Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Heart Failure

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Heart Failure

Part of the book series: Cardiovascular Medicine ((CVM))

Abstract

When starting to write a book about heart failure (HF) it is important to define what you are talking about. After that you want to know about prevalence, incidence, different risk factors and also if it is possible to prevent HF. Hard endpoints in most HF studies are mortality and many times in combination with morbidity so therefore these endpoints are important to discuss. Specific conditions as aging, as well as gender and ethnic differences might also be of interest. Finally it is important to know more about common etiologies behind HF as coronary heart disease, acute heart failure and different types of cardiomyopathies, and also the role of adult congenital heart diseases as well as valvular heart diseases related to HF. However, first I want to present to you some historical aspects about this condition or syndrome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Saba MM, Ventura HO, Saleh M, Mehra MR. Ancient Egyptian medicine and the concept of heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12:416–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Katz AM. The “modern” view of heart failure – how did we get here? Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:63–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the cooperative North Scandinavian enalapril survival study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1429–35.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurhartj/ehw128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. ACCH/AHA Practice Guidelines, Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation. 2013;128:e240–327.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flaschkampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7:79–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ho JE, Lyass A, Lee DS, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Larson MG, et al. Predictors of new-onset heart failure: differences in preserved versus reduced ejection farction. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:279–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lewis EF, Solomon SD, Jablonski KA, Rice MM, Clemenza F, Hsia J, et al. Predictors of heart failure in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a PEACE study. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:209–16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee DS, Gona P, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Wang TJ, et al. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the Framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation. 2009;119:3070–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Brouwers FP, de Boer RA, van der Harst P, Voors AA, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJ, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection faction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up of PREVEND. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1424–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:251–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lam CSP, Donal E, Kraigher-Krainer E, Vasan RS. Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:18–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of diseases of the heart and great vessels. 9th ed. Boston: Little & Brown; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ammar KA, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Kors JA, Redfield MM, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of heart failure stages: application of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association heart failure staging criteria in the community. Circulation. 2007;115:1563–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dahlstrom U, Hakansson J, Swedberg K, Waldenstrom A. Adequacy of diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure in primary health care in Sweden. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:92–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zarrinkoub R, Wettermark B, Wändell P, Mejhert M, Szulkin R, Ljunggren G, et al. The epidemiology of heart failure, based on data for 2.1 million inhabitants in Sweden. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:995–1002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ingelsson E, Arnlöv J, Sundström J, Lind L. The validity of a diagnosis of heart failure in a hospital discharge register. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:787–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Curtis LH, Whellan DJ, Hammill BG, Hernandez AF, Anstrom KJ, Shea AM, et al. Incidence and prevalence of heart failure in elderly persons, 1994-2003. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:418–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Davies M, Hobbs F, Davis R, Kenkre J, Roaffe AK, Hare R, et al. Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the echocardiographic heart of England screening study: a population based study. Lancet. 2001;358:439–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, Morais H, Matias F, de Sousa A, et al. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4:531–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kupari M, Lindroos M, Iivanainen AM, Heikkilä J, Tilvis R. Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and 4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study. J Intern Med. 1997;241:387–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, Straus SM, Hofman A, Deckers JW, et al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1614–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vaes B, Rezzoug N, Pasquet A, Wallemacq P, Van Pottelbergh G, Mathei C, et al. The prevalence of cardiac dysfunction and the correlation with poor functioning among the elderly. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155:134–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function; epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:317–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Evans JM, Bailey KR, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation. 1998;98:2282–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Owan TE, Redfield MM. Epidemiology of diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2005;47:320–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJ, Thompson SG, Poole-Wilson PA, Suresh V, et al. Incidence and aetiology of heart failure; a population-based study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:421–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Aurigemma GP, Polak JF, Tracy RP, Kitzman DW, et al. Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1628–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. De Giuli F, Khaw KT, Cowie MR, Sutton GC, Ferrari R, Poole-Wilson PA. Incidence and outcome of persons with clinical diagnosis of heart failure in a general practice population of 696,884 in the United Kingdom. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:295–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Murphy NF, Simpson CR, McAlister FA, Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Kirkpatrick M, et al. National survey of the prevalence, incidence, primary care burden, and treatment of heart failure in Scotland. Heart. 2004;90:1129–36.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Gerber Y, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Chamberlain AM, Manemann SM, Jiang R, et al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000-2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:996–1004.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Limburg A, Landman MA, van der Hoeven H, Rutten FH. Prevalence of unrecognized heart failure in older persons with shortness of breath on exertion. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:772–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kereiakes DJ. The fire that burns within: C-reactive protein. Circulation. 2003;107:373–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Van Deursen VM, Urso R, Laroche C, Damman K, Dahlström U, Tavazzi L, et al. Co-morbidities in patients with heart failure: an analysis of the European Heart Failure Pilot Survey. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:103–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pfeffer MA, Glaggett B, Assmann SF, Boineau R, Anand IS, Clausell N, et al. Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the treatment of preserved cardiac function heart failure with an aldosterone antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. Circulation. 2015;131:34–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lund LH, Benson L, Dahlström U, Edner M. Association between use of renin-angiotensin system antagonists and mortality in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JAMA. 2012;308:2108–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lund LH, Benson L, Dahlström U, Edner M, Friberg L. Association between use of beta-blockers and outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JAMA. 2014;312:2008–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ledwidge M, Gallagher J, Conion C, Tallon E, O’Connell E, Dawkins I, et al. Natriuretic peptide-based screening and collaborative care for heart failure: the STOP-HF randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310:66–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Djoussé L, Driver JA, Gaziano JM. Relation between modifiable lifestyle factors and lifetime risk of heart failure. JAMA. 2009;302:394–400.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Levitan EB, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:851–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:e6–e245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kitiyakara C, Guzman NJ. Malignant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:133–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Verdechia P, Angeli F, Cavallini C, Gattobigio R, Gentile G, Staessen JA, et al. Blood pressure reduction and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for prevention of congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:679–88.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sciaretta S, Palano F, Tocci G, Baldini R, Volpe M. Antihypertensive treatment and development of heart failure in hypertension: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of studies in patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:384–94.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Roush GC, Holford TR, Guddati AK. Chlortalidone compared with hydrochlorothiazide in reducing cardiovascular events: a systematic review and network meta-analyses. Hypertension. 2012;59:1110–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ingelsson E, Sundström J, Arnlöv J, Zethelius B, Lind L. Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2005;294:334–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation. 2007;115:3213–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aneja A, Tang WH, Bansilal S, Garcia MJ, Farkouh ME. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: insights into pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic options. Am J Med. 2008;121:748–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Liu JE, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, et al. The impact of diabetes on left ventricular filling pattern in normotensive and hyptertensive adults: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1943–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schannwell CM, Schneppenheim M, Perings S, Plehn G, Strauer BE. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as an early manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2002;98:33–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dandamudi S, Slusser J, Mahoney DVV, Redfield MM, Rodeheffer RJ, Chen HH. The prevalence of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J Card Fail. 2014;20:304–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. De Groote P, Lamblin N, Mouquet F, Plichon D, McFadden E, Van Belle E, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:656–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Greenberg BH, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Chiswell K, Clare R, Stough WG, et al. Influence of diabetes on characteristics and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J. 2007;154:e1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405–12.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, Byington RP, Cushman WC, Ginsberg HN, et al. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:634–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Gastagno D, Baird-Gunning J, Jhund PS, Biondi-Zoccai G, MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, et al. Intensive glycemic control has no impact on the risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients: evidence from a 37,229 patient meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2011;162:938–48.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Zinmanand B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Hantel S, Salsali A, et al. Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type II diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1526–34.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Johansson I, Dahlström U, Edner M, Näsman P, Rydén L, Norhammar A. Riskfactors, treatment, prognosis in men and women with heart failure with and without diabetes. Heart. 2015;101:1139–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jhund PS, Macintyre K, Simpson CR, Lewsey JD, Stewart S, Redpath A, et al. Longterm trends in first hospitalization for heart failure and subsequent survival between 1986 and 2003: a population study of 5.1 million people. Circulation. 2009;119:515–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schaufelberger M, Swedberg K, Köster M, Rosen M, Rosengren A. Decreasing one-year mortality and hospitalization rates for heart failure in Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:300–7.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart. 2007;93:1137–46.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Chen J, Normand SL, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-2008. JAMA. 2011;306:1669–78.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Dharmarajan K, Hsieh AF, Lin Z, Bueno H, Ross JS, Horwitz LI, et al. Diagnoses and timing of 30-day readmissions after hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia. JAMA. 2013;309:355–63.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Hong Y, LaBresh KA. Overview of the American Heart Association “Get with the guidelines” programs; coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2006;5:179–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. West R, Liang L, Fonarow GC, Kociol R, Mills RM, O’Connor CM, et al. Characterization of heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a comparison between ADHERE-US registry and ADHERE international registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:945–52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Jonsson A, Edner M, Alehagen U, Dahlström U. Heart failure registry: a valuable tool for improving the management of patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:25–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Blecker S, Paul M, Taksier G, Ogedegbe G, Katz S. Heart failure-associated hospitalizations in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1259–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Collins SP, Pang PS, Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M. Is hospital admission for heart failure really necessary? The role of ED and observation unit in preventing hospitalization and rehospitalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:121–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Hole DJ, Capewell S, McMurray JJV. More ‘Malignant’ than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3:315–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chan MMY, Lam CSP. How do patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction die? Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:604–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1750–7.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Somaratne JB, Berry C, McMurray JJ, Poppe KK, Doughty RN, Whalley GA. The prognostic significance of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a literature-based meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:855–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Orn S, Cleland JG, Romo M, Kjekshus J, Dickstein K. Recurrent infarction causes the most deaths following myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Med. 2005;118:752–8.

    Google Scholar 

  76. McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford J, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet. 1997;350:829–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, Deckers JW, Linker DT, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:447–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC Jr, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289:194–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Jong P, Yusef S, Rousseau MF, Ahn SA, Bangdwala SI. Effect of enalapril on 12 year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet. 2003;361:1843–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. McDonagh TA, Cunningham AD, Morrison CE, McMurray JJ, Ford I, Morton JJ, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction, natriuretic peptides, and mortality in an urban population. Heart. 2001;86:21–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Vigen R, Maddox TM, Allen LA. Aging of the United States population: impact on heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2012;9:369–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:933–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125:188–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Braunstein JB, Anderson GF, Gerstenblith G, Weller VV, Niefeld M, Herbert R, et al. Noncardiac comorbidity increases preventable hospitalizations and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1226–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Kupka MJ, Ho KK, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1397–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fang J, Mensah GA, Croft JB, Keenan NL. Heart failure-related hospitalization in the U.S., 1979 to 2004. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:428–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jugdutt BI. The continuing saga of aging and heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17:529–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Roger VL, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Hellermann-Homan JP, Killian J, Yawn BP, et al. Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. JAMA. 2004;292:344–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Goldberg RJ, Glatfelter K, Burbank-Schmidt E, Farmer C, Spencer FA, Meyer T. Trends in mortality attributed to heart failure in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1992 to 2001. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1324–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA, Yusuf S, McMurray JJ, Swedberg KB, et al. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:65–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Abraham WT, Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:347–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mogensen UM, Ersboll M, Andersen M, Andersson C, Hassager C, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Clinical characteristics and major comorbidities in heart failure patients more than 85 years of age compared with younger age groups. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:1216–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Komajda M, Hanon O, Hochadel M, Lopez-Sendon JL, Follath F, Ponikowski P, et al. Contemporary management of octogenarians hospitalized for heart failure in Europe: Euro Heart Failure Survey II. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:478–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lazzarini V, Mentz RJ, Fiuzat M, Metra M, O’Connor CM. Heart failure in elderly patients: distinctive features and unresolved issues. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:717–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Chaudhry SI, Wang Y, Gill TM, Krumholz HM. Geriatric conditions and subsequent mortality in older patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:309–16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Rutten FH, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Differences between general practitioners and cardiologists in diagnosis and management of heart failure: a survey in every-day practice. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:337–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Manzano L, Escobar C, Cleland JG, Flather M. Diagnosis of elderly patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:1097–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Barseshet A, Shotan A, Cohen E, Garty M, Goldenberg I, Sandach A, et al. Predictors of long-term (4-year) mortality in elderly and young patients with acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:833–40.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Satomura H, Wada H, Sakakura K, Kubo N, Ikeda N, Sugawara Y, et al. Congestive heart failure in the elderly: comparison between reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiol. 2012;59:215–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Bloemen JA, Valj MJ, van Velzen E, Wielders JP, et al. Clinical evaluation of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:518–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Zuithoff NP, Hoes AW. Comorbidity drives mortality in newly diagnosed heart failure: a study among geriatric outpatients. J Card Fail. 2012;18:47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Boom NK, Lee DS, Tu JV. Comparison of processes of care and clinical outcomes for patients newly hospitalized for heart failure attended by different physician specialists. Am Heart J. 2012;163:252–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Newman AB, Gottdiener JS, McBurnie MA, Hirsch CH, Kop WJ, Tracy R, et al. Associations of clinical cardiovascular disease with frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M 158–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH, et al. Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2333–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Murad K, Kitzman DW. Frailty and multiple comorbidities in the elderly patient with heart failure: implications for management. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17:581–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Spencer FA, Meyer TE, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Heterogeneity in the management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with heart failure: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2002;105:2605–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, Cohen-Solal A, Aumont MC, Lopez-Sendón J, et al. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation. 2004;109:494–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Ezekowitz JA, Kaul P, Bakal JA, Armstrong PW, Welsh RC, McAlister FA. Declining in-hospital mortality and increasing heart failure incidence in elderly patients with first myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:13–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Martinez-Sellés M, Doughty RN, Poppe K, Whalley GA, Earle N, Tribouilloy C, et al. Gender and survival in patients with heart failure: interactions with diabetes and aetiology. Results from the MAGGIC individual patient-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:473–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Riedinger MS, Dracup KA, Brecht ML, SOLVD Investigators. Studies of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:211–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Gottlieb SS, Khatta M, Friedmann E, Einbinder L, Katzen S, Baker B, et al. The influence of age, gender, and race on the prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1542–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Heo S, Moser DK, Wiedener J. Gender differences in the effects of physical and emotional symptoms on health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;6:146–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Dunlay SM, Roger VL. Gender differences in the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of ischemic heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2012;9:267–76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Bahrami H, Kronmal R, Bluemke DA, Olson J, Shea S, Liu K, et al. Differences in the incidence of congestive heart failure by ethnicity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2138–45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Loehr LR, Rosamond WD, Chang PP, Folsom AR, Chambless LE. Heart failure incidence and survival (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study). Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1016–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kalogeropoulos A, Georgiopoulou V, Kritchevsky SB, Psaty BM, Smith NL, Newman AB, et al. Epidemiology of incident heart failure in contemporary elderly cohort: the health, aging, and body composition study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:708–15.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Cuyjet AB, Akinboboye O. Acute heart failure in the African American patient. J Card Fail. 2014;20:533–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Dunlay SM, Weston SA, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. Risk factors for heart failure: a population-based case-control study. Am J Med. 2009;122:1023–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Bristow MR. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2000;101:558–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Dutka DP, Camici PG. Hibernation and congestive heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2003;8:167–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Gheorghiade M, Vaduganathan M, Fonarow GC, Bonow RO. Rehospitalization for heart failure: problems and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:391–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Teerlink JR, Alburikan K, Metra M, Rodgers JE. Acute decompensated heart failure update. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2015;11:53–62.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Kociol RD, Pang PS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, O’Connor CM, Felker GM. Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1071–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Flaherty JD, Bax JJ, De Luca L, Rossi JS, Davidson CJ, Filippatos G, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes in patients with coronary artery disease, early assessment and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:254–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Arndt AK, MacRae CA. Genetic testing in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2014;29:235–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Skrzynia C, Berg JS, Willis MS, Jensen BC. Genetics and heart failure: a concise guide for the clinician. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2015;11:10–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:83–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of dissarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart. 2000;84:476–82.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2733–79.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Maron BJ, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2013;381:242–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2014;130:484–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Maron MS, Maron BJ, Harrigan C, Buros J, Gibson CM, Olivotto I, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype revisited after 50 years with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:220–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation. 1995;92:785–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Olivotti I, Maron MS, Adabaq AS, Casey SA, Vargiu D, Link MS, et al. Gender-related differences in the clinical presentation and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:480–7.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Maron BJ, Maron MS, Semsarian C. Genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after 20 years: clinical perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:705–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Ingles J, Sarina T, Yeates L, Hunt L, Macchiocca I, McCormack L, et al. Clinical predictors of genetic testing outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genet Med. 2013;15:972–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Maron BJ, Roberts WC, Arad M, Haas TS, Spirito P, Wright GB, et al. Clinical outcome and phenotypic expression in LAMP2 cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2009;301:1253–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Arad M, Benson DW, Perez-Atayde AR, McKenna WJ, Sparks EA, Kanter RJ, et al. Constitutively active AMP kinase mutations cause glycogen storage disease mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:357–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Arad M, Moskowitz IP, Patel VV, Ahmad F, Perez-Atayde AR, Sawyer DB, et al. Transgenic mice overexpressing mutant PRKAG2 define the cause of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in glycogen storage cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;107:2850–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Haas TS, Chan RH, Udelson JE, et al. Risk stratification and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy >= 60 years of age. Circulation. 2013;127:585–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Maron BJ, Carney KP, Lever HM, Lewis JF, Barac I, Casey SA, et al. Relationship of race to sudden death in competitive athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:974–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Lesser JR, Garberich RF, McGriff DM, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children, adolescents, and young adults associated with low cardiovascular mortality with contemporary management strategies. Circulation. 2016;133:62–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Maron BJ. The paradox of exercise. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1409–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. O’Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, et al. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2010–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. O’Mahony C, Tome-Esteban M, Lambiase PD, Pantazis A, Dickie S, McKenna WJ, et al. A validation study of the 2003 American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology and 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association risk stratification and treatment algorithms for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2013;99:534–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Spirito P, Autore C, Formisano F, Assenza GE, Biagini E, Haas TS. Risk of sudden death and outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with benign presentation and without risk factors. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:1550–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006;114:2232–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Melacini P, Basso C, Angelini A, Calore C, Bobbo F, Tokajuk B, et al. Clinicopathological profiles of progressive heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2111–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114:216–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Maron MS, Kaismith BM, Udelson JE, Li W, DeNofrio D. Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3:574–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Schinkel AF, Vriesendorp PA, Sijbrands EJ, Jordaens LJ, ten Cate FJ, Michels M. Outcome and complications after implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review and metaanalysis. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:552–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:365–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, Haas TS, Formisano F, Link MS, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2007;298:405–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Christiaans I, van Engelen K, van Langen IM, Birnie E, Bonsel GJ, Elliott PM, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review of clinical risk markers. Europace. 2010;12:313–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Boriani G, Maron BJ, Shen WK, Spirito P. Prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: but which defibrillator for which patient? Circulation. 2004;110:e438–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Lin G, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Phil D, Ommen SR, Ackerman MJ, Brady PA. Device complications and inappropriate cardioverter defibrillator shocks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2009;95:709–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Ammirati E, Contri R, Coppini R, Cecchi F, Frigerio M, Olivotto I. Pharmacological treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: current practice and novel perspectives. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:1106–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Nistri S, Olivotto I, Maron MS, Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Grifoni C, et al. Beta blockers for prevention of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:715–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Sherrid MV, Barac I, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM, Dickie S, Chojnowska L, et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of disopyramide in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1251–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Ommen SR, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS, Cecchi F, Betocchi S, et al. Long-term effects of surgical septal myectomy on survival in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:470–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR, Araoz PA, Glockner JF, Breen JF, et al. Comparison of surgical septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:350–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Soraija P, Ommen SR, Holmes DR Jr, Dearani JA, Rihai CS, Gersh BJ, et al. Survival after alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2012;126:2374–80.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Agarwal S, Tuzcu EM, Desai MY, Smedira N, Lever HM, Lytle BW, et al. Updated meta-analysis of septal alcohol ablation versus myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:823–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Noseworthy PA, Rosenberg MA, Fifer MA, Palacios IF, Lowry PA, Ruskin JN, et al. Ventricular arrhythmia following alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:128–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Veselka J, Kvistholm-Jensen M, Liebregts M, Januska J, Krejci J, Bartel T, et al. Long-term clinical outcome after alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: results from the euro-ASA registry. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1517–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Di Donna P, Olivotto I, Delcré SD, Caponi D, Scaglione M, Nault I, et al. Efficacy of catheter ablation or atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: impact of age, atrial remodeling, and disease progression. Europace. 2010;12:347–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hayato K, Yamasaki N, et al. Clinical impact of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results from Kochi RYOMA study. Circ J. 2009;73:1599–605.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Bellone P, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Flygenring BP, et al. Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:301–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Themistoclakis S, Ravieli A, Schweikert RA, Lakkireddy D, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: long-term outcomes and mechanisms of arrhythmia recurrence. Circ Arrythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:1089–94.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Caforio AL, Mahon NG, Baig MK, Tona F, Murphy RT, Elliott PM, et al. Prospective familial assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiac autoantibodies predict disease development in asymptomatic relatives. Circulation. 2007;115:76–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. McNally EM, Golbus JR, Puckelwartz MJ. Genetic mutations and mechanisms in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:19–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, Adler Y, Anastasakis A, Böhm M, et al. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1850–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mahon NG, Madden BP, Caforio ALP, Elliott PM, Haven AJ, Keogh BE, et al. Immunohistologic evidence of myocardial disease in apparently healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:455–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Burkett EL, Hershberger RE. Clinical and genetic issues in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:969–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Petretta M, Pirozzi F, Sasso L, Paglia A, Bonaduce D. Review and metaanalysis of the frequency of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1171–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Herman DS, Lam L, Taylor MR, Teekakirikul P, Christodoulou D, Conner L, et al. Truncations of titin causing dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:619–28.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Hershberger RE, Siegfried JD. Update 2011; clinical and genetic issues in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1641–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  180. Elliott P, O’Mahoney C, Syrris P, Evans A, Rivera Sorensen C, Sheppard MN, et al. Prevalence of desmosomal protein gene mutations in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:314–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Akinrinade O, Ollila L, Vattulainen S, Tallila J, Gentile M, Salmenperä P, et al. Genetics and genotype-phenotype correlations in Finnish patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2327–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Haas J, Frese KS, Peil B, Kloos W, Keller A, Nietsch R. Atlas of the clinical genetics of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1123–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Colucci WS, Kolias TJ, Adams KF, Armstrong WF, Ghali JK, Gottlieb SS, et al. Metoprolol reverses left ventricular remodeling in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction: the reversal of ventricular remodeling with Toprol-XL (REVERT) trial. Circulation. 2007;116:49–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:11–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Epstein AE. Benefits of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1122–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2793–867.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1564–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gopinathannair R, Sullivan R, Olshansky B. Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy: recognition and management. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009;6:257–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Sumner G, Hiralal R, Lonn E. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1523–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Bybee KA, Prasad A. Stress-related cardiomyopathy syndromes. Circulation. 2008;118:397–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Sharkey SW, Windenburg DC, Lesser JR, Maron MS, Hauser RG, Lesser JN, et al. Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:333–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Booysen HL, Norton GR, Opie LH, Woodiwiss AJ. Reverse chamber remodeling following adrenergic-induced advanced cardiac dilatation and pump dysfunction. Basic Res Cardiol. 2012;107:238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-011-0200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Templin C, Napp C, Ghadri JR. Takotsubo syndrome. Underdiagnosed, underestimated, but understood? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1937–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Ghadri JR, Ruschitzka F, Luscher TF, Templin C. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: still much more to learn. Heart. 2014;100:1804–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Tornvall P, Collste O, Ehrenborg E, Järnbert-Pettersson H. A case-control study of risk markers and mortality in Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1931–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. George A, Figueredo VM. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: a review. J Cardiac Fail. 2011;17:844–9.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Laonigro J, Correale M, Di Biase M, Altomare E. Alcohol abuse and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:453–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Piano MR. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: incidence, clinical characteristics, and pathophysiology. Chest. 2002;121:1638–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Faris RF, Henein MY, Coats AJ. Influence of gender and reported alcohol intake on mortality in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Dis. 2003;5:89–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Urbano-Marquez A, Estruch R, Navarro-Lopez F, Grau JM, Mont L, Rubin E. The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:409–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Lazarevic AM, Nakatani S, Neskovic AN, Marinkovic J, Yasumura Y, Stojicic D, et al. Early changes in left ventricular function in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics: relation to the duration of heavy drinking. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1599–606.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Telli ML, Hunt SA, Carlson RW, Guardino AE. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3525–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Ewer MS, Vootietich MT, Durand JB, Woods ML, Davis JR, Valero VL, et al. Reversibility of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: new insights based on clinical course and response to medical treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2009;23:7820–6.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F, Ukena C, Lenski M, Yilmaz A, et al. Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:779–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Rose NR. Myocarditis: infection versus autoimmunity. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29:730–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Lurz P, Luecke C, Eitel I, Föhrenbach F, Frank C, Grothoff M, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1800–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Dec GW. How should we diagnose myocarditis and is its recognition really clinically relevant? J. Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1812–4.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, Frustaci A, Jessup M, Kuhl U, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, The American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the heart failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1914–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Caforie ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2636–48.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Ammash NM, Seward JB, Bailey KR, Edwards WD, Tajik AJ. Clinical profile and outcome of idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000;101:2490–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, McKenna WJ. Genetics of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Clin. 2010;6:179–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Dalakas MC, Park KY, Semino-Mora C, Lee HS, Sivakumar K, Goldfarb LG. Desmin myopathy, a skeletal myopathy with cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the desmin gene. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:770–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Garcia MJ. Constrictive pericarditis versus restrictive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2061–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Angelini A, Calzolari V, Thiene G, Boffa GM, Valente M, Dallento L, et al. Morhologic spectrum of primary restrictive cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1046–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Ware SM, Quinn ME, Ballard ET, Miller E, Uzark K, Spicer RL. Pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with a mutation in beta-myosin heavy chain. Clin Genet. 2008;73:165–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Bograd AJ, Mital S, Schwarzenberger JC, Mosca RS, Quaegebeur JM, Addonizio LJ, et al. Twenty-year experience with heart transplantation for infants and children with restrictive cardiomyopathy: 1986-2006. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:201–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Yacoub S, Kotit S, Mocumbi AO, Yacoub MH. Neglected diseases in cardiology: a call for urgent action. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009;5:176–7.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Syed IS, Martinez MW, Feng DL, Glockner JF. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126:e50–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Dubrey SW, Cha K, Anderson J, Chamarthi B, Reisinger J, Skinner M, et al. The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart involvement. QJM. 1998;91:141–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Gertz MA, Benson MD, Dyck PJ, Grogan M, Coelho T, Cruz M, et al. Diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of transthyretin amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2451–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Quarta CC, Solomon SD, Uraizee I, Kruger J, Longhi S, Ferlito M, et al. Left ventricular structure and function in transthyretin-related versus light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2014;129:1840–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Dubrey SW. Amyloid heart disease: a brief review of treatment options. Postgrad Med J. 2012;88:700–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Jaccard A, Comenzo RL, Hari P, Hawkins PN, Roussel M, Morel P, et al. Efficacy of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in treatment-naïve patients with high-risk cardiac AL amyloidosis (Mayo Clinic Stage III). Haematologica. 2014;99:1479–85.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Kristen AV, Dengler TJ, Hagenbart U, Schonland SO, Goldschmidt H, Sack FU, et al. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis and high risk for sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:235–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Varr BC, Zarafshar S, Coakley T, Liedtke M, Lafavette RA, Arai S, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:158–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Cechetti G, Binda A, Piperno A, Nador F, Fargion S, Fiorelli G. Cardiac alterations in 36 consecutive patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis: polygraphic and echocardiographic evaluation. Eur Heart J. 1991;12:224–30.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Alexander J, Kowdley KV. Hereditary hemochromatosis: genetics, pathogenesis, and clinical management. Ann Hepatol. 2005;4:240–7.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Brissot P. Optimizing the diagnosis and the treatment of iron overload diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;10:359–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Durr A, Cossee M, Agid Y, Campuzano V, Mignard C, Penet C, et al. Clinical and genetic abnormalities in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1169–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce C, Bluemke A, et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:806–14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  232. Sen-Chowdhry S, Morgan RD, Chambers JC, McKenna WJ. Arrhytmogenic cardiomyopathy: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Annu Rev Med. 2010;61:233–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Tabib A, Loire R, Chalabreysse L, Meyronnet D, Miras A, Malicier D, et al. Circumstances of death and gross and microscopic observations in a series of 200 cases of sudden death associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and/or dysplasia. Circulation. 2003;108:3000–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, Ward D, Asimaki A, Sevdalis E, McKenna WJ. Clinical and genetic characterization of families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy provides novel insights into patterns of disease expression. Circulation. 2007;115:1710–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Peters S, Trummel M, Denecke S, Koehler B. Results of ajmaline testing in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2004;95:499–501.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Meyers DE, Basha HI, Koenig HK. Mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Tex Heart Inst J. 2013;40:385–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  237. Jenni R, Oechslin EN, van der Loo B. Isolated ventricular non-compaction of the myocardium in adults. Heart. 2007;93:11–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Oechslin EN, Attenhofer JCH, Rojas JR, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R. Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:493–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Arbustini E, Weidemann F, Hall JL. Left ventricular noncompaction. A distinct cardiomyopathy or a trait shared by different cardiac diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1840–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Oechslin E, Jenni R. Left ventricular non-compaction revisited: a distinct phenotype with genetic heterogeneity? Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1446–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Gati S, Chandra N, Bennett RL, Reed M, Kervio G, Panoulas VF, et al. Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes? Heart. 2013;99:401–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Clarke SL, Bowron A, Gonzalez IL, Groves SJ, Newbury-Ecob R, Clayton N, et al. Barth syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013;8:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-8-23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  243. Luxan G, Casanova JC, Martinez-Poveda B, Prados B, D’Amaton G, MacGrogan D, et al. Mutations in the NOTCH pathway regulator MIB 1 cause left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Nat Med. 2013;19:193–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Udeoli DU, Philip KJ, Morrissey RP, Phan A, Schwarz ER. Left-ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy: updated review. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;7:260–73.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Moons P, Engelfriet P, Kaemmerer H, Meijboom FJ, Oechslin E, Mulder BJ, et al. Delivery of care for adult patients with congenital heart disease in Europe: results from the Euro Heart Survey. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1324–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American college of cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Circulation. 2008;118:e714–833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Khairy P, Ionescu-Ittu R, Mackie AS, Abrahamowicz M, Pilote L, Marelli AJ. Changing mortality in congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1149–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Norozi K, Wessel A, Alpers V, Arnhold JO, Gever S, Zoege M, et al. Incidence and risk distribution of heart failure in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1238–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Zomer AC, Vaartjes I, Uiterwaal CS, van der Velde ET, van der Merkhof LF, Baur LH, et al. Circumstances of death in adult congenital heart diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2012;154:168–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Oechslin EN, Harrison DA, Connelly MS, Webb GD, Siu SC. Mode of death in adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:1111–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Tutarel O, Kempny A, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Jabbour R, Li W, Uebing A, et al. Congenital heart disease beyond the age of 60: emergence of a new population with high resource utilization, high morbidity, and high mortality. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:725–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, Thanassoulis G, Tremblay S, Jamorski MT, et al. Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA. 2008;300:1317–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Khairy P, Poirier N, Mercier LA. Univentricular heart. Circulation. 2007;115:800–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE Jr, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Lock JE, et al. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:85–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Van der Bom T, Winter MM, Bouma BJ, Groenink M, Vliegen HW, Pieper PG, et al. Rationale and design of a trial on the effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on the function of the systemic right ventricle. Am Heart J. 2010;160:812–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, van Velder IC, Bouma BJ, van Dessel PF, Budts W, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in adults with congenital heart disease: who is at risk at shocks. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:101–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Ghai A, Silversides C, Harris L, Webb GD, Siu SC, Therrien J. Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1675–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Vehmeijer JT, Brouwe TF, Limpens J, Knops RE, Bouma BJ, Mulder BJ. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1439–48.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  259. Budts W, Roos-Hesselink J, Rädle-Hurst T, Eicken A, McDonagh TA, Lambrinou E, et al. Treatment of heart failure in adult congenital heart disease: a position paper of the Working Group of Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1419–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  260. Supino PG, Borer JS, Preibisz J, Bornstein A. The epidemiology of valvular heart disease: a growing public health problem. Heart Fail Clin. 2006;2:379–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, Gown AM, O’Brien KD. Characterization of the early lesion of ‘degenerative’ valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation. 1994;90:844–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Rajamannan NM, Otto CM. Targeted therapy to prevent progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004;110:1180–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  263. Rajappan K, Rimoldi OE, Camici PG, Bellenger NM, Pennell DJ, Sheridan DJ. Functional changes in coronary microcirculation after valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2003;107:3170–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Bax JJ, Delgado V, Bapat V, Baumgartner H, Collet JP, Erbel R, et al. Open issues in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Part 1: patient selection and treatment strategy for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2627–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Bax JJ, Delgado V, Bapat V, Baumgartner H, Collet JP, Erbel R, et al. Open issues in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Part 2: procedural issues and outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2639–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Enriquez-Sarano M, Talik AJ. Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2004;35:1539–46.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Bekeredjian R, Grayburn PA. Valvular heart disease: aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;112:125–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Elder DH, Szwejkowski BR, Libianto R, Nadir A, Pauriah M, Rekhrajv S, et al. The impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade on heart failure outcomes and mortality in patients identified to have aortic regurgitation: a large population cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2084–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Hamirani YS, Dieti CA, Voyies VV, Peralta M, Begay D, Raizada V. Acute aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2012;126:1121–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2438–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivas G, Baumgartner H, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2451–99.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Carabello BA. The current therapy for mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:319–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Asgar AW, Mack MJ, Stone GW. Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure: pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1231–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Avierinos JV, Gerah BJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Bailey KR, Shub C, Nishimura RA, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation. 2002;106:1355–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Gustafsson BI, Hauso O, Drozdov I, Kidd M, Modlin IM. Carcinoid heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;129:318–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Taramasso M, Vanermen H, Maisano F, Guidott A, La Canna G, Alfieri O. The growing clinical importance of secondary tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:703–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Shah PM, Raney AA. Tricuspid valve disease. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2008;33:47–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Rodes-Cabau J, Taramasso M, O’Gara PT. Diagnosis and treatment of tricuspid valve disease: current and future perspectives. Lancet. 2016;38:2431–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/50140-6736(16)00740-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  279. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:405–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S. Pathology of pulmonic valve stenosis and pure regurgitation. Clin Cardiol. 1995;18:45–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Shin HJ, Kim YH, Ko JK, Park IS, Seo DM. Outcomes of mechanical valves in the pulmonic position in patients with congenital heart diseases over a 20-year period. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(4):1367–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden

    Ulf Dahlström

Authors
  1. Ulf Dahlström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ulf Dahlström .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    David S. Feldman

  2. Clinic im Park, Cardiovascular Center Zürich, Hirslanden Zurich, Switzerland

    Paul Mohacsi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dahlström, U. (2019). Epidemiology of Heart Failure. In: Feldman, D., Mohacsi, P. (eds) Heart Failure. Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98184-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98184-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98182-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98184-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation