American Socialism and Black Americans: From the Age of Jackson to World War II

August black Americans black and white black socialist black workers Bobst Library Booker campaign capitalism capitalist Chicago Daily Socialist cialist Cincinnati Civil Club colored Communist comrades convention criticism Crosswaith Debs December declared delegates Democratic disfranchisement Douai economic editor election emancipation February Foner Garvey German Grandfather Clause Harlem Harrison Herbert Aptheker History Ibid industrial insisted International Socialist Review issue January join July Knights of Labor leaders Library lynching Marx Mary White Ovington Messenger National Negro Problem Negro question Negro workers Norman Thomas November October Oklahoma organization Ovington Papers party's Philip Randolph platform political published race racial racism radical Randolph and Owen Republican Reverend riots segregation September slavery slaves social equality Socialist Labor party socialist movement Socialist party socialist press socialist ticket society South Southern socialists speech struggle Texas tion United University vote W.E.B. Du Bois wage wage slavery Washington white workers Woodbey wrote York Call