Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, R.D., Victor, M. & Ropper, A.H. (1997) Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Addonizio, G. (1991) The pharmacologic basis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Annals, 21, 152–156.
Aghajanian, G.K. (1995) Electrophysiology of serotonin receptor subtypes and signal transduction pathways. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 451–460.
Albin, R.L., Young, A.B. & Penney, J.B. (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neuroscience, 12, 366–375.
Albus, M. Zahn, T.P. & Breier, A. (1992) Anxiogenic properties of yohimbine: Behavioral, physiological and biochemical measures. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241, 337–344.
Allgulander, C. (1999) Paroxetine in social anxiety disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 193–198.
Altamura, A.C., Pioli, R., Vitto, M. & Mannu, P. (1999) Venlafaxine in social phobia: A study in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor non-responders. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 239–245.
Anden, N.E., Carlsson, A., Dahlstrom, A., Fuxe, K., Hillarp, N.A. & Larsson, K. (1964) Demonstration and mapping out of nigroneostriatal dopamine neurons. Life Sciences, 3, 523–530.
Arnsten, A.F.T., Steere, J.C. & Hunt, R.D. (1996) The contribution of [alpha-2] noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 448–455.
Arnt, J. (1998) Pharmacological differentiation of classical and novel antipsychotics. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13 (Suppl 3), S7-S14.
Arya, D.K. (1994) Extrapyramidal symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 728–733.
Arya, D.K. & Szabadi, E. (1993) Dyskinesia associated with fluvoxamine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 365–366 (letter).
Asnis, G.M. & van Praag, H.M. (Eds.) (1995) Panic Disorder: Clinical, biological, and treatment aspects. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Aston-Jones, G., Chiang, C. & Alexinsky, T (1991) Discharge of noradrenergic locus ceruleus neurons in behaving rats and monkeys suggests a role in vigilance. Progress in Brain Research, 88, 501–520.
Ayd, F.J. & Zohar, J. (1987) Psychostimulant (amphetamine or methylphenidate) therapy for chronic and treatment resistant depression. In: Zohar, J. & Belmaker, R.H. (Eds.) Treating Resistant Depression. New York: PMA Corp., pp. 343–355.
Azmitia, E.C. & Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M. (1995) Anatomy, cell biology, and plasticity of the serotonergic system. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 443–449.
Baer, L., Rauch, S.L., Ballantine, H.T., Martuza, R., Cosgrove, R., Cassem, E., Giriunas, I., Manzo, P.A., Dimino, C. & Jenike, M.A. (1995) Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prospective long-term follow-up of 18 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 384–392.
Baldessarini, R.J. (1996a) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Psychosis and anxiety. In: Molinoff, P.B. & Ruddon, R.W. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 399–430.
Baldessarini, R.J. (1996b) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Depression and mania. In: Molinoff, P.B. & Ruddon, R.W. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 399–430.
Baldessarini, R.J. & Tarazi, F.I. (1996) Brain dopamine receptors: A primer on their current status, basic and clinical. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 301–325.
Ballenger, J.C., Davidson, J.R., Lecrubier, Y., Nutt, D.J., Bobes, J., Beidel, D.C., Ono, Y. & Westenberg, H.G. (1998) Consensus statement on social anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group On Depression and Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl 17), 54–60.
Balon, R. (1999) Fluvoxamine for phobia of storms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 244–245.
Barker, E.L. & Blakely, R.D. (1995) Norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 321–333.
Barnes, T.R.E. & McPhillips, M.A. (1998) Novel antipsychotics, extrapyramidal side effects, and tardive dyskinesia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13 (Suppl 3), S49-S57.
Barr, A., Heinze, W., Mendoza, J.E., Perlik, S. (1978) Long-term treatment of Huntington’s disease with L-glutamate and pyridoxine. Neurology, 28, 1280–1282.
Barr, L.C., Goodman, W.K. & Price, L.H. (1993) The serotonin hypothesis of obsessive–compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8 (Suppl 2), 79–82.
Barr, L.C., Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., McDougle, C.J. & Charney, D.S. (1992) The serotonin hypothesis of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Implications of pharmacologic challenge studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53 (Suppl 4), 29–37.
Bartus, R.T., Dean, R.L., Pontecorvo, M.J., & Flicker, C. (1985) The cholinergic hypothesis: a historic review, current perspectives, and future directions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 444, 332–358.
Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (1996) Serotonin and dopamine as neuroreceptors. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 55–71.
Baxter, L.R. (1999) Functional imaging of brain systems mediating obsessive–compulsive disorder. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 534–547.
Baxter, L.R., Saxena, S., Brody, A.L., Ackermann, R.F., Colgan, M., Schwartz, J.M., Allen-Martinez, Z., Fuster, J.M. & Phelps, M.E. (1996) Brain mediation of obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms: Evidence from functional brain imaging studies in the human and nonhuman primate. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 1, 32–47.
Baxter, L.R., Schwartz, J.M., Bergman, K.S., Szuba, M.P., Guze, B.H., Mazziotta, J.C., Alazraki, A., Selin, C.E., Ferng, H-K., Munford, P. & Phelps, M.E. (1992) Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681–689.
Beal, M.F. (1992a) Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic diseases. FASEB Journal, 6, 3338–3344.
Beal, M.F. (1992b) Role of excitotoxicity in human neurological disease. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2, 657–662.
Beal, M.F. (1998) Excitotoxicity and nitric oxide in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Annals of Neurology, 44 (Suppl) S110-S114.
Beasley, C.M.Jr, Hamilton, S.H., Crawford, A.M., Dellva, M.A., Tollefson, G.D., Tran, P.V., Blin, O. & Beuzen, J.N. (1997) Olanzapine versus haloperidol: Acute phase results of the international double-blind olanzapine trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 125–137.
Beasley, C.M., Tollefson, G.D., Tran, P.V., Satterlee, W., Sanger, T. & Hamilton, S. (1996) Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: Acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 111–123.
Beatty, W.W., Butters, N. & Janowsky, D.S. (1986) Patterns of memory failure after scopolomine treatment: implications for cholinergic hypothesis of dementia. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 45, 196–211.
Belanoff, J.K. & Glick, I.D. (1998) New psychotropic drugs for Axis I disorders: Recently arrived, in development, and never arrived. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 1015–1027.
Benes, F.M. (1997) The role of stress and dopamine-GABA interactions in the vulnerability for schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 257–275.
Bennett, G.W., Ballard, T.M., Watson, C.D., & Fone, K.C. (1997) Effects of neuropeptides on cognition function. Experimental Gerontology, 32, 451–469.
Berger-Sweeney, J. (1998) The effects of neonatal basal forebrain lesions on cognition: Towards understanding the developmental role of the cholinergic basal forebrain. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 16, 603–612.
Bierer, L.M., Haroutunian, V., Gabriel, S., Knott, P.J., Carlin, L.S., Purohit, D.P., Perl, D.P., Schmeidler, J., Kanof, P. & Davis, K.L. (1995) Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease: Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits. Journal of Neurochemistry, 64, 749–760.
Biggins, C.A., Boyd, J.L., Harrop, F.A., Maddeley, P., Mindham, R.H., Randall, J.I. & Spokes, E.G. (1992) A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 55, 566–571.
Bird, E.D., Mackay, A.V.P., Rayner, C.N. & Iversen, L.L. (1973) Reduced glutamic-acid-decarboxylase activity of post-mortem brain in Huntington’s chorea. Lancet, 1, 1090–1092.
Birtwistle, J. & Baldwin, D. (1998) Role of dopamine in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. British Journal of Nursing, 7, 838–841.
Blandini, F., Porter, R.H.P. & Greenamyre, J.T. (1996) Glutamate and Parkinson’s disease. Molecular Neurobiology, 12, 73–94.
Blier, P., de Montigny, C. & Chaput, Y. (1987) Modifications of the serotonin system by antidepressant treatments: Implications for the therapeutic response in major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 24S-35S.
Blier, P., de Montigny, C. & Chaput, Y. (1990) A role for the serotonin system in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Preclinical evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51 (Suppl), 14–20.
Blin, O. (1999) A comparative review of new antipsychotics. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 235–244.
Bliss, T.V. & Collinridge, G.L. (1993) A synaptic model of memory: Long term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature, 361, 31–39.
Bloom, F.E. (1996) Neurotransmission and the central nervous system. In: Molinoff, P.B. & Ruddon, R.W. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 267–293.
Bloom, F.E. & Iversen, L.L. (1971) Localizing 3H-GABA in nerve terminals of rat cerebral cortex by electron microscopic autoradiography. Nature, 229, 628–630.
Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press.
Bonilla, E., Prasad, A.L. & Arrieta, A. (1988) Huntington’s disease: Studies on brain free amino acids. Life Sciences, 42, 1153–1158.
Bortolotto, Z.A. & Collinridge, G.L. (1992) Activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors induces long-term potentiation. European Journal of Pharmacology, 214, 297–298.
Bourin, M., Baker, G.B. & Bradwejn, J. (1998) Neurobiology of panic disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 163–180.
Bouwer, C. & Stein, D.J. (1998) Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in the treatment of generalized social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49, 79–82.
Bowery, N.G. (1993) GABAB receptor pharmacology. Annual Review of Pharmacological Toxicology, 33, 109–147.
Boyer, W. (1995) Serotonin uptake inhibitors are superior to imipramine and alprazolam in alleviating panic attacks. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 45–49.
Brailowsky, S. & Garcia, O. (1999) Ethanol, GABA and epilepsy. Archives of Medical Research, 30, 3–9.
Brawman-Mintzer, O. & Lydiard, R.B. (1997) Biological basis of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl 3), 16–25.
Bremner, J.D., Innis, R.B., Innis, C.K., Staib, L.H., Salmin, R.M., et.al. (1997) Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral; metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 246–254.
Brodi.e., B.B. & Shore, P.A (1957) A concept for a role of serotonin and norepinephrine as chemical mediators in the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 66, 631–642.
Bunney, B.G., Bunney, W.E. & Carlsson, A. (1995) Schizophrenia and glutamate. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1205–1214.
Bymaster, F.P., Calligaro, D.O., Falcone, J.F., Marsh, R.D., Moore, N.A., Tye, N.C., Seeman, P. & Wong, D.T. Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 87–96.
Caroff, S.N., Mann, S.C., Lazarus, A., Sullivan, K. & Macfadden, W. (1991) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Diagnostic issues. Psychiatric Annals, 21, 130–147.
Carlsson, A., Hansson, L.O., Waters, N. & Carlsson, M.L. (1999) A glutamatergic deficiency model of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 37 (Suppl), 2–6.
Carpenter, M.B. & Sutin, J. (1983) Human Neuroanatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Casacalenda, N. & Boulenger, J.P. (1998) Pharmacologic treatments effective in both generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 722–730.
Casey, D.E. (1995) Tardive dyskinesia: Pathophysiology. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1497–1502.
Casey, D.E. (1998) Effects of clozapine therapy in schizophrenic individuals at risk for tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl) 31–37.
Casey, D.E. (1999) Tardive dyskinesia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schizophrenia Research, 35 (Suppl) S61-S66.
Charney, D.S., Bremner, J.D. & Redmond, D.E. (1995) Noradrenergic neural substrates for anxiety and fear: Clinical associations based on preclinical research. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 387–395.
Charney, D.S. & Bremner, J.D. (1999) The neurobiology of anxiety disorders. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 494–517.
Charney, D.S., Deutch, A.Y., Krystal, J.H., Southwick, S.M., & Davis, M. (1993) Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 295–305.
Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Charney, D., Woods, S. & Goodman, W. (1987) Serotonin function in anxiety: II. Effects of the serotonin agonist mCPP in panic disorder and healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology, 92, 14–24.
Charney, D.S., Woods, S.W., Goodman, W.K. & Heninger, G.R. (1987) Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety: Biochemical and behavioral correlates of yohimbine-induced panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1030–1036.
Cherek, D.R., Lane, S.D., Pietras, C.J, & Steinberg, J.L. (2002) Effects of chronic paroxetine administration on measures of aggressive and impulsive responses of adult males with a history of conduct disorder. Psychopharmacology, 159(3), 266–274.
Choi, D.W. (1992) Excitotoxic cell death. Journal of Neurobiology, 23, 1261–1276.
Choi, D.W. (1995) Calcium: Still center-stage in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Trends in Neuroscience, 18, 58–60.
Choi, D.W. & Rothman, S.M. (1990) The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 171–182.
Choo, V. (1993) Paroxetine and extrapyramidal reactions (letter). Lancet, 341, 624.
Chouinard, G. (1995) Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: An analysis of the Canadian Multicenter Risperidone Study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15 (Suppl), 36S-44S.
Chozick, B. (1987) The nucleus basalis of Meynert in neurological dementing disease: A review. International Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 31–48.
Chrousos, G.P. & Gold, P.W. (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1244–1252.
Clark, R.D., Canive, J.M., Calais, L.A., Qualls, C.R. & Tuason, V.B. (1999) Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder: An open-label clinical trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 395–401.
Cohen, A.J. (1992) Fluoxetine-induced yawning and anorgasmia reversed by cyproheptadine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 174.
Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. (1998) Assessment of EPS and tardive dyskinesia in clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl 12), 23–27.
Conley, R.R. (2000) Risperidone side effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61 (Suppl 8), 20–23.
Conners, C.K., Casat, C.D., Gualtieri, C.T., Weller, E., Reader, M., Reiss, A., Weller, R.A., Khayrallah, M. & Ascher, J. (1996) Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1314–1321.
Conner, K.M. & Davidson, J.R. (1998) Generalized anxiety disorder: Neurobiological and pharmacotherapeutic perspectives. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1286–1294.
Connor, K.M., Davidson, J.R., Weisler, R.H. & Ahearn, E. (1999) A pilot study of mirtazapine in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 29–31.
Cooper, J.R., Bloom, F.E. & Roth, R.H. (1991) The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, New York: Oxford University Press.
Coppen, A. (1967) The biochemistry of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1237–1264.
Cornell, M.S., Ahktar, T., Slater, R.N.S. & Walker, C.J. (1996) The pentothal test in the management of orthopaedic patients with hysterical illness. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 89, 37P-38P.
Cotman, C.W., Kahle, J.S., Miller, S.E., Ulas, J. & Bridges, R.J. (1995) Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 75–85.
Coyle, J.T. (1996) The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 241–253.
Coyle, J.T., Price, D.L., & DeLong, M.R. (1983) Alzheimer’s disease: A disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science, 219, 1184–1190.
Crawford, A.M., Beasley, C.M. Jr., & Tollefson, G.D. (1997) The acute and long-term effect of olanzapine compared with placebo and haloperidol on serum prolactin concentrations. Schizophrenia Research, 26, 41–54.
Creese, I., Burt, D.R. & Snyder, S.H. (1976) DA receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antipsychotic drugs. Science, 192, 481–483.
Cummings, J.L. (1988) Intellectual impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical, pathologic, and biochemical correlates. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 1, 24–36.
Cummings, J.L. (1992) Depression and Parkinson’s disease: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 443–454.
Dahlstrom, A. & Fuxe, K. (1964) Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brainstem neurons. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica(Suppl), 62, 1–55.
Danion, J.M., Rein, W. & Fleurot, O. (1999) Improvement in schizophrenic patients with primary negative symptoms treated with amisulpride. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 610–616.
Danysz, W., Parsons, C.G., Mobius, H.J., Stoffler, A. & Quack, G. (2000) Neuroprotective and symptomatological action of memantine relevant for Alzheimer’s disease—a unified glutamatergic hypothesis on the mechanism of action. Neurotoxicity Research, 2, 85–98.
Davidson, J.R.T. (1997) Biological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview. Clinical Psychiatry, (Suppl). 58, 29–32.
Davidson, J.R.T. (1998) What’s new in treating GAD? 18th Annual Meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Boston.
Davidson, J.R.T. (1999) Managing posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment options. Teleconference sponsored by Postgraduate Institute for Medicine, November, 1999.
Davidson, J.R. & Connor, K.M. (1999) Management of posttraumatic stress disorder: Diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl 18), 33–38.
Davidson, J.R., DuPont, R.L., Hedges, D. & Haskins, J.T. (1999) Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release and buspirone in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 528–535.
Davidson, J.R.T, Tupler, L.A. & Potts, N.L. (1994) Treatment of social phobia with benzodiazepines. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, (Suppl), 5, 28–32.
Davidson, R.J., Putnam, K.M. & Larson, C.L. (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—A possible prelude to violence. Science, 289, 591–594.
Davies, M.F. (1996) The pharmacology of the gamma-aminobutyric acid system. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 101–116.
Davis, K.L., Kahn, R.S., Ko, G. & Davidson, M. (1991) Dopamine and schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 25, 1474–1486.
Davis, K.L., Mohs, R.C., Tinklenberg, J.R., Pfefferbaum, A., Hollister, L.E. & Kopell, B.S. (1978) Physostigmine: Improvement in long-term memory processes in humans. Science, 201, 272–274.
Davis, L.L., Suris, A., Lambert, M.T., Heimberg, C. & Petty, F. (1997) Post-traumatic stress disorder and serotonin: New directions for research and treatment. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 22, 318–326.
Deakin, J.F. & Simpson, M.D. (1997) A two-process theory of schizophrenia: Evidence from studies in post-mortem brain. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 277–295.
Dekker, A.J., Conner, D.J. & Thal, L.J. (1991) The role of cholinergic projections from the nucleus basalis in memory. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 15, 299–317.
DeLong, M.R. (1990) Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 281–289.
de Montigny, C., Chaput, Y. & Blier, P. (1990) Modification of serotonergic neuron properties by long-term treatment with serotonin reuptake blockers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51 (Suppl B), 4–8.
de Wied, D. (1997a) The neuropeptide story. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 18, 101–113.
de Wied, D. (1997b) Neuropeptides in learning and memory processes. Behavioural Brain Research, 83, 83–90.
Descarries, L., Audet, M.A., Doucet, G., Garcia, S., Oleskevich, S., Seguela, P., Soghomonian, J.J. & Watkins, J.C. (1990) Morphology of central serotonin neurons: Brief review of quantified aspects of their distribution and ultrastructural relationships. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 600, 81–92.
Deutch, A.Y. (1991) The regulation of subcortical dopamine systems by the prefrontal cortex: Interactions of central dopamine systems and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Journal of Neural Transmission, (Suppl), 36, 61–89.
Deutch, A.Y., Moghaddam, B., Innis, R.B., Krystal, J.H., Aghajanian, G.K., Bunney, B.S. & Charney, D.S. (1991) Mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic Drugs. Implications for novel therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 4, 121–156.
Devinsky, O., Kernan, J. & Bear, D.M. (1992) Aggressive behavior following exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4, 189–194.
DiFiglia, M. (1990) Excitotoxic injury of the neostriatum: A model for Huntington’s disease. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 286–289.
Dinan, T.G. (1996) Noradrenergic and serotonergic abnormalities in depression: Stress-induced dysfunction? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 (Suppl 4), 14–18.
Doble, A. (1999) The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: Implications for therapy. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 81, 163–221.
Dooneief, G., Mirabello, E., Bell, K., Marder, K., Stern, Y. & Mayeux, R. (1992) An estimate of the incidence of depression in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 49, 305–307.
Dow, B. & Kline, N. (1997) Antidepressant treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in veterans. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 9, 1–5.
Duman, R.S. (1999) The neurochemistry of mood disorders: Preclinical studies. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 333–347.
Egan, M.F., Apud, J. & Wyatt, R.J. (1997) Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 583–609.
Eison, M.S. (1990) Serotonin: A common neurobiologic substrate in anxiety and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10 (Suppl), 26–30.
Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (1998) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Enserink, M. (2000) Searching for the mark of Cain. Science, 289(July), 575–579.
Ernst, M., Liebenauer, L.L., Tebeka, D., Jons, P.H., Eisenhofer, G., Murphy, D.L. & Zametkin, A.J. (1997) Selegiline in ADHD adults: Plasma monoamines and monoamine metabolites. Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 276–284.
Fackler, S.M., Anfinson, T.J. & Rand, J.A. (1997) Serial sodium Amytal interviews in the clinical setting. Psychosomatics, 38, 558–564.
Fallon, J.H. (1988) Topographical organization of ascending dopaminergic projections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 537, 1–9.
Faraone, S.V. & Biederman, J. (1999) The neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 788–801.
Farber, N.B., Newcomer, J.W. & Olney, J.W. (1998) The glutamate synapse in neuropsychiatric disorders. Focus on schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Progress in Brain Research, 116, 421–437.
Farde, L., Nordstrom, A.L. & Weisel, F.A. & Sedvall, G. (1989) D1 and D2 dopamine occupancy during treatment with conventional and atypical neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology (Suppl), 99, S28-S31.
Farde, L., Nordstrom, A.L., Wiesel, F.A., Pauli, S., Halldin, C & Sedvall, G. (1992) Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine: Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 538–544.
Feltus, M.S. & Gardner, D.M. (1999) Second generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 6, 187–195.
Filley, C.M., Price, B.H., Nell, V., Antionette, T., Morgan, A.S., Bresnahan, J.F., Pincus, J.H., Gelbort, M.M., Weissberg, M, & Kelly, J.P. (2001) Toward and understanding of violence: Neurobehavioral aspects of unwarranted physical aggression. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, Behavioral Neurology, 14, 1–14.
Fisher, R.S. (1998) Epilepsy. In: Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (Eds.) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 459–503.
Fisher, P.A., Bass, H. & Hefner, R. (1990) Treatment of parkinsonian tremor with clozapine. Journal of Neural Transmission, 2, 233–238.
Fogel, B.S. (1996) Drug therapy in neuropsychiatry. In: Fogel, B.S., Schiffer, R.B. & Rao, S.M. (Eds.) Neuropsychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 223–256.
Fornai, F., Vaglini, F., Maggio, R., Bonuccelli, U. & Corsini, G.U. (1997) Species differences in the role of excitatory amino acids in experimental parkinsonism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 21, 401–415.
Freedamn, M. (1990) Parkinson’s disease. In: Cummings, J.L. (Ed.) Subcortical Dementia. New York: Oxford Press, pp.108–122.
Friedman, M.J. (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl 9), 33–36.
Gardos, G. (1999) Managing antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Drug Safety, 20, 187–193.
Gardos, G. & Cole, J.O. (1995) The treatment of tardive dyskinesias. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1503–1511.
Garlow, S.J., Musselman, D.L. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1999) The neurochemistry of mood disorders: Clinical studies. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.348–364.
Gelenberg, A.J. & Bassuk, E.L. (Eds.) The Practitioners Guide to Psychotropic Drugs,Fourth Edition. New York: Plenum Press.
Gelenberg, A.J. & Delgado, P.L. (1997) Depression. In: Gelenberg, A.J. & Bassuk, E.L. (Eds.) The Practitioners Guide to Psychotropic Drugs, Fourth Edition.New York: Plenum Press, pp. 19–97.
Germine, M., Goddard, A.W., Woods, S.W., Charney, D.S. & Heninger, G.R. (1992) Anger and anxiety responses to m-chlorophenylpiperzine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 457–461.
Gerson, S.C. & Baldesssarini, R.J. (1980) Motor effect of serotonin in the central nervous system. Life Sciences, 27, 1435–1451.
Ghoneim, M.M. & Merwaldt, S.P. (1990) Benzodiazepines and human memory: A review. Anesthesiology, 72, 926–938.
Gilman, S., Koeppe, R.A., Adams, K., Johnson-Greene, D., Junck, L., Kluin, K.J., Motorello, S. & Lohman, M. (1996) Positron emission tomographic studies of cerebral benzodiazepine receptor binding in chronic alcoholics. Annals of Neurology, 40, 163–171.
Gilman, G. & Newman, S.W. (1996) Essentials of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology, Ninth Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
Gilroy, J. (1990) Basic Neurology. New York: Pergamon Press.
Glennon, R.A. & Dukat, M. (1995) Serotonin receptor subtypes. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 415–429.
Goddard, A.W. & Charney, D.S. (1997) Toward an integrated neurobiology of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl 2), 4–11.
Goddard, A.W. & Charney, D.S. (1998) SSRIs in the treatment of panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 8 (Suppl. 1), 114–120.
Goddard, A.W., Coplan, J.D., Gorman, J.M. & Charney, D.S. (1999) Principles of the pharmacology of anxiety disorders. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 548–563.
Good, P.F., Werner, P., Hsu, A., Olanow, C.W. & Perl, D.P. (1996) Evidence for neuronal oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Pathology, 149, 21–28.
Goodman, W.K., McDougle, C.J., Price, L.H., Riddle, M.A., Pauls, D.L. & Leckman, J.F. (1990) Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: A role for dopamine in some forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 36–43.
Goodman, W.K. & Murphy, T. (1998) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome. In: Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (Eds.) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 177–211.
Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Delgado, P.L., Palumbo, J., Krystal, S.H., Nagy, L.M., Rasmussen, S.A., Heninger, G.R. & Charney, D.S. (1990) Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 577–585.
Goodnick, P.J., Puig, A., DeVane, C.L. & Freund, B.V. (1999) Mirtazapine in major depression with co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 446–448.
Graudins, A., Stearman, A. & Chan, B. (1998) Treatment of the serotonin syndrome with cyproheptadine. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 16, 615–616.
Green, H.W. (1995) The treatment of attention-deficit disorder with non-stimulant medications. In: Riddle, M. (Ed.) Pediatric Psychopharmacology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; Child and Adolescent Clinics of North America, 4, 169–195.
Green, M.W. & Selman, J.E. (1991) Review article, the medical management of trigeminal neuralgia. Headache, 31, 588–592.
Greenhill, L.L. (1995) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Riddle, M. (Ed.) Pediatric Psychopharmacology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; Child and Adolescent Clinics of North America, 4, 123–168.
Haber, S.N. & Fudge, J.L. (1997a) The primate substantia nigra and VTA: Integrative circuitry and function. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 11, 323–342.
Haber, S.N. & Fudge, J.L. (1997b) The interface between dopamine neurons and the amygdala: Implications for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 471–482.
Haefely, W.E. (1990) The GABA-benzodiazepine reaction fifteen years later. Neurochemical Research, 15, 169–174.
Haefely, W., Martin, J.R. & Schoch, P. (1990) Novel anxiolytics that act as partial agonists at benzodiazepine receptors. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 11, 452–456.
Hasey, G.M. (1996) Acetylcholine. In, Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 73–100.
Hasey, G. & Hanin, I. (1991) The cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of depression reexamined using clonidine, metoprolol, and physostigmine in an animal model. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 127–138.
Heninger, G.R. (1995) Indolamines: The role of serotonin in clinical disorders. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 471–482.
Hicks, T.P. & Conti, F. (1996) Amino acids as the source of considerable excitation in cerebral cortex. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 74, 341–361.
Hidalgo, R., Hertzberg, M.A., Mellman, T., Petty, F., Tucker, P., Weisler, R., Zisook, S., Chen, S., Churchill, E. & Davidson, J. (1999) International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 61–68.
Hippius, H. (1989) The history of clozapine. Psychopharmacology, 99, 53–55.
Hirsch, E.C., Graybiel, A.M. & Agid, Y. (1988) Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially affected in Parkinson’s disease. Nature, 334, 345–348.
Hirsch, E.C. & Herrero, M.T. (1997) Neurochemical correlates of parkinsonism: Role of dopaminergic lesions. In: Obeso, J.A., DeLong, M.R., Ohye, C. & Marsden, C.D. (Eds.) The Basal Ganglia and New surgical Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 74. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, pp. 119–126.
Hirsch, S.R., Das, I., Garey, L.J. & de Belleroche, J. (1997) A pivotal role for glutamate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and its cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 56, 797–802.
Hornykiewicz, O. & Kish, S. (1987) Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Advances in Neurology, 45, 19–34.
Hunt, R.D., Arnsten, A.F.T. & Asbell, M.D. (1995) An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 50–54.
Hunt, R.D., Capper, S. & O’Connell, P. (1990) Clonidine in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 87–102.
Hyashi, T. (1954) Effects of sodium glutamate on the nervous system. Keio Journal of Medicine, 3, 183–???
Hyman, S.E., Arana, G.W. & Rosenbaum, J.F. (1995) Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Therapy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Insel, T. (1992) Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 739–744.
Iversen, S.D. (1984) 5-HT and anxiety. Neuropharmacology, 23, 1353–1360.
Jaber, M., Robinson, S.W., Missale, C. & Caron, M.G. (1996) Dopamine receptors and brain function. Neuropharmacology, 35, 1503–1519.
Jacobs, B.L. & Azmitia, E.C. (1992) Structure and function of the brain serotonin system. Physiological Reviews, 72, 165–229.
Jacobs B.L. & Fornal, C.A. (1995) Serotonin and behavior. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 461–469.
Janicak, P.G. (1999) Handbook of Psychopharmacology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Janicak, P.G., Davis, J.M., Preskorn, S.H. & Ayd, F.J. (1997) Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy, Second Edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Jankovic, J. (1998) Movement disorders. In: Joynt, R.J. & Griggs, R.C. (Eds.) Clinical Neurology, Volume 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, pp. 1–106.
Janowsky, D.S., El-Yousef, M.K., Davis, J.M. & Sckerke, H.J. (1972) A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet, 2, 632–635.
Janowsky, D.S., El-Yousef, M.K. & Davis, J.M. (1974) Acetylcholine and depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 248–257.
Jenike, M.A., Baer, L., Ballantine, T., Martuza, R.L., Tynes, S., Giriunas, I., Buttolph, M.L. & Cassem, N.H. (1991) Cingulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A long-term follow-up of 33 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 548–555.
Josselyn, S.A., Miller, R. & Beninger, R.J. (1997) Behavioral effects of clozapine and dopamine receptor subtypes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 21, 531–558.
Kahn, R.S. & Davis, K.L. (1995) New developments in dopamine and schizophrenia. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1193–1203.
Kahn, R.S., Westenberg, H.G.M. & Moore, C. (1995) Increased serotonin function and panic disorder. In: Asnis, G.M. & van Praag, H.M. (Eds.) Panic Disorder: Clinical, biological, and treatment aspects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 151–180.
Kamil, R. (1996) Antidepressants. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp.153–180.
Kane, J.M. (1995) Tardive dyskinesia: Epidemiological and clinical presentation. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1485–1495.
Kane, J.M., Jeste, D.V., Barnes, T.R.E., et.al. (1992) Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. In: American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Tardive Dyskinesia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, pp. 103–120.
Kapur, S. (2000) The clinical implications of neuroreceptor occupancy in the management of psychosis. PsychLink (EDA# 550–0520). New Orleans, LA.: Interactive Medical Networks.
Kapur, S. & Mann, J.J. (1996) Role of the dopaminergic system in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 1–17.
Kapur, S. & Remington, G. (1996) Serotonin-dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 466–476.
Kapur, S. & Seeman, P. (2000) Antipsychotic agents differ in how fast they come off the dopamine D2 receptors. Implications for atypical antipsychotic’s action. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 25, 161–166.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R.B. & Remington, G. (1999) Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 286–293.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R., Jones, C., Shammi, C.S., Remington, G. & Seeman, P. (2000) A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia: A preliminary finding of an antipsychotic effect with only transiently high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 553–559.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R., Remington, G., Jones, C., DaSilva, J., Wilson, A.A. & Houle, S. (1998) 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of olanzapine in schizophrenia: A PET investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 921–928.
Katz, L. (1999) Keep Your Brain Alive. New York: Workman Publishing.
Katz, L., Fleisher, W., Kjernisted, K. & Milanese, P. (1996) A review of the psychobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 233–238.
Katz, L.C. & Shatz, C.J. (1996) Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science, 274, 1133–1138.
Katzung, B.G. (1998) Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Stamford,CT:: Appleton & Lange.
Keck, P.E. Jr. & McElroy, S.L. (1997) New uses for antidepressants: Social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl 14), 32–36.
Kelsey, J.E. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1998) Affective disorders. In: Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (Eds.) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 95–136.
Keltner, N.L. & Folks, D.G. (2005) Psychotropic Drugs. St. Louis: Mosby.
Kent, J.M., Coplan, J.D. & Gorman, J.M. (1998) Clinical utility of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the spectrum of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 812–824.
Keverne, E.B. (1999) GABA-ergic neurons and the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Brain Research Bulletin, 48, 467–473.
Khan, A.U. (1998) Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia and Depression. Clovis, CA: A.J. Publisher.
Kim, K.Y., Moles, J.K., & Hawley, J.M. (2001) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for aggressive behaviors in patients with dementia after head injury. Pharmacotherapy, 21(4), 498–501.
King, D.J. (1998) Drug treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 8, 33–42.
Kinon, B.J. & Lieberman, J.A. (1996) Mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs: A critical analysis. Psychopharmacology, 124, 2–34.
Knable, M.B., Kleinman, J.E. & Weinberger, D.R. (1998) Neurobiology of schizophrenia. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 589–607.
Knable, M.B. & Weinberger, D.R. (1997) Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11, 123–131.
Koller, W.C., Silver, D.E. & Lieberman, A. (1994) An algorithm for the management of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 44 (Suppl. 10), S1-S52.
Koob, G.F. (1992) Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology, and function of reward pathways. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 13, 177–184.
Kopala, L.C., Good, K.P. & Honer, W.G. (1997) Extrapyramidal signs and clinical symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: Response to low-dose risperidone. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 308–313.
Kopelman, M.D. & Corn, T.H. (1988) Cholinergic "blockade" as a model for cholinergic depletion. Brain, 111, 1079–1110.
Korczyn, A.D. (1995) Parkinson’s disease. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1479–1484.
Kovacs, G.L. & de Wied, D. (1994) Peptidergic modulation of learning and memory processes. Pharmacological Reviews, 46, 269–91.
Kriegstein, A.R., Flint, A.C. & LoTurco, J.J. (1996) The role of excitatory amino acids in cortical development. In: Conti, F. & Hicks, T.P. (Eds.) Excitatory Amino Acids and the Cerebral Cortex. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 201–214.
Kulkarni, S.K. & Ninan, I. (1996) Current concepts in the molecular diversity and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 599–613.
Kuraishi, Y., Hirota, N. Sato, Y., Kaneko, S., Satoh, M. & Takagi, H. (1985) Noradrenergic inhibition of the release of substance P from the primary afferents in the rabbit spinal dorsal horn. Brain Research, 359, 177–182.
Lader, M.H. (1998) The nature and duration of treatment for GAD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 393 (Suppl), 109–117.
Lamberti, J.S. & Bellnier, T. (1993) Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 181, 137–138.
Lane, R. & Baldwin, D. (1997) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced serotonin syndrome: Review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 208–221.
Lavalaye, J., Linszen, D.H., Booij, J., Reneman, L., Gersons, B.P. & van Royen, E.A. (1999) Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by olanzapine or risperidone in young patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 92, 33–44.
Lee, R. & Coccaro, E. (2001) The neuropsychopharmacology of criminality and aggression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 35–44.
Le Moal, M. (1995) Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons: Functional and regulatory roles. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 283–294.
Le Moal, M. & Simon, H. (1991) Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic network: Functional and regulatory roles. Physiological Review, 71, 155–234.
Leonard, B.E. (1997) Fundamentals of Psychopharmacology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Levin, E.D. & Simon, B.B. (1998) Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive functions in animals. Psychopharmacology, 138, 217–230.
Levy, R.H. (1996) Sedation in acute and chronic agitation. Pharmacotherapy (Suppl), 16, 152S-159S.
Lidow, M.S., Williams, G.V. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1998) The cerebral cortex: A case for a common site of action of antipsychotics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 136–140.
Lieberman, J.A., Saltz, B.L., Johns, C.A., Pollack, S., Borenstein, M. & Kane, J. (1991) The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 503–510.
Lipton, S.A. & Rosenberg, P.A. (1994) Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurological disorders. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 613–622.
Littrell, R.A. & Schneiderhan, M. (1996) The neurobiology of schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy, 16, 143S-147S.
Lodge, D., Aram, J.A., Church, J., Davies, S.N., Martin, D, O’Shaughnessey, C.T. & Zeman, S. (1987). Excitatory amino acids and phencyclidine-like drugs. In: Hicks, T.P., Lodge, D. & McLennan, H. (Eds.) Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 83–90.
Loo, H., Poirier-Littre, M.F., Theron, M., Rein, W. & Fleurot, O. (1997) Amisulpride versus placebo in the medium-term treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 18–22.
LoTurco, J.J., Blanton, M.G. & Kriegstein, A.R. (1991) Initial expression and endogenous activation of NMDA channels in early neocortical development. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 792–799.
Luchins, D.J., Freed, W.J., Wyatt, R.J (1980) The role of cholinergic supersensitivity in the medical symptoms associated with withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1395–1398.
Lydiard, R.B. (1998) The role of drug therapy in social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50 (Suppl.1), S35-S39.
Lydiard, R.B., Brawman-Mintzer, O. & Ballenger, J.C. (1996) Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 660–668.
MacDonald, J.F., Wojtowicz, J.M. & Baskys, A. (1996) Glutamate receptors. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 117–130.
Malatynska, E., Knapp, R.J., Ikeda, & Yamamura, H.I. (1988) Antidepressants and seizure interactions at the GABAA receptor chloride-ionophore complex. Life Sciences, 43, 303–307.
Mann, S.C., Caroff, S.N. & Lazarus, A. (1991) Pathogenesis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Annals, 21, 175–180.
Mann, J.J. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds) (1993) GABA and Depression. New York: Plenum Press.
Mansour, A., Meador-Woodruff, J.H., Lopez, J. & Watson, S.J.Jr. (1998) Biochemical anatomy: Insights into cell biology and pharmacology of the dopamine and serotonin systems in the brain. In: Schartzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) The American Psychiatric Press: Textbook of psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 55–73.
Marder, S.R. (1998) Antipsychotic medications. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 309–321.
Markowitz, J.S., Brown, C.S. & Moore, T.R. (1999) Atypical antipsychotics. Part I. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 33, 73–85.
Marsden, C.D. & Jenner, P. (1980) The pathophysiology of extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychological Medicine, 10, 55–72.
Marsden C.D. & Olanow, C.W. (1998) The causes of Parkinson’s disease are being unraveled and rational neuroprotective therapy is close to reality. Annals of Neurology, 44 (Suppl) S189-S196.
Martin, R.L., Lloyd, H.G.E. & Cowan, A.I. (1994) The early events of oxygen and glucose deprivation: Setting the scene for neuronal death? Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 251–257.
Matthyse, S. (1973) Antipsychotic drug actions: A clue to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Federation Proceedings, 32, 200–205.
Mattson, M.P. & Pedersen, W.A. (1998) Effects of amyloid precursor derivatives and oxidative stress on basal forebrain cholinergic systems in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 16, 737–753.
Mayberg, H. (2004) Depression: A neuropsychiatric perspective. In, Panksepp, J. (Ed) Textbook of biological psychiatry. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Liss, pp. 197–230.
Mayeux, R., Stern, Y. & Williams, J.B.W. (1986) Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 756–759.
McAllister, A.K., Katz, L.C. & Lo, D.C. (1999)Neurotropins and synaptic plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22, 295–318.
McCarthy, R.H. (1994) Clozapine reduces essential tremor independent of its antipsychotic effect: A case report. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 212–213.
McCormick, D.A., Pape, H.C. & Williamson, A. (1991) Actions of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex and thalamus: Implications for function of the central norepinephrine system. Progress in Brain Research, 88, 293–305.
McDougle, C.J. (1999) The neurobiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 518–533.
McDougle, C.J., Goodman, W.K., Leckman, J.F. & Price, L.H. (1993) The psychopharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Implications for treatment and pathogenesis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 749–766.
Meek, J.K. & Kablinger, A. (1998) Antidepressants and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 150, 487–489.
Meltzer, H.Y. (1989) Duration of a clozapine trial in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 672.
Meltzer, H.Y. (1991a) The significance of serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (Suppl), 52, 70–72.
Meltzer, H.Y. (1991b) The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 263–287.
Meltzer, H.Y. (1995) Role of serotonin in the action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 64–75.
Meltzer, H.Y. (1999) The role of serotonin in antipsychotic drug action. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21 (Suppl) 106S-115S.
Meltzer, H.Y., Matsubari, F. & Lee, J.C. (1989a) The ratios of serotonin 2 and dopamine 2 affinities differentiate atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 390–392.
Meltzer, H.Y., Matsubari, F. & Lee, J.C. (1989b) Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin-2 pKi values. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 251, 238–246.
Meltzer, H.Y. & McGurk, S.R. (1999) The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 233–255.
Mink, J.W. & Thach, W.T. (1993) Basal ganglia intrinsic circuits and their role in behavior. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 3, 950–957.
Mintzer, J.E. (2001) Underlying mechanisms of psychosis and aggression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62 (Suppl 21), 23–25.
Missale, C, Nash, S.R., Robinson, S.W., Jaber, M. & Caron, M.G. (1998) Dopamine receptors from structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 78, 189–225.
Miyawaki, E., Meah, Y. & Koller, W.C. (1997) Serotonin, dopamine and motor effects in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 20, 300–310.
Moller, H.J., Boyer, P., Fleurot, O. & Rein, W. (1997) Improvement of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia with amisulpride: A comparison with haloperidol. Psychopharmacology, 132, 396–401.
Moore, K.E. & Lookingland, K.J. (1995) Dopaminergic neuronal systems in the hypothalamus. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. Ne wYork: Raven Press, pp. 245–256.
Moore, R.Y. & Bloom, F.E. (1979) Central catecholamine neuron systems: Anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2, 113–168.
Musselman, D.L., DeBattista, C., Nathan, K.I., Kilts, C.D., Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1998) Biology of mood disorders. In: Schartzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 549–588.
Nelson, R.J. & Chiavegatto, S. (2001) Molecular basis of aggression. Trends in Neuroscience, 24, 713–719.
Nelson, J. & Chouinard, G. (1996) Benzodiazepines: Mechanisms of action and clinical indications. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 213–238.
O’Donnell, P.O. & Grace, A.A. (1996) Basic neurophysiology of antipsychotic drug action. In: Csernansky, J.C. (Ed.) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Antipsychotics. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 163–202.
Olney, J.W. & Farber, N.B. (1995) Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 998–1007.
Olney, J.W., Ho, O.L. & Rhee, V. (1971) Cytotoxic effects of acidic and sulfur containing amino acids on the infant mouse central nervous system. Experimental Brain Research, 14, 61–76.
Olanow, C.W., Jenner, P. & Brooks, D. (1998) Dopamine agonists and neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 44 (Suppl), S167-S174.
Olney, J.W., Sharpe, L.G. & Feigin, R.D. (1971) Glutamate-induced brain damage in infant primates. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 31, 464–488.
Owens, M.J. & Risch, S.C. (1998) Atypical antipsychotics. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 323–348.
Page, I.H. (1976) The discovery of serotonin. Perspectives in Biology-and Medicine, 20, 1–8.
Paschen, W. (1996) Glutamate excitotoxicity in transient global cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 56, 313–322.
Pate, D.S. & Margolin, D.I. (1994) Cognitive slowing in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s patients: Distinguishing bradyphrenia from dementia. Neurology, 44, 673–674.
Paul, S.M. (1995) GABA and glycine. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 87–94.
Pearson, J., Halliday, G., Sakamoto, N., et.al. (1990) Catacholeminergic neurons. In: Paxinos, G. (Ed.) The Human Nervous System. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 1023–1050.
Pearson, S.J., Heathfield, K.W. & Reynolds, G.P. (1990) Pallidal GABA and chorea in Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 81, 241–246.
Penny, J.B. (1996) Neurochemical neuroanatomy. In: Fogel, B.S., Shiffer, R.B. & Rao, S.M. (Eds.) Neuropsychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 145–171.
Penny, J.B. & Young, A.B. (1998) Extrapyramidal disorders. In: Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (Eds.) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 351–376.
Perry, E.K., Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G., Bergmann, K., Gibson, P.H., Perry, R.H. (1978) Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plagues and mental test scores in senile dementia. British Medical Journal, 2, 1457–1459.
Perry, T.L., Hanson, S. & Kloster, M. (1973) Huntington’s chorea. Deficiency of gamma aminobutyric acid in brain. New England Journal of Medicine, 288, 337–342.
Perry, T.L., Wright, J.M., Hansen, S., Thomas, S.M., Allan, B.M., Baird, P.A. & Diewold, P.A. (1982) A double-blind clinical trial of isoniazid in Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 32, 354–358.
Petty, F. (1995) GABA and mood disorders: A brief review and hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 275–281.
Petty, F., Davis, L.L., Kabel, D., & Kramer, G.L. (1996) Serotonin dysfunction disorders: A behavioral neurochemistry perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, (Suppl 8), 11–16.
Pickar, D. (1986) Neuroleptics, dopamine, and schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9, 35–48.
Pies, R.W. (1998) Handbook of Essential Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Pine, D.S., Grun, J. & Gorman, J.M. (1998) Anxiety disorders. In: Enna, S.J. & Coyle, J.T. (Eds.) Pharmacological Management of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 53–94.
Pliszka, S.R., McCracken, J.T. & Maas, J.W. (1996) Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Current perspectives.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 264–272.
Pollack, M.H. (1999) Social anxiety disorder: Designing a pharmacologic treatment strategy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl.9), 20–26.
Puech, A., Fluerot, O. & Rein, W. (1998) Amisulpride and atypical antipsychotic, in the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia: A dose-ranging study vs. haloperidol. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 65–72.
Raja, M. (1996) The treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 147, 13–18.
Raj, B.A. & Sheehan, D.V. (1995) Somatic treatment strategies in panic disorder. In: Asnis, G.M. & van Praag, H.M. (Eds.) Panic Disorder: Clinical, biological, and treatment aspects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 279–313.
Randrup, A., Munkvad, I. & Fog, R. (1975) Mania, depression, and brain dopamine. In: Essman, W.B. & Vaizelli, L. (Eds.) Currents Developments in Psychopharmacology. New York: Spectrum, pp. 207–229.
Rein, W. & Turjanski, S. (1997) Clinical update on amisulpride in deficit schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12 (Suppl), S19-S27.
Remington, G.J. (1993) Clinical consideration in the use of risperidone. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38 (Suppl 3), S96-S100.
Remington, G. (1996) Neuroleptics. In: Baskys, A. & Remington, G. (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 193–211.
Remington, G. & Chong, S.A. (1999) Conventional versus novel antipsychotics: Changing concepts and clinical implications: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 24, 431–441.
Remington, G. & Kapur, S. (1999) D2and 5-HT2Receptor effects of antipsychotics: Bridging basic and clinical findings using PET. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 15–19.
Remington, G. & Kapur, S. (2000) Atypical antipsychotics: Are some more atypical than others? Psychopharmacology, 148, 3–15.
Renynghe de Voxuri.e., G.E. (1968) Anafranil (G34586) in obsessive neurosis. Acta Neurologia Belgica, 68, 787–792.
Reynolds, G.P., Pearson, S.J. & Heathfield, K.W. (1990) Dementia in Huntington’s disease is associated with neurochemical deficits in the caudate nucleus, not the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience Letters, 113, 95–100.
Richelson, E. (1996) Synaptic effects of antidepressants. J. Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, (Suppl 2), 1S-9S.
Richelson, E. (1999a) Receptor pharmacology of neuroleptics: Relation to clinical effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl 10), 5–14.
Richelson, E. (1999b) Basic neuropharmacology of antidepressants relevant to the pharmacotherapy of depression. Clinical Cornerstone, 1, 17–30.
Richelson, E. (2001) Pharmacology of antidepressants. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76, 511–527.
Riddle, M.A., Hardin, M.T., Cho, S.C., etal. (1988) Desipramine treatment of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: Preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 27, 811–814.
Rison, R.A. & Stanton, P.K. (1995) Long-term potentiation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: Foundations of memory and neurological disease? Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 19, 533–552.
Robbins, T.W. & Everitt, B.J. (1995) Central norepinephrine neurons and behavior. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 363–372.
Rocca, P., Fonzo, V., Scotta, M., Zanalda, E., Ravizza, L. (1997) Paroxetine efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95, 444–450.
Rockhold, R.W. (1997) The chemical basis for neuronal communication. In: Haines, D.E. (Ed.) Fundamental Neuroscience. New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 51–63.
Rodriguez, M.C., Obeso, J.A. & Olanow, C.W. (1998) Subthalamic nucleus-mediated excitotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease: A target for neuroprotection. Annals of Neurology, 44 (Suppl), S175-S188.
Rogers, S.L. & Friedhoff, L.T. (1996) The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Results of a U.S. multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Dementia, 7, 293–303.
Rosenberg, P.A., Amin, S. & Leitner, M. (1992) Glutamate uptake disguises neurotoxic potency of glutamate agonists in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 56–61.
Roth, R.H. & Elsworth, J.D. (1995) Biochemical pharmacology of midbrain dopamine neurons. In:Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 227–243.
Roth, B.L. & Meltzer, H.Y. (1995) The role of serotonin in schizophrenia. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1215–1227.
Russo, M.B., Brooks, F.R., Fontenot, J.P., Dopler, B.M., Neely, E.T. & Halliday, A.W. (1997) Sodium pentothal hypnosis: A procedure for evaluating medical patients with suspected psychiatric co-morbidity. Military Medicine, 162, 215–218.
Ryan, J.M. (2000) Pharmacologic approach to aggression in neuropsychiatric disorders. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(4), 238–249.
Sanders-Bush, E. & Canton, H. (1995) Serotonin receptors. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 431–441.
Sanders-Bush, E. & Mayer, S.E. (1996) 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor agonists and antagonists. In: Molinoff, P.B. & Ruddon, R.W. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 249–263.
Sandman, C.A., Strand, F.L., Beckwith, B. (1999) Neuropeptides: Structure and function in biology and behavior. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, (v. 897).
Sano, M., Marder, K. & Dooneief, G. (1996) Basal ganglia diseases. In: Fogel, S., Schiffer, R.B. & Rao, S.M. (Eds.) Neuropsychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 805–825.
Sarter, M. & Bruno, J.P. (1998) Cortical acetylcholine, reality distortion, schizophrenia, and Lewy-Body dementia: Too much or too little cortical acetylcholine? Brain and Cognition, 38, 297–316.
Sarter, M., Bruno, J.P., & Turchi, J. (1999) Basal forebrain afferent projections modulating cortical acetylcholine, attention, and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 877, 368–382.
Sarter, M., Nutt, D. & Lister, R.G. (1995) Benzodiazepine Receptor inverse Agonists. New York: Wiley-Liss.
Saxena, S., Brody, A.L., Schwartz, J.M. & Baxter, L.R. (1998) Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (Suppl 35), 26–37.
Scatton, B., Claustre, Y., Cudennec, A., Oblin, A., Perrault, G., Sanger, D.J. & Schoemaker, H. (1997) Amisulpride: From animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12 (Suppl), S29-S36.
Schatzberg, A.F. (1998) Noradenergic versus serotonergic antidepressants: Predictors of treatment response. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl 14), 15–18.
Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds) (1998) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Schatzberg, A.F., Rothschild, A.J., Langlais, P.J., Bird, E.D. & Cole, J.O. (1985) A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotic depression and related states. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 19, 57–64.
Schildkraut, J.J. (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 509–522.
Schoepp, D.D. & Conn, P.J. (1993). Metabotropic receptors in brain function and pathology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 14, 13–20.
Schotte, A., Janssen, P.F.M., Gommeren, W., Luyten, W.H.M.I., Van Gompel, P., Lesage, A.S., DeLoore, K. & Leyse, J.E. (1996) Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: In vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology, 124, 57–73.
Schousboe, A., Belhage, B. & Frandsen, A. (1997) Role of Ca2 + and other second messengers in excitatory amino acid receptor mediated neurodegeneration: Clinical perspectives. Clinical Neuroscience, 4, 194–198.
Schulkin, J. (1999) The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Behavior. NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
Schwartz, J.M. (1997) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Science and Medicine, 4, 14–23.
Seeman, P. (1995) Dopamine receptors: Clinical correlates. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 295–302.
Seeman, P., Chau-Wong, M., Tedesco, J. & Wong, K. (1975) Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: Direct binding assays. Procedures of the National Academy of Science, 72, 4376–4380.
Seeman, P., Lee, T., Chau-Wong, M., & Wong, K. (1976) Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature, 261, 717–719.
Seeman, P. & Tallerico, T. (1998) Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors. Molecular Psychiatry, 3, 123–134.
Shalev, A.Y., Bonne, O. & Eth, S. (1996) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 165–182.
Sheehan, D.V. & Harnett-Sheehan, K. (1996) The role of SSRIs in panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 (Suppl), 51–58.
Sheehan, B.A., Raj, R.R. & Knapp, E.L. (1993) Serotonin in panic disorder and social phobia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 63–77.
Shiah, I-S & Yatham, L.N. (1998) GABA function in mood disorders: An update and critical review. Life Sciences, 63, 1289–1303.
Shiloh, R., Zemishlany, Z., Aizenberg, D., Radwan, M., Schwartz, B., Dorfman-Etrog, P., Modai, I., Khaikan, M. & Weizman, A. (1997) Sulpiride augmentation in people with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: A double-blind, placebo controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 569–573.
Shoulson, I., Goldblatt, D., Carlton, M. & Joynt, R.J. (1978) Huntington’s disease: Treatment with muscimol, a GABA-mimetic drug. Annals of Neurology, 4, 279–284.
Simon, D.K. & Standaert, D.G. (1999) Neuroprotective therapies. Medical Clinics of North America, 83, 509–523.
Snyder, S.H. (1976) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Focus on the dopamine receptor. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 197–202.
Southwick, S.M. Krystal, J.H., Bremner, J.D., Morgan, C.A., Nicolaou, A.L., Nagy, L.M., Johnson, D.R., Heninger, G.R. & Charney, D.S. (1997) Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 749–758.
Southwick, S.M., Morgan, C.A., Grillon, C.G., Krystal, J.H., Nagy, L.M. & Charney, D.S. (1997) Noradrenergic alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 125–141.
Spano, P.F., Govoni, S. & Trabucchi, M. (1978) Studies on the pharmacological properties of dopamine receptors in various areas of the central nervous system. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 19, 155–165.
Speller, J.C., Barnes, T.R., Curson, D.A., Pantelis, C. & Alberts, J.L. (1997) One-year, low dose neuroleptic study of in patients with chronic schizophrenia characterized by persistent negative symptoms. Amisulpride vs. haloperidol. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 564–568.
Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Harding, M., O’Donnell, D. & Griffin, S. (1996) Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 409–432.
Squires, R.F. & Saederup, E. (1997) Clozapine and some other antipsychotic drugs may preferentially block the same subset of GABA(A) receptors. Neurochemical Research, 22, 151–162.
Stahl, S.M. (1988) Basal ganglia neuropharmacology and obsessive-compulsive disorder: The obsessive-compulsive disorder hypothesis of basal ganglia dysfunction. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 370–374.
Stahl, S.M. (1992) Serotonin neuroscience discoveries usher in a new era of novel drug therapies for psychiatry. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28, 3–9.
Stahl, S. (1994) Is serotonin receptor down-regulation linked to the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 30, 39–43.
Stahl, S.M. (1996) Essential Psychopharmacology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Stahl, S.M. (1997) Psychopharmacology of Depression. London: Martin Dunitz.
Stahl, S.M. (1999a) Psychopharmacology of Antipsychotics. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd.
Stahl, S.M. (1999b) Mergers and acquisitions among psychotropics: Antidepressant takeover of anxiety may be complete. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 282–283.
Stahl, S.M. (1999c) Antidepressants: the blue-chip psychotropic for the modern treatment of anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 356–357.
Stahl, S.M. (2000) Essential Psychopharmacology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Standaert, D.G. & Young, A.B. (1996) Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In: Molinoff, P.B. & Ruddon, R.W. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 399–430.
Stanilla, J.K. & Simpson, G.M. (1998) Treatment of extrapyramidal side effects. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 349–375.
Stanniland, C. & Taylor, D. (2000) Tolerability of atypical antipsychotics. Drug Safety, 22, 195–214.
Starkstein, S.E., Preziosi, T.J., Forrester, A.W. and Robinson, R.B. (1990) Specificity of affective and autonomic symptoms in depression and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 53, 869–973.
Stein, M.B., Fyer, A.J., Davidson, J.R., Pollack, M.H. & Wiita, B. (1999) Fluvoxamine treatment of social phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 756–760.
Stein, M.B. & Uhde, T.W. (1998) Biology of anxiety disorders. In: Schartzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) The American Psychiatric Press: Textbook of psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 609–628).
Sternbach, H. (1991) The serotonin syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 705–713.
Stimmel, G.L. (1996) Benzodiazepines in schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy, (Suppl), 16, 148S-151S.
Storey, E. & Beal, M.F. (1993) Neurochemical substrates of rigidity and chorea in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 116, 1201–1222.
Storey, E. Kowall, N.W., Finn, S.F., Mazurek, M.F. & Beal, M.F. (1992) The cortical lesion of Huntington’s disease: Further neurochemical characterization, and reproduction of some of the histological and neurochemical features by N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the rat cortex. Annals of Neurology, 32, 526–534.
Strand, F.L. (1999) Neuropeptides: Regulators of physiological Processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sullivan, G.M., Coplan, J.D. & Gorman, J.M. (1998) Psychoneuroendocrinology of anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 397–412.
Swartz, J.R., Burgoyne, K., Smith, M., Gadasally, R., Ananth, J. & Ananth, K. (1997) Tardive dyskinesia and ethnicity: Review of the literature. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 9, 53–59.
Swerdlow, N.R. (1995) Serotonin, obsessive compulsive disorder and the basal ganglia. International Review of Psychiatry, 7, 115–129.
Tamminga, C. (1998) Schizophrenia and glutamatergic transmission. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 12, 21–36.
Tamminga, C. (1999a) Glutamatergic aspects of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 37 (Suppl), 12–15.
Tamminga, C.A. (1999b) Principles of pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 272–289.
Tapia, R., Medina-Ceja, L. & Pena, F. (1999) On the relationship between extracellular glutamate, hyperexcitation, and neurodegeneration, in vivo. Neurochemistry International, 34, 23–31.
Tassin, J.P. (1992) NE/DA interactions in prefrontal cortex and their possible roles as neuromodulators in schizophrenia. Journal of Neural Transmission, 36 (Suppl), 135–162.
Taylor, C.B. (1998) Treatment of anxiety disorders. In: Schartzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 775–789
Teboul, E. & Chouinard, G. (1990) A guide to benzodiazepine selection. Part I. Pharmacological aspects. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 700–710.
Thal, L.J. (1992) Cholinomimetic therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Squire, L.R., & Butters, N. (Eds.) Neuropsychology of Memory. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 277–284.
Thompson, P.M. (1996) Generalized anxiety disorder treatment algorithm. Psychiatric Annals, 26, 227–232.
Tollefson, G.D. & Rosenbaum, J.F. (1998) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In: Schatzberg, A.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 219–237.
Trichard, C., Paillere-Martinot, M-L., Attar-Levy, D., Recassens, C., Monnet, F. & Martinot, J-L. (1998) Binding of antipsychotic drugs to cortical 5-HT2A Receptors: A PET study of chlorpromazine, clozapine, and amisulpride in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 505–508.
Tsai, G. & Coyle, J.T. (1998) The role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Annual Review of Medicine, 49, 173–184.
Tsai, G., Gastfriend, D.R. & Coyle, J.T. (1995) The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 332–340.
Tsai, G., van Kammen, D.P., Chen, S., Kelley, M.E., Grier, A. & Coyle, J.T. (1998) Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves structural and clinical deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 667–674.
Valentino, R.J. & Aston-Jones, G.S. (1995) Physiological and anatomical determinants of locus ceruleus discharge: Behavioral and clinical implications. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 373–385.
van der Kolk, B.A. (1997) The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl 9), 16–24.
van Rossum, J.M. (1966) The significance of dopamine receptor blockade for the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 160, 492–494.
van Veelen, N.M.J. & Kahn, R.S. (1999) Dopamine, serotonin, and schizophrenia. In: Stern, G.M. (Ed.) Parkinson’s Disease. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 80. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 425–429.
Voytko, M., Olton, D., Richardson, R., Gorman, L., Tobin, J. & Price, D. (1994) Basal forebrain lesions in monkeys disrupt attention, but not learning and memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 167–186.
Walsh, M.T. & Dinan, T.G. (2001) Selective serotonin inhibitors and violence: A review of the available evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 84–91.
Walters, V.L., Tognolini, R.Z., Rueda, H.M., Rueda, R.M. & Torres, R.G. (1997) New strategies for old problems: Tardive dyskinesia (TD). Schizophrenia Research, 28, 231–246.
Whitehouse, P.J., Price, D.L., Clark, A.W., Coyle, J.T., & DeLong, M.R. (1981) Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Annals of Neurology, 10, 122–128.
Wickelgren, I. (1998) A new route to treating schizophrenia. Science, 281, 1264–1265.
Wilens, T.E., Biederman, J., Spencer, T.J. & Prince, J. (1995) Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 270–279.
Willner, P. (1983) Dopamine and depression: A review of recent evidence. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 6, 211–246.
Willner, P. (1995) Dopaminergic mechanisms in depression and mania. In: Bloom, F.E. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 921–931.
Willner, P. (1997) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Current status, future prospects. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 297–308.
Wisden, W. & Seeberg, P.H. (1992) GABAA receptor channels: Subunits to functional entities. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2, 263–269.
Wisden, W., Lauri.e., D.J., Monyer, H. & Seeberg, P.H. (1992) The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 1040–1062.
Wise, R.A. (1999) Animal models of addiction. In: Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J. & Bunney, B.S. (Eds.) Neurobiology of Mental Illness.New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 569–577.
Wise, R.A. (1996) Neurobiology of addiction. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 6, 243–251.
Wolf, M.E. & Roth, R.H. (1990) Autoreceptor regulation of dopamine synthesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 604, 323–343.
Wolkowitz, O.M. & Pickar, D. (1991) benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review and reappraisal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 714–726.
Woodrum, S.T. & Brown, C.S. (1998) Management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 32, 1209–1215.
Woods, J.H., Katz, J.L. & Winger, G. (1992) Benzodiazepines: Use, abuse, and consequences. IV. Adverse behavioral consequences of benzodiazepine use. Pharmacological Reviews, 44, 151–347.
Wooley, D.W. & Shaw, E. (1954) A biochemical and pharmacological suggestion about certain mental disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 40, 228–231.
Wooten, G.F. (1997) Functional anatomical and behavioral consequences of dopamine receptor stimulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 835, 153–156.
Wudarsky, M., Nicolson, R., Hamburger, S.D., Spechler, L., Gochman, P., Bedwell, J., Lenane, M.C. & Rapoport, J.L. (1999) Elevated prolactin in pediatric patients on typical and atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9, 239–245.
Yassor, R. & Lal, S. (1986) Prevalence of the rabbit syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 656–657.
Yehuda, R., Boisoneau, D., Lowy, M.T. & Giller, E.L. (1995) Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 583–593.
Yeomans, J.S., Kofman, O. & McFarlane, V. (1984) Cholinergic involvement in lateral hypothalamic rewarding brain stimulation. Brain Research, 329, 19–26.
Zorumski, C.F. & Isenberg, K.E. (1991) Insights into the structure and function of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors: Ion channels and psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 162–173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mendoza, J.E., Foundas, A.L. (2008). Neurochemical Transmission. In: Clinical Neuroanatomy: A Neurobehavioral Approach. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36601-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36601-2_11
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-36600-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36601-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)