Tree Structure

... 870 JZC Lai Image and Vision Computing 15 (1997) 867871 Table 2 The execution time of enci ading a real image (tiffany) for 3 different algorithms' Number of codewords Available encoding algorithm (seconds) EAWFC (seconds) E c AWFS with = 3 (seconds) Speedup ...

The creation of 3D models is generally considered by newcomers to be a difficult activity requiring a number of skills and considerable practice. This paper describes work in the INHERIT project which aims to address these issues by providing a 3D modelling tool set which is easy to use, requiring few skills and little practice. This is achieved by the development of software tools which are customised to build particular types of model. The key aspect of these tools is the treatment of the underlying data of the 3D model as a tree structure of nodes which consist of parameterised representations of the components of the object being modelled. The tools then automatically generate the graphics primitives that enable the visualisation and interaction with the object. This paper describes the implementation of the first tool created following this principle which enables school children to model church structures

We describe an enhanced version of the MORPHE tool, a morphological analyzer/generator designed to interface with a knowledge-based machine translation system. MORPHE uses a hierarchy (tree structure) to relate various morphological forms to each other based on common and distinctive features. Transformational rules are attached to the leaf nodes of the hierarchy. In generation, MORPHE takes as input a feature structure and pushes it through the hierarchy, which acts as discrimination net. When a leaf node is reached, MORPHE applies the attached rule. Each rule may contain several mutually exclusive clauses, each of which attempts to match a pattern against the base string contained in the feature structure and, if the match is successful, applies operators to the string to produce a transformed string. Our enhancements to MORPHE were motivated by attempting to use the tool to generate Arabic morphology. The non-concatenative morphology typical of Semitic languages has spurred the d...

Classification and regression trees are becoming increasingly popular for partitioning data and identifying local structure in small and large datasets. Classification trees include those models in which the dependent variable (the predicted variable) is categorical. Regression trees include those in which it is continuous. This paper discusses pitfalls in the use of these methods and high- lights where they are

We concentrate on the use of ontologies for the categorization of objects, e.g., photos, books, web pages. Lightweight ontologies are ontologies with a tree structure where each node is associated a natural language label. Faceted lightweight ontologies are lightweight ontologies where the labels of nodes are organized according to certain predefined patterns which capture different aspects of meaning, i.e., facets. We introduce facets based on the Analytico-Synthetic approach, a well established methodology from Library Science which has been successfully used for decades for the classification of books. Faceted lightweight ontologies have a well defined structure and, as such, they are easier to create, to share among users, and they also provide more organized input to semantics based applications, such as semantic search and navigation.

The conceptual card deck is a game for the collaborative construction of concept maps. It was developed at the Conectate al Conocimiento Project of Panama as an easy way to introduce novice mappers to concept maps and propositional structure, with very little prior explanation of these notions. Though it has been used by some of the Project's facilitators in teacher training workshops, as well as in follow-up visits to schools, this is the first attempt to methodically explore the benefits of its application. The present study's results show that apprentice mappers were able, using the card game, to produce a complex concept map topologically, and of good semantic quality. Aside from providing a practical way to introduce concept mapping, results suggest it may have other benefits as well such as: 1) breaking away from the typical tree structures and one-root concept maps thus leading to a greater variety of map topologies; 2) stimulating the formation of cross-links in a na...

Hazard trees are a concern for anyone who manages trees in a landscape setting, including arborists, urban foresters, and grounds managers. Through re- search, experience, observation, and common sense, ar- borists and urban foresters have identified many risk factors that predispose trees to failure. They have also de- veloped thresholds to help determine the degree of hazard and whether a tree is in imminent danger of failing or needs annual (or more frequent) inspections. Two critical factors are involved in strength loss assessment in tree stems with defects. First, it is important to know how much strength is lost due to a defect such as a hollow or cavity. Second, the load required to cause failure needs to be considered since the wood of some trees is inherently stronger than others. Research currently underway at the University of Massachusetts , U.S., intends to test the strength loss due to decay in tree stems. Eventually, once the methodology has been refined, other tree ...

In facing the problem of building a complex yet fast and resource efficient Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Extended Resource Planning (XRP) system the first obstacle is the creation of a Bill of Materials (BoM) algorithm, which is used to calculate material needs according to the production plan. Taking into consideration different possibilities of BoM implementation, we compared linked lists, tree structure and matrix implementation in relation to algorithm complexity. As we came to the conclusion that none of them suits the needs of modern systems, we proposed a new BoM algorithm called multiple linked list implementation. It combines the advantages of other implementations with a new approach based on two complex data structures used to represent both the data and relationships between products, parts or components used in production.

We extend the open leaf venation model by Runions et al.[RFL��� 05] to three dimensions and show that it generates surprisingly realistic tree structures. Model parameters correspond to visually relevant tree characteristics identified in landscaping, offering convenient control of tree shape and structure. Keywords: visual realism, procedural modeling, generative tree modeling, model control