Thiol-Based Redox Switches and Gene Regulation
Publication: Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 14, Issue Number 6
Abstract
Cysteine is notable among the universal, proteinogenic amino acids for its facile redox chemistry. Cysteine thiolates are readily modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive electrophilic species (RES), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Although thiol switches are commonly triggered by disulfide bond formation, they can also be controlled by S-thiolation, S-alkylation, or modification by RNS. Thiol-based switches are common in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and activate functions that detoxify reactive species and restore thiol homeostasis while repressing functions that would be deleterious if expressed under oxidizing conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the best-understood examples of thiol-based redox switches that affect gene expression. Intra- or intermolecular disulfide bond formation serves as a direct regulatory switch for several bacterial transcription factors (OxyR, OhrR/2-Cys, Spx, YodB, CrtJ, and CprK) and indirectly regulates others (the RsrA anti-σ factor and RegB sensory histidine kinase). In eukaryotes, thiol-based switches control the yeast Yap1p transcription factor, the Nrf2/Keap1 electrophile and oxidative stress response, and the Chlamydomonas NAB1 translational repressor. Collectively, these regulators reveal a remarkable range of chemical modifications exploited by Cys residues to effect changes in gene expression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1049—1063.
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Information & Authors
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Published In
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
Volume 14 • Issue Number 6 • March 15, 2011
Pages: 1049 - 1063
PubMed: 20626317
Copyright
Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
History
Published in print: March 15, 2011
Published online: 19 February 2011
Published ahead of print: 28 October 2010
Published ahead of production: 14 July 2010
Accepted: 10 July 2010
Received: 17 June 2010
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