Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Processes of coastal ecosystem carbon sequestration and approaches for increasing carbon sink

  • Review
  • Published:
Science China Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The oceans are the largest carbon pools on Earth, and play the role of a “buffer” in climate change. Blue carbon, the carbon (mainly organic carbon) captured by marine ecosystems, is one of the important mechanisms of marine carbon storage. Blue carbon was initially recognized only in the form of visible coastal plant carbon sequestration. In fact, microorganisms (phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea, viruses, and protozoa), which did not receive much attention in the past, account for more than 90% of the total marine biomass and are the main contributors to blue carbon. Chinese coastal seas, equivalent to 1/3 of China’s total land area, have a huge carbon sink potential needing urgently research and development. In this paper, we focus on the processes and mechanisms of coastal ocean’s carbon sequestration and the approaches for increasing that sequestration. We discuss the structures of coastal ecosystems, the processes of carbon cycle, and the mechanisms of carbon sequestration. Using the evolution of coastal ocean’s carbon sinks in sedimentary records over geologic times, we also discuss the possible effects of natural processes and anthropogenic activities on marine carbon sinks. Finally, we discuss the prospect of using carbon sequestration engineering for increasing coastal ocean’s carbon storage capacity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alongi D M. 2014. Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annu Rev Mar Sci, 6: 195–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson T R, Tang K W. 2010. Carbon cycling and POC turnover in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean: Insights from a simple model. Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr, 57: 1581–1592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrigo K R, Robinson D H, Worthen D L, Dunbar R B, Ditullio G R, Vanwoert M, Lizotte M P. 1999. Phytoplankton community structure and the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Science, 283: 365–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam F, Fenchel T, Field J G, Gray J S, Meyer L A, Thingstad T F. 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser, 10: 257–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam F, Malfatti F. 2007. Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol, 5: 782–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao R, McIntyre C, Zhao M, Zhu C, Kao S J, Eglinton T I. 2016. Widespread dispersal and aging of organic carbon in shallow marginal seas. Geology, 44: 791–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer J E, Cai W J, Raymond P A, Bianchi T S, Hopkinson C S, Regnier P A G. 2013. The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean. Nature, 504: 61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer J E, Williams P M, Druffel E R M. 1992. 14C activity of dissolved organic carbon fractions in the north-central Pacific and Sargasso Sea. Nature, 357: 667–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson C A, Giovannoni S J, Hansell D A, Goldberg S J, Parsons R, Otero M P, Vergin K, Wheeler B R. 2002. Effect of nutrient amendments on bacterioplankton production, community structure, and DOC utilization in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. Aquat Microb Ecol, 30: 19–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Zhang Y, Jiao N Z. 2011. Responses of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to algal blooms in the East China Sea. Hydrobiologia, 661: 435–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm S W. 2000. Oceanography: Stirring times in the Southern Ocean. Nature, 407: 685–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins J R, Edwards B R, Thamatrakoln K, Ossolinski J E, Di Tullio G R, Bidle K D, Doney S C, Van Mooy B A S. 2015. The multiple fates of sinking particles in the North Atlantic Ocean. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 29: 1471–1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng B, Zhang J, Wu Y. 2006. Recent sediment accumulation and carbon burial in the East China Sea. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 20: GB3014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries T, Primeau F, Deutsch C. 2012. The sequestration efficiency of the biological pump. Geophys Res Lett, 39: L13601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow H W, Steinberg D K, Buesseler K O. 2001. Upper ocean carbon export and the biological pump. Oceanography, 14: 50–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski P. 2000. The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of Earth as a system. Science, 290: 291–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan W, Chen J, Pan Y, Huang H, Chen C T A, Chen Y. 2013. Experimental study on the performance of an air-lift pump for artificial upwelling. Ocean Eng, 59: 47–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan W, Pan Y W, Liu C C K, Wiltshire J C, Chen C T A, Chen Y. 2015. Hydrodynamic design of deep ocean water discharge for the creation of a nutrient-rich plume in the South China Sea. Ocean Eng, 108: 356–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan W, Pan Y W, Zhang D H, Xu C C, Qiang Y F, Chen Y. 2016. Experimental study on the performance of a wave pump for artificial upwelling. Ocean Eng, 113: 191–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field C B, Behrenfeld M J, Randerson J T, Falkowski P. 1998. Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281: 237–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman J A, Noble R T. 1995. Viruses and protists cause similar bacterial mortality in coastal seawater. Limnol Oceanogr, 40: 1236–1242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansell D A, Carlson C A, Repeta D J, Schlitzer R. 2009. Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: A controversy stimulates new insights. Oceanography, 22: 202–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges J I. 1992. Global biogeochemical cycles: Progress and problems. Mar Chem, 39: 67–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges J I. 2002. Why dissolved organics matter? In: Hansell D A, Carlson C A, eds. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter. New York: Academic Press. 1–33

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Herndl G J, Reinthaler T, Teira E, van Aken H, Veth C, Pernthaler A, Pernthaler J. 2005. Contribution of Archaea to total prokaryotic production in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol, 71: 2303–2309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hlaili A S, Chikhaoui M A, El Grami B, Mabrouk H H. 2006. Effects of N and P supply on phytoplankton in Bizerte Lagoon (western Mediterranean). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 333: 79–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmén K. 2000. The global carbon cycle. International Geophys, 72: 282–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L M, Shi X F, Bai Y Z, Qiao S Q, Li L, Yu Y G, Yang G, Ma D Y, Guo Z G. 2016. Recent organic carbon sequestration in the shelf sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China. J Mar Syst, 155: 50–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z. 2012. Carbon fixation and sequestration in the ocean, with special reference to the microbial carbon pump (in Chinese). Sci Sin Terrae, 42: 1473–1486

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Herndl G J, Hansell D A, Benner R, Kattner G, Wilhelm S W, Kirchman D L, Weinbauer M G, Luo T W, Chen F, Azam F. 2010a. Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: Long-term carbon storage in the global ocean. Nat Rev Micro, 8: 593–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Luo Y M, Zhou Y X, Zhang R, Zhang H B. 2015. Advance in blue carbon and China blue carbon plan (in Chinese). In: Wang W G, Zheng G G, eds. Green book of Climate Change: Annual Report on Actions to Address Climate Change (2015). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. 238–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Robinson C, Azam F, Thomas H, Baltar F, Dang H Y, Hardman-Mountford N J, Johnson M, Kirchman D L, Koch B P, Legendre L, Li C, Liu J L, Luo T W, Luo Y W, Mitra A, Romanou A, Tang K, Wang X B, Zhang C L, Zhang R. 2014a. Mechanisms of microbial carbon sequestration in the ocean?Future research directions. Biogeosciences, 11: 5285–5306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Tang K, Cai H Y, Mao Y J. 2011. Increasing the microbial carbon sink in the sea by reducing chemical fertilization on the land. Nat Rev Microbiol, 9: 75–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Yang Y H, Hong N, Ma Y, Harada S, Koshikawa H, Watanabe M. 2005. Dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in the East China Sea. Cont Shelf Res, 25: 1265–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Yang Y H, Koshikawa H, Harada S, Watanabe M. 2002. Responses of picoplankton to nutrient perturbation in the South China Sea, with special reference to the coast-ward distribution of Prochlorococcus. J Integr Plant Biol, 44: 731–739

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Zhang C L, Chen F, Kan J J, Zhang F. 2008. Frontiers and technological advances in microbial processes and carbon cycling in the ocean. In: Mertens L P, ed. Biological Oceanography Research Trends. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc. 215–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Zhang C L, Li C, Wang X X, Dang H Y, Zeng Q L, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Tang K, Zhang Z L, Xu D P. 2013. Controlling mechanisms and climate effects of microbial carbon pump in the ocean (in Chinese). Sci Sin Terrae, 43: 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Zhang F, Hong N. 2010b. Significant roles of bacteriochlorophylla supplemental to chlorophylla in the ocean. ISME J, 4: 595–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Zhang Y, Zeng Y H, Hong N, Liu R L, Chen F, Wang P X. 2007. Distinct distribution pattern of abundance and diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the global ocean. Environ Microbiol, 9: 3091–3099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N Z, Zhang Y, Zhou K B, Li Q, Dai M H, Liu J H, Guo J, Huang B Q. 2014b. Revisiting the CO2 “source” problem in upwelling areas?A comparative study on eddy upwellings in the South China Sea. Biogeosciences, 11: 2465–2475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirke B. 2003. Enhancing fish stocks with wave-powered artificial upwelling. Ocean Coast Manage, 46: 901–915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiørboe T, Jackson G A. 2001. Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria. Limnol Oceanogr, 46: 1309–1318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch B P, Kattner G, Witt M, Passow U. 2014. Molecular insights into the microbial formation of marine dissolved organic matter: Recalcitrant or labile? Biogeosciences, 11: 4173–4190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leinen M. 2008. Building relationships between scientists and business in ocean iron fertilization. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 364: 251–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Quéré C, Peters G P, Andres R J, Andrew R M, Boden T A, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Houghton R A, Marland G, Moriarty R, Sitch S, Tans P, Arneth A, Arvanitis A, Bakker D C E, Bopp L, Canadell J G, Chini L P, Doney S C, Harper A, Harris I, House J I, Jain A K, Jones S D, Kato E, Keeling R F, Klein Goldewijk K, Körtzinger A, Koven C, Lefèvre N, Maignan F, Omar A, Ono T, Park G H, Pfeil B, Poulter B, Raupach M R, Regnier P, Rödenbeck C, Saito S, Schwinger J, Segschneider J, Stocker B D, Takahashi T, Tilbrook B, van Heuven S, Viovy N, Wanninkhof R, Wiltshire A, Zaehle S. 2014. Global carbon budget 2013. Earth Syst Sci Data, 6: 235–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J H, Jiao N Z, Tang K. 2014. An experimental study on the effects of nutrient enrichment on organic carbon persistence in the western Pacific oligotrophic gyre. Biogeosciences, 11: 5115–5122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R L, Zhang Y, Jiao N Z. 2010. Diel variations in frequency of dividing cells and abundance of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in a coral reef system of the South China Sea. Aquat Microb Ecol, 58: 303–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock J E, Rapley C G. 2007. Ocean pipes could help the Earth to cure itself. Nature, 449: 403–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marinov I, Gnanadesikan A, Toggweiler J R, Sarmiento J L. 2006. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature, 441: 964–967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda T, Furuya K, Kohashi N, Sato M, Takeda S, Uchiyama M, Horimoto N, Ishimaru T. 2010. Lagrangian observation of phytoplankton dynamics at an artificially enriched subsurface water in Sagami Bay, Japan. J Oceanogr, 66: 801–813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClimans T A, Handå A, Fredheim A, Lien E, Reitan K I. 2010. Controlled artificial upwelling in a fjord to stimulate non-toxic algae. Aquacult Eng, 42: 140–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcleod E, Chmura G L, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, Duarte C M, Lovelock C E, Schlesinger W H, Silliman B R. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ, 9: 552–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNichol A P, Aluwihare L I. 2007. The power of radiocarbon in biogeochemical studies of the marine carbon cycle: Insights from studies of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC). Chem Rev, 107: 443–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nellemann C, Corcoran E. 2009. Blue carbon: The role of healthy oceans in binding carbon: A Rapid Response Assessment. In: Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte C M, Valdés L, De Young C, Fonseca L, Grimsditch G, eds. UNEP/Earthprint Ogawa H, Amagai Y, Koike I, Kaiser K, Benner R. 2001. Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria. Science, 292: 917–920

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa H, Tanoue E. 2003. Dissolved organic matter in oceanic waters. J Oceanogr, 59: 129–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y W, Fan W, Huang T H, Wang S L, Chen C T A. 2015. Evaluation of the sinks and sources of atmospheric CO2 by artificial upwelling. Sci Total Environ, 511: 692–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y W, Fan W, Zhang D H, Chen J W, Huang H C, Liu S X, Jiang Z P, Di Y N, Tong M M, Chen Y. 2016. Research progress in artificial upwelling and its potential environmental effects. Sci China Earth Sci, 59: 236–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders R, Henson S A, Koski M, De La Rocha C L, Painter S C, Poulton A J, Riley J, Salihoglu B, Visser A, Yool A, Bellerby R, Martin A P. 2014. The biological carbon pump in the North Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr, 129: 200–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel D A, Buesseler K O, Doney S C, Sailley S F, Behrenfeld M J, Boyd P W. 2014. Global assessment of ocean carbon export by combining satellite observations and food-web models. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 28: 181–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone R. 2010. The invisible hand behind a vast carbon reservoir. Science, 328: 1476–1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao S Q, Eglinton T I, Montluçon D B, McIntyre C, Zhao M X. 2016. Diverse origins and pre-depositional histories of organic matter in contemporary Chinese marginal sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 191: 70–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P G, Townsend A R. 2010. Stoichiometric control of organic carbonnitrate relationships from soils to the sea. Nature, 464: 1178–1181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson P, Wallace D W R, Law C S, Boyd P W, Collos Y, Croot P, Denman K, Riebesell U, Takeda S, Vivian C. 2012. Ocean fertilization for geoengineering: A review of effectiveness, environmental impacts and emerging governance. Process Safety Environ Protection, 90: 475–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao N, Jiao N Z. 2011. Formation of polyhydroxyalkanoate in aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and its relationship to carbon source and light availability. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77: 7445–7450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao P, Yu Z G, Bianchi T S, Guo Z G, Zhao M X, Knappy C S, Keely B J, Zhao B, Zhang T T, Pan H H, Wang J P, Li D. 2015. A multiproxy analysis of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf. J Geophys Res-Biogeosci, 120: 1407–1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D H, Fan W, Yang J, Pan Y W, Chen Y, Huang H C, Chen J W. 2016. Reviews of power supply and environmental energy conversions for artificial upwelling. Renew Sustain Energ Rev, 56: 659–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Deng W C, Xie X B, Jiao N Z. 2016a. Differential incorporation of carbon substrates among microbial populations identified by field-based, DNA stable-isotope probing in South China Sea. Plos One, 11: e0157178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Jiao N Z. 2007. Dynamics of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the East China Sea. Fems Microbiol Ecol, 61: 459–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Jiao N Z, Cottrell M T, Kirchman D L. 2006. Contribution of major bacterial groups to bacterial biomass production along a salinity gradient in the South China Sea. Aquat Microb Ecol, 43: 233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Jiao N Z, Hong N. 2008. Comparative study of picoplankton biomass and community structure in different provinces from subarctic to subtropical oceans. Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr, 55: 1605–1614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Jiao N Z, Sun Z Y, Hu A Y, Zheng Q. 2011a. Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities in South China Sea mesoscale cyclonic eddy perturbations. Res Microbiol, 162: 320–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Sintes E, Chen J N, Zhang Y, Dai M H, Jiao N Z, Herndl G J. 2009. Role of mesoscale cyclonic eddies in the distribution and activity of Archaea and Bacteria in the South China Sea. Aquat Microb Ecol, 56: 65–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Xiao W, Jiao N J. 2016b. Linking biochemical properties of particles to particle-attached and free-living bacterial community structure along the particle density gradient from freshwater to open ocean. J Geophys Res-Biogeosci, 121: 2261–2274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Xie X B, Jiao N Z, Hsiao S S Y, Kao S J. 2014a. Diversity and distribution of amoA-type nitrifying and nirS-type denitrifying microbial communities in the Yangtze River estuary. Biogeosciences, 11: 2131–2145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Zhao Z H, Dai M H, Jiao N Z, Herndl G J. 2014b. Drivers shaping the diversity and biogeography of total and active bacterial communities in the South China Sea. Mol Ecol, 23: 2260–2274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Zhao Z H, Sun J, Jiao N Z. 2011b. Diversity and distribution of diazotrophic communities in the South China Sea deep basin with mesoscale cyclonic eddy perturbations. Fems Microbiol Ecol, 78: 417–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z L, Zheng Q, Jiao N Z. 2016. Microbial D-amino acids and marine carbon storage. Sci China Earth Sci, 59: 17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Xie Xiabing for her assistance with the figures and references, the members in the program “Processes and Approaches of Coastal Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration” for their assistance, and Dr. Yu Zuojun for her assistance with English. This work was supported by the National Key Research Programs (Grant Nos. 2013CB955700 & 2016YFA0601400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41422603, 41676125 and 91428308), and the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction (Grant No. GASI-03- 01-02-03).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen, 361100, China

    Yao Zhang, KunShan Gao, YaWei Luo, ZiLian Zhang, Qiang Zheng, Wei Xiao & NianZhi Jiao

  2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266101, China

    MeiXun Zhao

  3. Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China

    Qiu Cui & YongYu Zhang

  4. Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China

    Wei Fan, JiaGuo Qi & Ying Chen

  5. National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China

    JingFeng Fan

  6. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    GuangYi Wang

  7. College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361100, China

    ChongLing Yan & HaoLiang Lu

Authors
  1. Yao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. MeiXun Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qiu Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wei Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. JiaGuo Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ying Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. YongYu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. KunShan Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. JingFeng Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. GuangYi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. ChongLing Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. HaoLiang Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. YaWei Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. ZiLian Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Qiang Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Wei Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. NianZhi Jiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yao Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Zhao, M., Cui, Q. et al. Processes of coastal ecosystem carbon sequestration and approaches for increasing carbon sink. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60, 809–820 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9010-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9010-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation