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Ancient History, Greek Epigraphy, Latin Epigraphy, Roman Empire, Ancient economy, Roman Greece, and 28 moreRoman imperial cult, Greek Priests, Gladiators, Epigraphy on Instrumentum Domesticum, Roman Religion, Ancient Greek Religion, Roman Prosopography, Graeco-Roman Religion, Greek and Roman Epigraphy, Acculturation and 'Romanisation', Romanization, Romanisation, Thrace, Emperor worship and Roman religion, Roman Epigraphy, Ancient Greek Epigraphy, Greek religion (Classics), Ancient Greek History, Roman Archaeology, Roman History, Athens and Attica, Ancient Athens, Classics, Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Classical Archaeology, Athens, GRAECO-ROMAN RELIGIONS AND CULTS, and Hellenistic Ruler Cult edit
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I am Associate Professor of Greek Epigraphy at the University of Rome “La Sapienza”. After specialising in Classical ... moreI am Associate Professor of Greek Epigraphy at the University of Rome “La Sapienza”. After specialising in Classical Archaeology and Greek Epigraphy at the Italian Archaeological School at Athens (MA - 2001-2003), from 2008 to 2015 I have been Researcher at the Institute of Historical Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens. My research activity is focused on the study of the Greek world during the Roman period, with a specific interest for the religious landscape of cities (cultic, social and institutional aspects) and its economic and financial implications. I have studied in depth the Roman imperial cult in Greece, a topic on which I have published various articles and the monograph Theoi Sebastoi. Il culto degli imperatori romani in Grecia (provincia Achaia) nel secondo secolo d.C. (2011). I am also the author of Roma e le poleis. L’intervento di Roma nelle controversie territoriali tra le comunità greche di Grecia e d’Asia Minore nel secondo secolo a.C.: le testimonianze epigrafiche (2009). edit
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Between the end of the 3rd and the early 2nd century BC the Pharians sent ambassadors to their motherland Paros, asking for help. The Parians decreed publicly to consult the Delphic oracle. The response, of which only three extremely... more
Between the end of the 3rd and the early 2nd century BC the Pharians sent ambassadors to their motherland Paros, asking for help. The Parians decreed publicly to consult the Delphic oracle. The response, of which only three extremely fragmentary verses are preserved, was inscribed together with the Pharian and the Parian decrees on a stele which was set up in the Dalmatian island of Hvar (ancient Pharos). After providing a hypothetical reconstruction of the content (and meaning) of this metrical response, the present article offers a historical contextualization for it and tries to locate it within the extant Delphic oracular production.
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General introduction to the volume, offering an overview of the different aspects (rural and urban landscape, society, economy, religion, visual culture, reception of Roman Greece) involved in the interpretation of Greece during the Roman... more
General introduction to the volume, offering an overview of the different aspects (rural and urban landscape, society, economy, religion, visual culture, reception of Roman Greece) involved in the interpretation of Greece during the Roman Perio
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In the multitude of testimonies pertaining to the cults and honors for Hadrian that can be connected to the physical presence of the “restless emperor”, the case of Greece is rather anomalous if one compares the sheer number and... more
In the multitude of testimonies pertaining to the cults and honors for Hadrian that can be connected to the physical presence of the “restless emperor”, the case of Greece is rather anomalous if one compares the sheer number and importance of cultic (and honorific) attestations for him with the relative scarcity of the evidence on imperial cult in the province of Achaea. In this chapter I argue that the abundance of evidence that “old Greece” provides for the worship of Hadrian can be linked to the philhellene emperor’s personal inclination toward this region. I will concentrate primarily on the ways Hadrian’s proverbial philhellenism is reflected in the worship that he received in Greece. I will focus on Athens, not only because this city has yielded most of the evidence on the cult of Hadrian in the province of Achaea, but also because one can argue that his worship in Athens reveals a direct expression of the emperor’s privileged link with the city. Indeed, the sheer number and types of testimonies of the cult of Hadrian in Athens may be seen as a direct reflection of the city’s pivotal role in the emperor’s Panhellenic program. Athens’ connection with its glorious past as well as its ongoing cultural primacy in Roman Greece and the Graeco-Roman Empire in general played a central role in the realization of the new imperial policy. After presenting an overview of the available evidence from cult places, festivals, and priesthoods, I shed light on the main features of this imperial cult against the background of key concepts of Hadrian’s relationship with the Greek world.
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In the budget of Greek cities reserved for religion a special place was held by the costs connected with the organization of festivals. This paper deals with the financing of festivals and agones, with particular reference to the cities... more
In the budget of Greek cities reserved for religion a special place was held by the costs connected with the organization of festivals. This paper deals with the financing of festivals and agones, with particular reference to the cities of mainland Greece during the Hellenistic and Imperial periods. The funding of these celebrations was secured by a combination of public funds, also including the so-called “sacred funds” and the revenues from the “agonistic endowments” usually administered by public officials, and private munificence, i.e. liberal acts both by magistrates (in primis the agonothetes) and private individuals. Although the epigraphic texts mention more often the latter (evergetic) form of financing, the contribution of civic finances must have played a decisive role.
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This paper deals with the Thracian population of Rome. It focuses on the identification in the epigraphic evidence of individuals of Thracian origin and the analysis and presentation of the main socio-legal categories of Thraces attested... more
This paper deals with the Thracian population of Rome. It focuses on the identification in the epigraphic evidence of individuals of Thracian origin and the analysis and presentation of the main socio-legal categories of Thraces attested in Rome, who were mainly soldiers and freedmen-slaves. Most of the Thraces known to have sojourned at least for a period in Rome are soldiers enrolled in the Imperial guard (praetorians and equites singulares Augusti), whose number grew exponentially during the third c. AD, along with a similar increase attested for the legionary troops.
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In the Greek world Roman emperors were often linked with traditional gods. Verbal and iconographical assimilations on inscriptions, coins and statues, integration into pre-existing sacred structures and festivals, and joint priesthoods... more
In the Greek world Roman emperors were often linked with traditional gods. Verbal and iconographical assimilations on inscriptions, coins and statues, integration into pre-existing sacred structures and festivals, and joint priesthoods were three different means of establishing a relationship between the old gods of the Greek pantheon and the new divinized masters of the Empire. The ideological valency of this proceeding was strong, as it permitted the Greek elites both to establish a subtle hierarchy between emperors and gods and to cope with the new imperial power through traditional tools (and according to Greeks’ cultural horizon). As is generally the case with the “imperial cult” as a whole, however, the assimilation of emperors to the traditional Greek gods had also significant cultic implications, since ritual ceremonies were performed for the emperors. In this context priests of the imperial cult played an important role. The present paper deals with these aspects in the cities of mainland Greece.
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The present article deals with a dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Iulia Domna inscribed on one altar that was erected at Philippi by a “federation” of five communities designated as Πενταπολεῖται (CIPh II.1, N. 24). The... more
The present article deals with a dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Iulia Domna inscribed on one altar that was erected at Philippi by a “federation” of five communities designated as Πενταπολεῖται (CIPh II.1, N. 24). The presence at the end of the text of the Greek term θυσία (= sacrifice) singles out this inscription among the known dedications, both imperial and non-imperial. My hypothesis is that this particular formula is drawn from (or inspired by) the festive calendar of the Roman colony, which would have been the model followed by the dedicants while offering a sacrifice to the reigning emperor.
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This paper offers an overview of an ongoing research project on priesthoods in Roman Athens, whose first purpose is to realise a prosopography of the Athenian cult personnel during the Roman imperial period (c. 27 BC-267 AD). Despite a... more
This paper offers an overview of an ongoing research project on priesthoods in Roman Athens, whose first purpose is to realise a prosopography of the Athenian cult personnel during the Roman imperial period (c. 27 BC-267 AD). Despite a growing interest in the last years on the social aspects of Greek (and Roman) religion and specifically on priesthoods as is also shown by the publication of several collective volumes on the latter subject, systematic investigations on the cult personnel of single poleis are still lacking. As regards Athens, in particular, while there are studies on specific priesthoods such as the Eleusinian priesthoods or the priests of Asklepios, to date there is no comprehensive investigation on the Athenian cult personnel. Furthermore, while different aspects connected with priesthood have been studied for Classical and Hellenistic Athens, the Roman imperial period has been left largely ‘in the shadows’. Having this in mind, I have begun a research on Athenian cult personnel during the Roman imperial period. Since any such investigation must be based on a systematic collection of the epigraphic evidence on the individual holders of the different priesthoods, my first aim is to realise a prosopography of all religious functionaries, both male and female, of Athenian cults (that is to say of cults performed in Athens) from Augustus up to the 3rd c. AD (ca. AD 267). The prosopography is to be followed in due time by a synthesis on the religious, social, and cultural aspects of priesthood in Roman Athens. The prosopographic catalogue, collecting the relevant epigraphic and literary testimonies, will provide for each priest the main data (name, chronology, status, other charges, bibliography) and a thorough commentary on his family relations and on his priestly activity and public career.
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Priestly titles can offer insights on the cult object served by each priest as well as on the tenure and specific functions of a given priesthood. This paper examines the priesthood of the imperial cult in Greece (provincia Achaia). The... more
Priestly titles can offer insights on the cult object served by each priest as well as on the tenure and specific functions of a given priesthood. This paper examines the priesthood of the imperial cult in Greece (provincia Achaia). The sys-tematic analysis of the epigraphic evidence shows that in the supra-civic realm the title archiereus is almost exclusive. As for civic priests, who are the most represented in the epigraphic evidence in Greece, the title hiereus is gradually replaced during the 1st c. AD by the title archiereus, this showing a precise evolution which also reflects a shift in the cult object from single imperial figures to the Sebastoi as a whole (including the reigning emperor, his predecessors, and other members of the domus Augusta).
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the social status of religious functionaries in Greece during the Roman period. Priests’ socio-economic condition had already increased in Greek cities by the late Hellenistic period. This is reflected... more
The aim of this paper is to analyse the social status of religious functionaries in Greece during the Roman period. Priests’ socio-economic condition had already increased in Greek cities by the late Hellenistic period. This is reflected in the public image conveyed by honorary inscriptions for religious functionaries which mention their qualities and acts of euergetism. The epigraphic evidence from the cities of Roman Greece shows that both priests and the other civic functionaries belonged to the same high socio-economic milieu. With a few exceptions priestly offices do not seem to have functioned as a privileged access route to the ruling political elite, since the most prestigious priesthoods were usually reserved for individuals who already belonged to the upper strata of society. In Roman Greece, access to public priesthoods is primarily an expression of intra-elite mobility.
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The epigraph is a dedication to Zeus and Athena placed on an altar by officers and soldiers of a garrison of the Pergamum army, which was stationed in Aegina, to pay homage to Attalus I of Pergamum. The dedication can be traced back... more
The epigraph is a dedication to Zeus and Athena placed on an altar by officers and soldiers of a garrison of the Pergamum army, which was stationed in Aegina, to pay homage to Attalus I of Pergamum. The dedication can be traced back between the year 210/209 BC and Attalus I
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Imperial estates represented the most important item amongst the properties possessed by the emperors. By a certain time there must have been imperial estates in most of the provinces of the Empire, yet their extension in relation to... more
Imperial estates represented the most important item amongst the properties possessed by the emperors. By a certain time there must have been imperial estates in most of the provinces of the Empire, yet their extension in relation to other properties is difficult to estimate due to the scarcity of direct evidence. In Greece (Province of Achaia) imperial estates seem to have been very limited, judging from the evidence at our disposal. Apart from a few literary references, of which one of the most known is the case of the lands of the Athenian Ti. Claudius Hipparchus (grandfather of the famous Herodes Atticus) whose estates were confiscated by the emperor Domitian following his condemnation due to tyrannical behaviour, indirect hints of the possible presence of imperial estates in the province of Achaia can be drawn from inscriptions mentioning functionaries who can be put in relation with imperial properties, such as procurators (procuratores/ἐπίτροποι) or (imperial) ‘bailiffs’ (οἰκονόμοι/vilici; πραγματευταί/actores). In most cases, however, the exact nature and location of these imperial domains remain uncertain. Generally speaking, the evidence at our disposal gives the impression of a substantial scarcity of imperial estates in the province of Achaia.