Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Behavioural and cognitive measures
Operationalizing camouflaging using standardized measures
Neuroimaging measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Statistical characteristics and sex/gender differences in the CF measure
Mean (SD) [range]a | Men (M) (n = 30) | Women (F) (n = 30) | Statisticsb | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 27.2 (7.3) | 27.8 (7.6) | ns (p = 0.761) | 0.08 |
Verbal IQ | 114.3 (12.9) | 115.8 (13.1) | ns (p = 0.656) | 0.12 |
Performance IQ | 113.3 (15.0) | 110.4 (16.7) | ns (p = 0.492) | 0.18 |
Full-scale IQ | 115.4 (14.1) | 114.9 (13.8) | ns (p = 0.904) | 0.04 |
ADI-Rc | ||||
Reciprocal social | 18.0 (5.1) [10–27] | 16.4 (4.3) [11–26] | ns (p = 0.215) | 0.34 |
Communication | 15.3 (3.5) [8–22] | 13.1 (3.9) [8–22] | M > F (p = 0.029) | 0.59 |
RRSB | 5.6 (2.5) [2–10] | 4.3 (1.7) [2–8] | M > F (p = 0.023) | 0.60 |
ADOS | ||||
Social communication | 8.5 (5.0) [1–17] | 4.3 (3.6) [0–13] | M > F (p < 0.001) | 1.04 |
RRSB | 1.0 (1.0) [0–4] | 0.1 (0.3) [0–1] | M > F (p < 0.001) | 1.25 |
Autism Spectrum Quotient | 32.7 (7.3) | 37.5 (6.7) | F > M (p = 0.010) | 0.69 |
RMET correct score | 22.8 (5.8) | 23.4 (6.2) | ns (p = 0.700) | 0.10 |
CF | −0.168 (0.388) | 0.168 (0.294) | F > M (p < 0.001) | 0.98 |
Go/No-Go taskd | ||||
Sensitivity, d′ | 3.60 (0.67) | 3.71 (1.16) | ns (p = 0.660) | 0.12 |
Response bias, C | −0.027 (0.198) | 0.029 (0.232) | ns (p = 0.327) | 0.26 |
Beck Depression Inventory | 14.5 (10.3) | 14.6 (9.0) | ns (p = 0.958) | 0.01 |
Beck Anxiety Inventory | 14.1 (9.9) | 15.5 (10.1) | ns (p = 0.580) | 0.14 |
Testing correlations between CF and anxiety/depression
Testing correlations between CF and VIQ, signal detection and response bias
Exploring the neuroanatomical correlates of CF and using reverse inference to identify associated cognitive terms
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Declaration of conflicting interests
Funding
References
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