12, 2019( Studies in Computational Intelligence , Vol. 882), Cherifi Hocine, Gaito Sabrina, Mendes José Fernendo, Moro Esteban, and Rocha Luis Mateus (Eds.). Springer, 9951006. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  27. [27] Keane Peter, Ghaffar Faisal, and Malone David. 2020. Using machine learning to predict links and improve Steiner tree solutions to team formation problems—A cross company study. Appl. Netw. Sci. 5, 1 (2020), 57. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. [28] Khalil Elias B., Dai Hanjun, Zhang Yuyu, Dilkina Bistra, and Song Le. 2017. Learning combinatorial optimization algorithms over graphs. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. 63486358. Retrieved from https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/hash/d9896106ca98d3d05b8cbdf4fd8b13a1-Abstract.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. [29] Khan Abeer, Golab Lukasz, Kargar Mehdi, Szlichta Jaroslaw, and Zihayat Morteza. 2020. Compact group discovery in attributed graphs and social networks. Inf. Process. Manag. 57, 2 (2020), 102054. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. [30] Koren Yehuda. 2009. Collaborative filtering with temporal dynamics. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 447456. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. [31] Korte Bernhard H. and Vygen Jens. 2011. Combinatorial Optimization. Vol. 1. Springer.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. [32] Lappas Theodoros, Liu Kun, and Terzi Evimaria. 2009. Finding a team of experts in social networks. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 467476. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. [33] Li Xiao, Sun Chenna, and Zia Muhammad Azam. 2020. Social influence based community detection in event-based social networks. Inf. Process. Manag. 57, 6 (2020), 102353. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  34. [34] Liao Guoqiong, Deng Xiaobin, Wan Changxuan, and Liu Xiping. 2022. Group event recommendation based on graph multi-head attention network combining explicit and implicit information. Inf. Process. Manag. 59, 2 (2022), 102797. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. [35] Maamar Zakaria, Benslimane Djamal, Thiran Philippe, Ghedira Chirine, Dustdar Schahram, and Subramanian Sattanathan. 2007. Towards a context-based multi-type policy approach for web services composition. Data Knowl. Eng. 62, 2 (2007), 327351. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. [36] Mikolov Tomás, Chen Kai, Corrado Greg, and Dean Jeffrey. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Learning Representations. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. [37] Mikolov Tomás, Karafiát Martin, Burget Lukás, Cernocký Jan, and Khudanpur Sanjeev. 2010. Recurrent neural network based language model. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. ISCA, 10451048. Retrieved from http://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech_2010/i10_1045.html.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. [38] Miller George A.. 1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. [39] Mirzaei Maryam, Sander Jörg, and Stroulia Eleni. 2019. Multi-aspect review-team assignment using latent research areas. Inf. Process. Manag. 56, 3 (2019), 858878. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. [40] Neshati Mahmood, Beigy Hamid, and Hiemstra Djoerd. 2014. Expert group formation using facility location analysis. Inf. Process. Manag. 50, 2 (2014), 361383. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. [41] Nguyen Hoang, Rad Radin Hamidi, and Bagheri Ebrahim. 2022. PyDHNet: A Python library for dynamic heterogeneous network representation learning and evaluation. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. ACM, 49364940. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. [42] Nikzad-Khasmakhi Narjes, Balafar Mohammad Ali, Feizi-Derakhshi Mohammad-Reza, and Motamed Cina. 2021. ExEm: Expert embedding using dominating set theory with deep learning approaches. Expert Syst. Appl. 177 (2021), 114913. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. [43] Padberg Manfred and Rinaldi Giovanni. 1991. A branch-and-cut algorithm for the resolution of large-scale symmetric traveling salesman problems. SIAM Rev. 33, 1 (1991), 60100. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. [44] Pereira Carla Sofia and Soares António Lucas. 2007. Improving the quality of collaboration requirements for information management through social networks analysis. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 27, 2 (2007), 86103. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. [45] Pornavalai Chotipat, Shiratori Norio, and Chakraborty Goutam. 1996. Neural network for optimal {steiner} tree computation. Neural Process. Lett. 3, 3 (1996), 139149. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  46. [46] Quitadamo Raffaele, Zambonelli Franco, and Cabri Giacomo. 2007. The service ecosystem: Dynamic self-aggregation of pervasive communication services. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Pervasive Computing Applications, Systems, and Environments (SEPCASE’07). IEEE, 11.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. [47] Rad Radin Hamidi, Bagheri Ebrahim, Kargar Mehdi, Srivastava Divesh, and Szlichta Jaroslaw. 2021. Retrieving skill-based teams from collaboration networks. In Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. ACM, 20152019. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. [48] Rad Radin Hamidi, Bagheri Ebrahim, Kargar Mehdi, Srivastava Divesh, and Szlichta Jaroslaw. 2022. Subgraph representation learning for team mining. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Web Science Conference. ACM, 148153. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. [49] Rad Radin Hamidi, Fani Hossein, Kargar Mehdi, Szlichta Jaroslaw, and Bagheri Ebrahim. 2020. Learning to form skill-based teams of experts. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. ACM, 20492052. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. [50] Rad Radin Hamidi, Mitha Aabid, Fani Hossein, Kargar Mehdi, Szlichta Jaroslaw, and Bagheri Ebrahim. 2021. PyTFL: A Python-based neural team formation toolkit. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. ACM, 47164720. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. [51] Rad Radin Hamidi, Seyedsalehi Shirin, Kargar Mehdi, Zihayat Morteza, and Bagheri Ebrahim. 2022. A neural approach to forming coherent teams in collaboration networks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Extending Database Technology. OpenProceedings.org, 2:440–2:444. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  52. [52] Sapienza Anna, Goyal Palash, and Ferrara Emilio. 2019. Deep neural networks for optimal team composition. Front. Big Data 2 (2019), 14. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. [53] Sozio Mauro and Gionis Aristides. 2010. The community-search problem and how to plan a successful cocktail party. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 939948. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  54. [54] Tan Qiaoyu, Liu Ninghao, Zhao Xing, Yang Hongxia, Zhou Jingren, and Hu Xia. 2020. Learning to hash with graph neural networks for recommender systems. In Proceedings of the Web Conference. ACM/IW3C2, 19881998. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  55. [55] Wi Hyeongon, Oh Seungjin, Mun Jungtae, and Jung Mooyoung. 2009. A team formation model based on knowledge and collaboration. Expert Syst. Appl. 36, 5 (2009), 91219134. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  56. [56] Wu Chao-Yuan, Ahmed Amr, Beutel Alex, Smola Alexander J., and Jing How. 2017. Recurrent recommender networks. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. ACM, 495503. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  57. [57] Wu Zonghan, Pan Shirui, Chen Fengwen, Long Guodong, Zhang Chengqi, and Yu Philip S.. 2021. A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 32, 1 (2021), 424. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  58. [58] Yang Yuping, Mahon Fiona, Williams M. Howard, and Pfeifer Tom. 2006. Context-aware dynamic personalised service re-composition in a pervasive service environment. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing( Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 4159). Springer, 724735. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. [59] Zihayat Morteza, An Aijun, Golab Lukasz, Kargar Mehdi, and Szlichta Jaroslaw. 2017. Authority-based team discovery in social networks. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Extending Database Technology. OpenProceedings.org, 498501. DOI: Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  60. [60] Zzkarian Armen and Kusiak Andrew. 1999. Forming teams: An analytical approach. IIE Trans. 31, 1 (1999), 8597.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. A Variational Neural Architecture for Skill-based Team Formation

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in

          Full Access

          • Published in

            cover image ACM Transactions on Information Systems
            ACM Transactions on Information Systems  Volume 42, Issue 1
            January 2024
            924 pages
            ISSN:1046-8188
            EISSN:1558-2868
            DOI:10.1145/3613513
            • Editor:
            • Min Zhang
            Issue’s Table of Contents

            Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

            Publisher

            Association for Computing Machinery

            New York, NY, United States

            Publication History

            • Published: 18 August 2023
            • Online AM: 4 April 2023
            • Accepted: 12 March 2023
            • Revised: 24 November 2022
            • Received: 3 April 2022
            Published in tois Volume 42, Issue 1

            Permissions

            Request permissions about this article.

            Request Permissions

            Check for updates

            Qualifiers

            • research-article

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader

          Full Text

          View this article in Full Text.

          View Full Text