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Dating the evolutionary radiations of the true fungi

Publication: Canadian Journal of Botany
August 1993

Abstract

In this paper we construct a relative time scale for the origin and radiation of major lineages of the true fungi, using the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data of 37 fungal species, and then calibrate the time scale using fossil evidence. Of the sequences, 28 were from the literature or data banks and the remaining 9 are new. To estimate the order of origin of fungal lineages we reconstructed the phylogeny of the fungi using aligned sequence data. To compensate for the differences in nucleotide substitution rates among various fungal lineages, we normalized the pairwise substitution data before estimating the relative timing of fungal divergences. We divided the fungi into nine groups. We then calculated the average percent substitution for each group, and also the average for all the groups, for the time period beginning when the fungi diverged from a common ancestor and ending at the present. We used the ratios of group-specific percent substitutions to the average percent substitution to normalize our pairwise substitution data matrix. To infer the relative timing of the origin of lineages we superimposed the normalized percentages of nucleotide substitutions onto the parsimony-based phylogeny. Calibrating the rate of sequence change involved relating the normalized percent substitution associated with phylogenetic events to fungal fossils, the ages of fungus hosts, and ages of symbionts. These calibration points were consistent with a substitution rate of 1% per lineage per 100 Ma. Based on phylogeny and calibrated percent substitution, the terrestrial fungi diverged from the chytrids approximately 550 Ma ago. After plants invaded the land approximately 400 Ma ago, ascomycetes split from basidiomycetes. Mushrooms, many ascomycetous yeasts, and common molds in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus may have evolved after the origin of angiosperm plants and in the last 200 Ma. Key words: fungus evolution, molecular clock, ascomycete phylogeny, basidiomycete phylogeny, 18S rRNA.

Résumé

En utilisant les données de la séquence du gène ARN ribosomique 18S chez 37 espèces fongiques, puis en calibrant l'échelle temporelle à l'aide de fossiles, les auteurs ont construit une échelle de temps relative pour l'origine ci la radiation des phylums principaux d'eumycota. Parmi les séquences utilisées, 28 proviennent de la littérature ou de banques de données et les 9 autres sont nouvelles. Afin d'estimer l'ordre d'origine des phylums fongiques, les auteurs ont reconstruit la phylogénie des champignons en utilisant l'alignement des données de séquences. Pour compenser les différences des taux de substitution des nucléotides entre les différentes lignées de champignons, ils ont normalisé les données de substitution par paires avant d'estimer le taux relatif des divergences chez les champignons. Les champignons ont été divisés en neuf groupes et les pourcentages moyens de substitution pour chaque groupe ont été calculés ainsi que la moyenne pour tous les groupes, et ceci pour la période à partir du moment où les champignons ont commencé à diverger d'un ancêtre commun jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Pour normaliser la matrice de données des substitutions par paires, les auteurs ont utilisé les rapports des pourcentages de substitution spécifiques aux groupes sur le pourcentage moyen de substitution. Pour déduire le moment relatif de l'origine des lignées, les auteurs ont superposé les pourcentages normalisés des substitutions de nucléotides sur la phylogénie basée sur la parcimonie. La calibration du taux de changement des séquences nécessite une comparaison des pourcentages de substitution normalisés associés aux événements phylogénétiques, avec les champignons fossiles, l'âge des hôtes de ces champignons et de leurs symbiontes. Ces points de calibration concordent avec un taux de substitution de 1% par lignée par 100 Ma. Sur la base de la phylogénie et de la calibration du pourcentage de substitution, les champignons terrestres auraient divergé des chytridiales il y a environ 550 Ma. Les basidiomycètes se sont séparés des ascomycètes après l'apparition des plantes sur le milieu terrestre, il y a environ 400 Ma. Il apparait que les macromycètes, plusieurs levures ascomycètes ainsi que les moisissures communes des genres Penicillium et Aspergillus seraient apparus après les angiospermes, au cours des derniers 200 Ma. Mots clés : évolution des champignons, horloge moléculaire, phylogénie des ascomycètes, phylogénie des basidiomycètes, rARN 18S. [Traduit par la rédaction]

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cover image Canadian Journal of Botany
Canadian Journal of Botany
Volume 71Number 8August 1993
Pages: 1114 - 1127

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Version of record online: 1 February 2011

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283. Molecular Evolution of Ascomycete Fungi: Phylogeny and Conflict
284. 18S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Data and Dating, Classifying, and Ranking the Fungi
285. Biodiversity and characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the molecular level
286. Physiological analyses of aspects of the functioning of vascular tissue in early plants
287. Ericoid Mycorrhizas in Plant Communities
288. Molecular Timescale of Evolution in the Proterozoic
289. Cistus incanus Root Organ Cultures: a Valuable Tool for Studying Mycorrhizal Associations
290. The Intestinal Yeasts
291. Schizosaccharomyces pombe comparative genomics; from sequence to systems
292. Why Study the Genomes of Fungi?
293. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution
294. The Evolution of Fungal Diversity
295. Fungal Diversity and Phylogeny with Emphasis on 18S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Divergence

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