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A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada

Publication: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
11 July 2017

Abstract

A partial skeleton of a bison was recovered during residential house construction in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. The specimen represents a young (estimated 6 year old) bison individual that died, was partially scavenged by carnivores, and subsequently buried by calcareous silt sediment in a pond or small lake during the middle Holocene, ∼5400 years ago. Palaeoenvironmental data, including molluscs, pollen, vascular plant, and bryophyte macrofossils demonstrate that the small waterbody was surrounded by white spruce dominated boreal forest. Morphometric analysis of the skeleton reveals that its taxonomic affinity is ambiguous, likely owing to it representing an ontogenetically young individual, though it does share some cranial and horn core characteristics of named species such as Bison occidentalis or Bison priscus. Mitochondrial genomic data confirm that this bison belongs to Clade 2A (northern clade), which represents Pleistocene steppe bison (B. cf. priscus) in Beringia through the Holocene and is not represented in living bison species. These data further demonstrate that northern steppe bison population survived the late Pleistocene extinction event, persisted locally in southern Yukon into the Holocene, and are best characterized as a species with a high degree of morphological variability and ecological flexibility.

Résumé

Le squelette partiel d’un bison a été récupéré durant la construction d’immeubles résidentiels à Whitehorse (Yukon, Canada). Le spécimen représente un unique jeune bison (d’âge estimé à 6 ans) qui est mort, a été partiellement dévoré par des carnivores pour ensuite être enseveli sous du silt calcareux dans un étang ou un petit lac durant l’Holocène moyen, il y a ∼5400 ans. Des données paléoenvironnementales, dont des mollusques, du pollen, des plantes vasculaires et des macrofossiles de bryophytes, démontrent que le petit plan d’eau était entouré d’une forêt boréale où dominait l’épinette blanche. L’analyse morphométrique du squelette révèle que son affinité taxonomique est ambiguë, probablement en raison du fait qu’il représente un individu jeune sur le plan ontogénétique, bien qu’il partage avec des espèces nommées comme Bison occidentalis ou Bison priscus des caractéristiques communes du crâne et des cornillons. Des données génomiques mitochondriales confirment que ce bison appartient au Clade 2A (clade septentrional), qui représente le bison des steppes pléistocène (B. cf. priscus) en Béringie jusqu’à l’Holocène et n’est pas représenté parmi les espèces actuelles de bisons. Ces données démontrent également que la population septentrionale de bisons des steppes a survécu à l’extinction du Pléistocène tardif, a persisté localement dans le sud du Yukon jusque durant l’Holocène et qu’il s’agit d’une espèce caractérisée par un haut degré de variabilité morphologique et de souplesse écologique. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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cover image Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Volume 54Number 11November 2017
Pages: 1138 - 1152

History

Received: 4 May 2017
Accepted: 15 June 2017
Accepted manuscript online: 11 July 2017
Version of record online: 11 July 2017

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Authors

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Grant D. Zazula [email protected]
Yukon Government, Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada.
Elizabeth Hall
Yukon Government, Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada.
P. Gregory Hare
Yukon Government, Archaeology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada.
Christian Thomas
Yukon Government, Archaeology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada.
Rolf Mathewes
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
Catherine La Farge
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
André L. Martel
Malacology Unit, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
Peter D. Heintzman
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Beth Shapiro
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

Notes

Copyright remains with the author(s) or their institution(s). Permission for reuse (free in most cases) can be obtained from RightsLink.
Paper handled by Associate Editor Hans Dieter-Sues.

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