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Liberty Global is a holding company with interests in several telecom companies in the U.K., Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Ireland, and Slovakia. Liberty is the owner of the main cable network in each of these geographies and has pursued a strategy since 2016 to merge or partner with mobile-network-operators to be able to offer converged services. Liberty also owns minority stakes in other media, entertainment, and cloud companies.

Spotify, headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, is one of the world’s largest music streaming service providers, with 602 million monthly active users at the end of 2023. The firm monetizes its users through a paid subscription model, referred to as its premium service, and an ad-based model, referred to as its ad-supported service. Revenue from premium and ad-supported services represented 86% and 14% of Spotify’s 2023 total revenue, respectively.

News Corporation is a diversified media conglomerate with significant presence in the US, the UK, and Australia. Key mastheads include The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, New York Post, The Times, The Sun, The Australian, Herald Sun, and The Daily Telegraph. The company also has a strong presence in the Australian subscription video market through 65%-owned Foxtel, and streaming platforms such as sport-focused Kayo and entertainment-focused Binge. Its 61%-owned REA Group is the dominant property listings business in Australia. In addition, it owns Harper Collins, one of the largest book publishers in the world, and has a sizable US digital property advertising business, Move.

Sirius XM Holdings is composed of two businesses: SiriusXM and Pandora. SiriusXM transmits music, talk shows, sports, and news via its two satellite radio networks, primarily to consumers in vehicles who pay a subscription fee. The firm’s radios come preinstalled on a wide range of light vehicles in the US and Canada. The firm acquired Pandora Media in February 2019 via an all-stock transaction. Pandora is a streaming music platform that offers an ad-supported radio option and a paid on-demand service; it has a robust and growing podcast library. Liberty Media owns 84% of Sirius XM, traded through its Liberty Sirius XM Group tracking stock.