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Right Ventricular Pacing, Mechanical Dyssynchrony, and Heart Failure

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Abstract

Cardiac pacing is a common treatment option for patients with sick sinus syndrome or atrioventricular block, with the ventricular pacing lead often secured in the convenient right ventricular (RV) apical location. While RV pacing reduces symptoms and limitations associated with heart block, it may have detrimental effects on cardiac structure and function, leading to heart failure (HF) in some patients. RV pacing creates electrical dyssynchrony similar to a left-bundle branch block, with conduction occurring cell-by-cell rather than through the His–Purkinje network. Studies have shown that impairment of myocardial metabolism, structure, and function related to RV pacing occurs regionally (most prominently near the pacing site) and globally, within the left ventricle. Strategies being studied to prevent or treat pacing-induced intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and HF include: initial biventricular rather than RV pacing in selected patients, programming to avoid or minimize RV pacing, use of alternate (non-apical) RV pacing sites, echocardiographic screening for development of pacing-induced dyssynchrony and HF, and upgrade to biventricular pacing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. United Heart and Vascular Clinic, 225 N. Smith Ave. #400, St. Paul, MN, 55102, USA

    Alan J. Bank, Ryan M. Gage & Kevin V. Burns

  2. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Alan J. Bank

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Apical four-chamber echocardiograms of a patient with pacing-induced dyssynchrony and HF. The left panel shows a markedly hypokinetic septum, especially in the mid and apical regions. The right panel shows greatly improved septal function, and improved LV size and systolic function after upgrade to CRT. Global EF normalized to 60% following CRT upgrade (WMV 860 kb)

Parasternal short-axis echocardiograms of the same patient (ESM 1) with pacing induced dyssynchrony and HF. The regional wall motion abnormality in the septum improves along with global LV systolic function after upgrade to CRT (WMV 1,031 kb)

Apical four-chamber echocardiograms of a patient with pacing induced dyssynchrony and HF. Reprogramming of the patient’s pacemaker to a lower rate with extended AV delay reduced ventricular paced beats from 87% to 17%. Global EF significantly improved following reprogramming (right panel) (WMV 1,163 kb)

Parasternal short-axis echocardiograms of the same patient (ESM 3) with pacing-induced dyssynchrony and HF. Reprogramming of pacemaker settings to reduce RV pacing frequency markedly improved LV size and systolic function (WMV 1,480 kb)

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Bank, A.J., Gage, R.M. & Burns, K.V. Right Ventricular Pacing, Mechanical Dyssynchrony, and Heart Failure. J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res. 5, 219–231 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-011-9341-8

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