Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya: 1911-1912
In 1911 Italy, an aspiring Great Power, attacked Ottoman Libya. Italian diplomacy had long anticipated this attack, but Italy's military was ill-prepared for it. The Ottoman Empire, distracted by internal dissension and by the expansionist designs of its Balkan neighbours, was woefully unready. This study examines how the belligerents dealt with the military and diplomatic stalemates into which the Libyan War degenerated, stalemates which were ended only by the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, when the Ottomans were obliged to make peace with Italy to face more dangerous enemies nearer home. The Italo-Turkish War was the first armed clash between the lesser Great Powers immediately before 1914, leading inexorably to the deterioration of the Balkan situation and to Sarajevo. This is the first study based on the archives of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry for the period, as well as on better-known Italian sources.
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Contents
To be Malthusian is vile
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29 |
Italy goes to
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49 |
Military and diplomatic developments through Italys
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71 |
The diplomatic stalemate
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91 |
The Sazonov mediation attempts
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106 |
71
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121 |
Ottoman problems in Libya Italian moves into Aegean
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132 |
the abortive peace talks and
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160 |
The negotiations leading to the Peace of LausannePhase
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174 |
The negotiations leading to the Peace of LausannePhase
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201 |
Lausannes Aftermath
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231 |
Bibliography
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254 |
Common terms and phrases
ACS/CG action Aegean islands agreed agreement Albania Albertini annexation Arab Article Asım Bey August Austria Balkan Berlin Bey to Asım Beys to Gabriel Bosworth Commissioners to Giolitti Cyrenaica Dardanelles démarche diplomatic Dodecanese Empire's England European Fahrettin Beys February Foreign Minister France Gabriel Efendi German Grand Vezir Guerra Libica hereinafter referred hostilities Ibid Imperial İstanbul Italian Commissioners Italo-Turkish Italo-Turkish War Italy Italy's July June Libya London Malgeri Maltese mediation military Montenegro Muslim Nabi and Fahrettin negotiators Neratov neutral Powers Nizami Paşa Nogara North Africa November occupation October Ottoman Ambassador Ottoman Empire Ottoman Government Ouchy Paris Paşa to Asım peace proposal provinces Quarta Sponda reported Reşit Paşa Rifat Rıfat Paşa Rome Russia Saint Petersburg Sait Halim Sait Paşa San Giuliano Sazonov September 1912 sovereignty Sublime Porte Sultan Terra Promessa Tevfik Paşa tion Tittoni toman treaty Triple Alliance Tripoli Tripolitania Tripolitania and Cyrenaica troops Turhan Paşa Turkey Turkish Vienna