Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis
Abstract
Late Pleistocene bison skeletal remains from the Gallelli Gravel Pit in the Bighill Creek Formation at Calgary, Alberta, document at least two individuals, including the largest postglacial bison reported from North America south of Beringia. Two partial crania, dated to 11 290 and 10 100 14C years BP, are referred to the southern species Bison antiquus Leidy, indicating northward movement from the midcontinent as ice retreat opened a corridor between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice. Their large size suggests a dispersal phenotype exploiting newly available territory. DNA evidence links the 11 290-year-old bison to Clade 1, which includes modern B. bison. This supports in situ evolution of B. bison from B. antiquus through the intermediate usually called B.“occidentalis”. Bison of B. “occidentalis” character appeared in Alberta about 10 ka BP, and the DNA evidence counters the suggestion of a migratory wave from Beringia. The B. occidentalis type specimen is from Alaska, so this name may be inappropriate for southern populations. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the Bighill Creek Formation paleofauna comprises two faunules separated in time by the Younger Dryas climatic episode.
Résumé
Les restes de squelettes de bisons datant du Pléistocène tardif trouvés dans la gravière Gallelli dans la Formation de Bighill Creek à Calgary, en Alberta, représentent au moins deux individus, dont le plus gros bison postglaciaire trouvé en Amérique du Nord au sud de la Béringie. Deux crânes partiels, datés à 11 290 et 10 100 années 14C avant le présent correspondraient à l’espèce méridionale Bison antiquus Leidy, indiquant un mouvement vers le nord à partir du milieu du continent alors que le retrait de la glace ouvrait un corridor entre la glace laurentidienne et la glace de la Cordillère. Leur grande taille suggère un phénotype de dispersion exploitant un territoire récemment disponible. Les preuves fournies par l’ADN relient le bison de 11 290 ans au Clade 1, lequel comprend le B. bison moderne. Cela soutient l’évolution in situ du B. bison à partir de B. antiquus en passant par l’intermédiaire habituellement appelé B. « occidentalis ». Un bison B. « occidentalis » s’est retrouvé en Alberta il y environ 10 ka avant le présent et les preuves d’ADN opposent la suggestion d’une vague migratoire à partir de la Béringie. Le spécimen de type B. occidentalis provient de l’Alaska; ce nom ne conviendrait donc pas aux populations du sud. Selon les datations au radiocarbone, la paléofaune de la Formation de Bighill Creek comprendrait deux faunules séparées dans le temps par l’épisode climatique du Dryas récent.
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Wilson, M.C. 1987. Geological history of the Bow River valley in the Calgary region. In Geology of the Calgary area. Edited by L.E. Jackson, Jr., and M.C. Wilson. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Special Publication, Calgary, Alta., pp. 109–120.
Wilson, M.C. 1996. Late Quaternary vertebrates and the opening of the ice-free corridor, with special reference to the genus Bison. Quaternary International, 32: 97–105.
Wilson, M.C. 2000. A report on a Bison horn core from the Assiniboine River valley near Brandon, Manitoba. In Manitoba Radiocarbon Dates. Edited by R.E. Morlan, R. McNeely, and E. Nielsen. Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines, Geological Survey, Winnipeg, Man., Open File Report OF2000-1, pp. 130–131.
Wilson, M.C., and Churcher, C.S. 1978. Late Pleistocene Camelops from the Gallelli Pit, Calgary, Alberta: morphology and geologic setting. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15: 729–740.
Wilson, M.C., and Churcher, C.S. 1984. The Late Pleistocene Bighill Creek Formation and its equivalents in Alberta: correlative potential and vertebrate palaeofauna. In Correlation of Quaternary chronologies. Edited by W.C. Mahaney. GeoBooks, Norwich, UK., pp. 159–175.
Young, R.R., Burns, J.A., Smith, D.G., Arnold, L.D., and Rains, R.B. 1994. A single late Wisconsin Laurentide glaciation, Edmonton area and southwestern Alberta. Geology, 22: 683–686.
Zeimens, G.M. 1982. Analysis of postcranial bison remains. In The Agate Basin Site: a record of the Paleoindian occupation of the Northwestern High Plains. Edited by G.C. Frison and D. Stanford. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 213–240.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Volume 45 • Number 7 • July 2008
Pages: 827 - 859
Editor: Robert Gilbert
History
Received: 28 January 2008
Accepted: 15 July 2008
Version of record online: 27 August 2008
Authors
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Michael C.WilsonM.C. Wilson, Leonard V.HillsL.V. Hills, and BethShapiroB. Shapiro. 2008. Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 45(7): 827-859. https://doi.org/10.1139/E08-027