Highlights
- •
An alpine herb used in traditional medicine varies in color among populations
- •
The degree of background matching correlates with human harvest pressure
- •
Plant concealment greatly influenced search time of humans
- •
The color evolution of this plant is likely driven by commercial harvesting
Summary
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Results and Discussion
STAR★Methods
Key Resources Table
REAGENT or RESOURCE | SOURCE | IDENTIFIER |
---|---|---|
Deposited Data | ||
Raw data | This paper | Data S1 |
Software and Algorithms | ||
R 3.6.3 | R Development Core Team 2016 | https://cran.r-project.org/; RRID: SCR_001905 |
CIEDE2000 Color difference formular | http://www2.ece.rochester.edu/∼gsharma/ciede2000/ | http://www2.ece.rochester.edu/∼gsharma/ciede2000/ |
Other | ||
Online game “Spot the plant” | This paper | www.plant.sensoryecology.com |
Spectrometer FLAME | OceanOptics, FL, USA | https://www.oceaninsight.com/products/spectrometers/general-purpose-spectrometer/flame-series/flame-uv-vis/ |
DH2000 UV-VIS-NIR light source | OceanOptics, FL, USA | https://www.oceaninsight.com/products/light-sources/uv-vis-nir-light-sources/deuteriumhalogen/ |
Resource Availability
Lead Contact
Materials Availability
Data and Code Availability
Experimental Model and Subject Details
Method Details
Materials and study locations
Color measurements
Quantifying background matching
Estimation of harvest pressure
Visual selection assessments
Quantification and Statistical Analysis
Color divergence and background matching
Camouflage and harvest pressure correlation
Factors influencing focal plant detection using an online experiment
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Declaration of Interests
Supplemental Information
-
Document S1. Figures S1 and S2 and Table S1
-
Data S1. Original Data, Related to Figure 2
This file includes eight data sheets. The sheet ‘Spectra’ includes reflectance spectra of leaf (LF) and rock (RK) samples from eight populations. Sheet ‘ColorModelRef’ contains parameters used in color analyses. Sheet ‘CoordinatesInCIELAB’ contains coordinates of color loci in CIEL∗a∗b∗ space, calculated from spectral data. Sheet ‘Distance-ab’ contains mean chromatic color distance (between leaves and rocks) in CIEL∗a∗b∗ space in different populations. Sheet ‘Differ-L’ contains mean luminance difference (between leaves and rocks) in CIEL∗a∗b∗ space in different populations. Sheet ‘Price’ contains market price of Fritillaria delavayi bulbs from 2016 to 2020. Sheet ‘Abundance’ contains plant abundance estimated by ten plots in each population. Sheet ‘Harvest’ contains total havest weight, average weight of a single bulb and distributed area in each population. Sheet ’ Difficulty ’ contains time spend for digging out a single bulb in each population. Sheet ‘Game’ contains data used in the visual selection experiment.
References
-
The biology of color.Science. 2017; 357: eaan0221
-
Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera.Heredity. 1955; 9: 323-342
-
Human predators outpace other agents of trait change in the wild.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106: 952-954
-
Life history change in commercially exploited fish stocks: an analysis of trends across studies.Evol. Appl. 2009; 2: 260-275
-
Human-induced dwarfing of Himalayan snow lotus, Saussurea laniceps (Asteraceae).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005; 102: 10218-10220
-
Defensive (anti-herbivory) coloration in land plants.Springer, 2016
-
Plant Camouflage: Ecology, Evolution, and Implications.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2018; 33: 608-618
-
Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide: the importance of enemies and apparency in adaptation to harsh soil environments.Am. Nat. 2013; 182: E1-E14
-
Divergence in cryptic leaf colour provides local camouflage in an alpine plant.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2017; 284: 20171654
-
Visual search through color displays: effects of target-background similarity and background uniformity.Percept. Psychophys. 1980; 27: 267-272
-
Relative advantages of dichromatic and trichromatic color vision in camouflage breaking.Behav. Ecol. 2017; 28: 556-564
-
Relative resistance of ornamental flowering bulbs to feeding damage by voles.Horttechnology. 2009; 19: 499-503
-
Hunting and evolution: theory, evidence, and unknowns.J. Mammal. 2018; 99: 1281-1292
-
Prey pattern regularity and background complexity affect detectability of background-matching prey.Behav. Ecol. 2011; 23: 384-390
-
Background complexity and the detectability of camouflaged targets by birds and humans.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2016; 283: 20161527
-
Why background colour matters to bees and flowers.J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 2017; 203: 369-380
-
Vavilovian mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and his little-known impact on weed science.Weed Sci. 2014; 62: 207-216
-
Seed plants of the alpine subnival belt from the Hengduan mountains, SW China.Science Press, 2014
-
Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China.China Medical Science Press, 2010
-
High altitude species, high profits: can the trade in wild harvested Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) be sustained?.J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 223: 142-151
-
Authentication of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae by RAPD-derived DNA markers.Molecules. 2014; 19: 3450-3459
-
The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype.Vision Res. 2000; 40: 1711-1737
- CIE technical report: Colorimetry. Third Edition. Commission Internationale de L’Eclairag, 2004
-
Digital Color Imaging Handbook.Second Edition. CRC Press, 2013
-
The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: Implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations.Color Res. Appl. 2005; 30: 21-30
-
Improved camouflage through ontogenetic colour change confers reduced detection risk in shore crabs.Funct. Ecol. 2019; 33: 654-669
-
Finding a signal hidden among noise: how can predators overcome camouflage strategies?.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2020; 375: 20190478
-
Quantifying camouflage and conspicuousness using visual salience.Methods Ecol. Evol. 2018; 9: 1883-1895
-
A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis.IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1998; 20: 1254-1259
-
The evolution of crypsis in replicating populations of web-based prey.Oikos. 2007; 116: 449-460
-
Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.J. Stat. Softw. 2015; 67: 48
-
R: A language and environment for statistical computing.Stat. Comput. 2017;
Article info
Publication history
Identification
Copyright
User license
Elsevier user license |Permitted
For non-commercial purposes:
- Read, print & download
- Text & data mine
- Translate the article
Not Permitted
- Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works
- Redistribute or republish the final article
- Sell or re-use for commercial purposes
Elsevier's open access license policy