Skip to main content

Arrhythmias in Special Populations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing and Sudden Death

Part of the book series: Cardiovascular Medicine ((CVM))

  • 1477 Accesses

Abstract

The occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias is dependent on the cellular, structural, autonomic, and hormonal environment in which the heart functions. Stressors such as pregnancy, competitive athletics, and surgery serve to modulate this arrhythmogenic environment. The altered cardiac physiology that results from these stressors can lead to new and recurrent arrhythmias. When these occur, they may have significant implications with respect to patient management, morbidity, and mortality. Mitigation of these consequences depends on the understanding and treatment of pathological rhythms, and on an appreciation of issues particular to these unique populations. The following chapter discusses arrhythmias in the groups comprised of patients in competitive athletics, pregnancy, heart transplant, and after major surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Li JM, Nguyen C, Joglar JA, Hamdan MH, Page RL. Frequency and outcome of arrhythmias complicating admission during pregnancy: experience from a high-volume and ethnically-diverse obstetric service. Clin Cardiol. 2008;31(11):538–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Enriquez AD, Economy KE, Tedrow UB. Contemporary management of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(5):961–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Franz MR, Cima R, Wang D, Profitt D, Kurz R. Electrophysiological effects of myocardial stretch and mechanical determinants of stretch-activated arrhythmias. Circulation. 1992;86:968–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Connolly HM. Pregnancy and the heart. In: Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, editors. Mayo Clinic cardiology: concise textbook. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Roberts JM, Insel PA, Goldfien A. Regulation of myometrial adrenoreceptors and adrenergic response by sex steroids. Mol Pharmacol. 1981;20:52–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Soliman EZ, Elsalam MA, Li Y. The relationship between high resting heart rate and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24 h electrocardiographic recording. Europace. 2010;12:261–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rosemond R. Cardioversion during pregnancy. JAMA. 1993;269:3167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Silversides CK, Harris L, Haberer K, Sermer M, Colman JM, Siu SC. Recurrence rate of arrhythmias during pregnancy in women with previous tachyarrhythmia and impact on fetal neonatal outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1206–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee SH, Chen SA, TJ W, Chiang CE, Cheng CC, Tai CT, et al. Effects of pregnancy on first onset and symptoms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:675–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Elkayam U, Goodwin TM. Adenosine therapy for supraventricular tachycardia during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:521–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Blomström-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias). Circulation. 2003;108:1871–909.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Driver K, Chisholm CA, Darby AE, Malhotra R, Dimarco JP, Ferguson JD. Catheter ablation of arrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26(6):698–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Damilakis J, Theocharopoulos N, Perisinakis K, Manios E, Dmitriou P, Vardas P, et al. Conceptus radiation dose and risk from cardiac catheter ablation procedures. Circulation. 2001;104:893–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Best PJ, Skelding KA, Mehran R, Chieffo A, Kunadian V, Madan M, et al. SCAI consensus document on occupational radiation exposure to the pregnant cardiologist and technical personnel. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;77:232–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gleicher N, Meller J, Sandler RZ, Sullum S. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:748–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines: 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123:e269–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Camm AJ, Lip G, DeCaterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser S, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (esc). Europace. 2010;12:1360–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dugal S. Electrical cardioversion. In: Griffin BP, editor. Manual of cardiovascular medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Joglar JA, Page RL. Management of arrhythmia syndromes during pregnancy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2014;29(1):36–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1633–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Braunwald E. Heart disease, A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stoebner R, Bellin DA, Haigney MC. Cardiac electrophysiology and the athlete: a primer for the sports clinician. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(2):70–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Walker J, Calkins H, Nazarian S. Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmia among athletes. Am J Med. 2010;123(12):1075–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Molkentin JD. Calcineurin and beyond: cardiac hypertrophic signaling. Circ Res. 2000;87:731–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura R, Ackerman M, Estes NA III, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2362–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:690–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. La Gerche A, Burns AT, Mooney DJ, Inder W, Taylor A, Bogaert J, et al. Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:998–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. La Gerche A, Connelly KA, Mooney DJ, Maclsaac AI, Pior DL. Biochemical and functional abnormalities of left and right ventricular function after ultra-endurance exercise. Heart. 2008;94:860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, Lawless C, Saarel E, Ackerman M, et al. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a prospective, multinational registry. Circulation. 2013;127(20):2021–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zipes DP, Link MS, Ackerman MJ, Kovacs R, Myerburg R, Estes NA III. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 9: arrhythmias and conduction defects: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2412–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Link MS, Olshansky B, Estes NA III. Cardiac arrhythmias and the athlete. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1999;14:24–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Link MS, Estes NA. Athletes and arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:1184–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fragakis N, Pagourelias ED, Koskinas KC, Vassilikos V. Arrhythmias in athletes: evidence-based strategies and challenges for diagnosis, management, and sports eligibility. Cardiol Rev. 2013;21(5):229–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zipes DP, Ackerman MJ, Estes NA III, Grant AO, Myerburg RJ, Van Hare G. Task Force 7: arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1354–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, Anastassakis A, Arbustini E, Assanelli D, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1422–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cohen MI, Triedman JK, Cannon BCPACES. HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:1006–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Obeyesekere MN, Leong-Sit P, Massel D, Manlucu J, Modi S, Krahn A, et al. Risk of arrhythmia and sudden death in patients with asymptomatic preexcitation: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2012;125:2308–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Kocheril AG. Atrial fibrillation in athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(2):296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Alexander AM. Atrial fibrillation in the athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;12(2):86–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sorokin AV, Araujo CGS, Zweibel S. Atrial fibrillation in endurance-trained athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:185–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Swanson R. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:1085–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bisbal F, Mont L. Arrhythmias in the athlete. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2012;23(2):76–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Levine BD, Baggish AL, Kovacs RJ, Link MS, Maron MS, Mitchell JH, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 1: classification of sports: dynamic, static, and impact: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2350–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Calvo N, Mont L, Tamborero D, Berruezo A, Viola G, Guasch E, et al. Efficacy of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation of atrial fibrillation in endurance athletes. Europace. 2010;12:30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Furlanello F, Lupo P, Pittalis M, Foresti S, Vitali-Serdoz L, Francia P, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in athletes referred for disabling symptoms preventing usual training schedule and sport competition. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:457–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Maron BJ. Historical perspectives on sudden deaths in young athletes with evolution over 35 years. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(9):1461–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Maron BJ, Estes M. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:917–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Link MS, Estes N III, Maron BJ. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 13: commotio cordis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2439–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Madias C, Maron BJ, Supron S, Estes NA III, Link MS. Cell membrane stretch and chest blowinduced ventricular fibrillation: commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19(12):1304–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Furlanello F, Bertoldi A, Dallago M. Cardiac arrest and sudden death in competitive athletes with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:331–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nasir K, Bomma C, Tandri H, Roguin A, Dalal D, Prakasa K, et al. Electrocardiographic features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy according to disease severity: a need to broaden diagnostic criteria. Circulation. 2004;110(12):1527–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce B, Bluemke DA, et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force criteria. Circulation. 2010;121(13):1533–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Dalal D, Jain R, Tandri H, Dong J, Eid SM, Prakasa K, et al. Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(5):432–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lahat H, Pras E, Olender T, Avidan N, Ben-Asher E, Mano O, et al. A missense mutation in a highly conserved region of CASQ2 is associated with autosomal recessive catecholamine induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in Bedouin families from Israel. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69:1378–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Liu N, Napolitano C, Venetucci LA, Priori SG. Flecainide and antiarrhythmic effects in a mouse model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2012;22:35–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Whyte G, Shah A, Behr E, Sharma S. Prevalence and significance of an isolated long QT interval in elite athletes. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(23):2944–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Napolitano C, Bloise R, Priori SG. Long QT syndrome and short QT syndrome: how to make correct diagnosis and what about eligibility for sports activity. J Cardiovasc Med. 2006;7(4):250–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bos JM, Ackerman MJ. Heritable cardiomyopathies and channelopathies: clinical presentations, genetics, and implications of genetic testing. In: Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, editors. Mayo Clinic cardiology: concise textbook. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 257–65.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Corrado D, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005;111(5):659–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Eisen HJ, Kusmirek LS, Arrhythmias following cardiac transplantation. In: Yeon SB, editor. Waltham, MA: Wolters Kluwer. Accessed 22 Oct 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Vakil K, Taimeh Z, Sharma A, Abidi KS, Colvin M, Luepker R, et al. Incidence, predictors, and temporal trends of sudden cardiac death after heart transplantation. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(10):1684–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Scott CD, Dark JH, McComb JM. Sinus node function after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1334–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ahmari SA, Bunch TJ, Chandra A. Prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical significance of post-heart transplant atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jones DG, Mortsell DH, Rajaruthnam D, Hamour I, Hussain W, Markides V, et al. Permanent pacemaker implantation early and late after heart transplantation: clinical indication, risk factors and prognostic implications. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30(11):1257–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cantillon DJ, Tarakji KG, Hu T, Hsu A, Smedira NG, Starling RC, et al. Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias after cardiac transplantation: analysis of the UNOS/OPTN cardiac transplant database. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(11):1567–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Heinz G, Ohner T, Laufer G, Gossinger H, Gasic S, Laczkovics A. Demographic and perioperative factors associated with initial and prolonged sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic heart transplantation. The impact of ischemic time. Transplantation. 1991;51:1217–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. DiBiase A, Tse TM, Schnittger I, Wexler L, Stinson EB, Valantine HA. Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1385–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Luebbert JJ, Lee FA, Rosenfeld LE. Pacemaker therapy for early and late sinus node dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplant recipients: a single-center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(9):1108–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, Anderson A, Chang M, Desai S, et al. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29(8):914–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Thajudeen A, Stecker EC, Shehata M, Patel J, Wang X, McAnulty JH, et al. Arrhythmias after heart transplantation: mechanisms and management. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001461.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Blanche C, Czer LS, Trento A, Fishbein MC, Doan D, Jordan S, et al. Bradyarrhythmias requiring pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation: association with rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992;11:446–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Collins KK, Thiagarajan RR, Chin C, Dubin AM, Van Hare GF, Robbins RC, et al. Atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing after pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:1126–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Vaseghi M, Boyle NG, Kedia R, Patel JK, Cesario DA, Wiener I, Kobashigawa JA, Shivkumar K. Supraventricular tachycardia after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2241–9.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dizon J, Chen K, Bacchetta M, Argenziano M, Mancini D, Bivano A, et al. A comparison of atrial arrhythmias after heart or double-lung transplantation at a single center. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2043–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ellenbogen KA, Thames MD, DiMarco JP, Sheehan H, Lerman BB. Electrophysiological effects of adenosine in the transplanted human heart. Circulation. 1990;81:821–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cui G, Tung T, Kobashigawa J, Laks H, Sen L. Increased incidence of atrial flutter associated with the rejection of heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:280–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pinski SL, Bredikis AJ, Winkel E, Trohman RG. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter after orthotopic heart transplantation: insights into the redefined critical isthmus. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:292–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Marine JE, Schuger CD, Bogun F. Mechanism of atrial flutter occurring late after orthotopic heart transplantation with atrio-atrial anastomosis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:412–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rodriguez-Entem F, Exposito V, Gonzalez-Enriquez S, Garcia-Camarero T, Olalla J. Atrial flutter after heart transplantation: mechanism and catheter ablation. Transplant Proc. 2010;42:2697–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. MacDonald P, Hackworthy R, Keogh A, Sivathasan C, Chang V, Spratt P. Atrial overdrive pacing for reversion of atrial flutter after heat transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1991;10:731–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Tsai VW, Cooper J, Garan H, Natale A, Ptaszek LM, Ellinor PT, et al. The efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart transplant recipients: results from a multicenter registry. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:197–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yadava M, Hughey AB, Crawford TC. Postoperative atrial fibrillation: incidence, mechanisms, and clinical correlates. Cardiol Clin. 2014;32(4):627–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Creswell LL. Postoperative atrial arrhythmias: risk factors and associated adverse outcomes. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;11:303–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Walsh SR, Oates JE, Anderson JA, Blair SD, Makin CA, Walsh CJ. Postoperative arrhythmias in colorectal surgical patients: incidence and clinical correlates. Color Dis. 2006;8(3):212–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Walsh SR, Tang T, Wijewardena C, Yarham SI, Boyle JR, Gaunt ME. Postoperative arrhythmias in general surgical patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;89(2):91–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Polanczyk CA, Goldman L, Marcantonio ER. Supraventricular arrhythmia in patients having noncardiac surgery: clinical correlates and effect on length of stay. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:279–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Peretto G, Durante A, Limite LR, Cianflone D. Postoperative arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic management. Cardiol Res Pract. 2014;2014:615987.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Hollenberg SM, Dellinger RP. Noncardiac surgery: postoperative arrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(10 Suppl):N145–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A, Epstein AE, Fellows C, Ferguson B Jr, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: executive summary. Circulation. 1998;97:1325–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Epstein AE, Ellenbogen KA, Freedman RA, Gillinov AM, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, et al. ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Circulation. 2012;127:e283–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Jaeger FJ, Trohman RG, Brener S, Loop F. Permanent pacing following repeat cardiac valve surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(5):505–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Brodell GK, Cosgrove D, Schiavone W, Underwood DA, Loop FD. Cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Cleve Clin J Med. 1991;58(5):397–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M. Hazards of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:539–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Zaman AG, Archbold RA, Helft G, Paul EA, Curzen NP, Mills PG. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a model for preoperative risk stratification. Circulation. 2000;101:1403–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation. 1996;94:390–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Liu BC. Postoperative atrial fibrillation and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:742–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Soucier RJ, Mirza S, Abordo MG. Predictors of conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation in the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic medications. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:694–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. January CT, Wann L, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, et al. AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):e1–e76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Liu T, Li L, Korantzopoulos P, Liu E, Li G. Statin use and development of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126:160–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton GK, Tanajewski L, Turner D, Price A. Intravenous magnesium sulphate and sotalol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12:3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Batra GS, Molyneux J, Scott NA. Colorectal patients and cardiac arrhythmias detected on the surgical high dependency unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2001;83:174–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Abedin Z, Soares J, Phillips DF, Sheldon WC. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias following surgery for myocardial revascularization: A follow-up study. Chest. 1977;72:426–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul J. Wang M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, P.J., Joe, W.B. (2017). Arrhythmias in Special Populations. In: Kowey, P., Piccini, J., Naccarelli, G., Reiffel, J. (eds) Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing and Sudden Death. Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58000-5_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58000-5_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57998-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58000-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics