Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training

Volume 3

Issue 1. January 2013

Christian K. Roberts,

Christian K. Roberts

Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

Andrea L. Hevener,

Andrea L. Hevener

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

R. James Barnard,

R. James Barnard

Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

Christian K. Roberts,

Christian K. Roberts

Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

Andrea L. Hevener,

Andrea L. Hevener

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

R. James Barnard,

R. James Barnard

Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California

Search for more papers by this author

Published online: 1 January 2013

https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110062

Citations: 146

Read the full text

About

PDF

Tools

Share a link

Email
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Reddit
Wechat

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity. © 2013 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 3:1-58, 2013.

References

1 Executive summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285: 2486-2497, 2001.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
2Physical Activity Guideline Advisory Committee Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.

Google Scholar
3 Abdul-Ghani MA, Matsuda M, Balas B, DeFronzo RA. Muscle and liver insulin resistance indexes derived from the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care 30: 89-94, 2007.
10.2337/dc06-1519
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
4 Abdul-Ghani MA, Williams K, DeFronzo RA, Stern M. What is the best predictor of future type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care 30: 1544-1548, 2007.
10.2337/dc06-1331
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
5 Abel ED, Peroni O, Kim JK, Kim YB, Boss O, Hadro E, Minnemann T, Shulman GI, Kahn BB. Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver. Nature 409: 729-733, 2001.
10.1038/35055575
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
6 Abumrad NA, el-Maghrabi MR, Amri EZ, Lopez E, Grimaldi PA. Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation. Homology with human CD36. J Biol Chem 268: 17665-17668, 1993.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
7 Abumrad NA, Perkins RC, Park JH, Park CR. Mechanism of long chain fatty acid permeation in the isolated adipocyte. J Biol Chem 256: 9183-9191, 1981.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
8 Adams JM,II, Pratipanawatr T, Berria R, Wang E, DeFronzo RA, Sullards MC, Mandarino LJ. Ceramide content is increased in skeletal muscle from obese insulin-resistant humans. Diabetes 53: 25-31, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.1.25
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
9 Ader M, Bergman RN. Insulin sensitivity in the intact organism. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1: 879-910, 1987.
10.1016/S0950-351X(87)80010-1
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
10 Aguirre V, Uchida T, Yenush L, Davis R, White MF. The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307). J Biol Chem 275: 9047-9054, 2000.
10.1074/jbc.275.12.9047
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
11 Aguirre V, Werner ED, Giraud J, Lee YH, Shoelson SE, White MF. Phosphorylation of Ser307 in insulin receptor substrate-1 blocks interactions with the insulin receptor and inhibits insulin action. J Biol Chem 277: 1531-1537, 2002.
10.1074/jbc.M101521200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
12 Ahima RS, Kelly J, Elmquist JK, Flier JS. Distinct physiologic and neuronal responses to decreased leptin and mild hyperleptinemia. Endocrinology 140: 4923-4931, 1999.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
13 Ahmad F, Azevedo JL, Cortright R, Dohm GL, Goldstein BJ. Alterations in skeletal muscle protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity and expression in insulin-resistant human obesity and diabetes. J Clin Invest 100: 449-458, 1997.
10.1172/JCI119552
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
14 Ahmad F, Considine RV, Bauer TL, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, Goldstein BJ. Improved sensitivity to insulin in obese subjects following weight loss is accompanied by reduced protein-tyrosine phosphatases in adipose tissue. Metabolism 46: 1140-1145, 1997.
10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90206-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
15 Ahmadi N, Eshaghian S, Huizenga R, Sosnin K, Ebrahimi R, Siegel R. Effects of intense exercise and moderate caloric restriction on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Am J Med 124: 978-982, 2011.
10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.032
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
16 Al-Khalili L, Bouzakri K, Glund S, Lonnqvist F, Koistinen HA, Krook A. Signaling specificity of interleukin-6 action on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Mol Endocrinol 20: 3364-3375, 2006.
10.1210/me.2005-0490
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
17 Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC, Jr. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and international association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120: 1640-1645, 2009.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
18 Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15: 539-553, 1998.
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
19 Amati F, Dubé JJ, Alvarez-Carnero E, Edreira MM, Chomentowski P, Coen PM, Switzer GE, Bickel PE, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Goodpaster BH. Skeletal muscle triglycerides, diacylglycerols, and ceramides in insulin resistance. Diabetes 60: 2588-2597, 2011.
10.2337/db10-1221
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
20 Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Andersen LL, Dela F. Resistance training and insulin action in humans: Effects of de-training. J Physiol (Lond) 551: 1049-1058, 2003.
10.1111/j.1469-7793.2003.01049.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
21 Andersen JN, Mortensen OH, Peters GH, Drake PG, Iversen LF, Olsen OH, Jansen PG, Andersen HS, Tonks NK, Moller NP. Structural and evolutionary relationships among protein tyrosine phosphatase domains. Mol Cell Biol 21: 7117-7136, 2001.
10.1128/MCB.21.21.7117-7136.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
22 Anderssen SA, Carroll S, Urdal P, Holme I. Combined diet and exercise intervention reverses the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged males: Results from the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17: 687-695, 2007.
10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00631.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
23 Andersson N, Strandberg L, Nilsson S, Adamovic S, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren O, Mellstrom D, Lane NE, Zmuda JM, Nielsen C, Orwoll E, Lorentzon M, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO. A variant near the interleukin-6 gene is associated with fat mass in Caucasian men. Int J Obes (Lond) 34: 1011-1019, 2010.
10.1038/ijo.2010.27
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
24 Aquilante CL, Kosmiski LA, Knutsen SD, Zineh I. Relationship between plasma resistin concentrations, inflammatory chemokines, and components of the metabolic syndrome in adults. Metabolism 57: 494-501, 2008.
10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.010
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
25 Araki E, Lipes MA, Patti ME, Bruning JC, Haag BL, II, Johnson RS, Kahn CR. Alternative pathway of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372: 186-190, 1994.
10.1038/372186a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
26 Araujo EP, De Souza CT, Gasparetti AL, Ueno M, Boschero AC, Saad MJA, Velloso LA. Short-term in vivo inhibition of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression leads to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased adiposity. Endocrinology 146: 1428-1437, 2005.
10.1210/en.2004-0778
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
27 Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J-i, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257: 79-83, 1999.
10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
28 Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M. IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11: 191-198, 2005.
10.1038/nm1185
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
29 Arner P, Pettersson A, Mitchell PJ, Dunbar JD, Kharitonenkov A, Ryden M. FGF21 attenuates lipolysis in human adipocytes - a possible link to improved insulin sensitivity. FEBS Lett 582: 1725-1730, 2008.
10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.038
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
30 Aron-Wisnewsky J, Tordjman J, Poitou C, Darakhshan F, Hugol D, Basdevant A, Aissat A, Guerre-Millo M, Clement K. Human adipose tissue macrophages: m1 and m2 cell surface markers in subcutaneous and omental depots and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 4619-4623, 2009.
10.1210/jc.2009-0925
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
31 Aronson D, Sella R, Sheikh-Ahmad M, Kerner A, Avizohar O, Rispler S, Bartha P, Markiewicz W, Levy Y, Brook GJ. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 2003-2007, 2004.
10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.030
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
32 Aronson D, Sheikh-Ahmad M, Avizohar O, Kerner A, Sella R, Bartha P, Markiewicz W, Levy Y, Brook GJ. C-Reactive protein is inversely related to physical fitness in middle-aged subjects. Atherosclerosis 176: 173-179, 2004.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.04.025
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
33 Atlantis E, Martin SA, Haren MT, Taylor AW, Wittert GA. Inverse associations between muscle mass, strength, and the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 58: 1013-1022, 2009.
10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.027
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
34 Avorn J, Monette J, Lacour A, Bohn RL, Monane M, Mogun H, LeLorier J. Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: A cross-national study. JAMA 279: 1458-1462, 1998.
10.1001/jama.279.18.1458
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
35 Ay L, Kopp H-P, Brix J-M, Ay C, Quehenberger P, Schernthaner G-H, Pabinger I, Schernthaner G. Thrombin generation in morbid obesity: Significant reduction after weight loss. J Thromb Haemost 8: 759-765, 2010.
10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03766.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
36 Babraj J, Vollaard N, Keast C, Guppy F, Cottrell G, Timmons J. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocrine Disorders 9: 3, 2009.
10.1186/1472-6823-9-3
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
37 Bacchi E, Negri C, Zanolin ME, Milanese C, Faccioli N, Trombetta M, Zoppini G, Cevese A, Bonadonna RC, Schena F, Bonora E, Lanza M, and Moghetti P. Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes Care 35: 676-682, 2012.
10.2337/dc11-1655
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
38 Bae SS, Cho H, Mu J, Birnbaum MJ. Isoform-specific regulation of insulin-dependent glucose uptake by Akt/protein kinase B. J Biol Chem 278: 49530-49536, 2003.
10.1074/jbc.M306782200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
39 Baldo A, Sniderman A, St Luce S, Zhang X, Cianflone K. Signal transduction pathway of acylation stimulating protein: Involvement of protein kinase C. J Lipid Res 36: 1415-1426, 1995.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
40 Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, Fallucca S, Alessi E, Fallucca F, Pugliese G. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med 170: 1794-1803, 2010.
10.1001/archinternmed.2010.380
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
41 Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 16: 442-443, 1999.
10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
42 Balkau B, Mhamdi L, Oppert JM, Nolan J, Golay A, Porcellati F, Laakso M, Ferrannini E. Physical activity and insulin sensitivity: The RISC study. Diabetes 57: 2613-2618, 2008.
10.2337/db07-1605
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
43 Bandyopadhyay GK, Yu JG, Ofrecio J, Olefsky JM. Increased p85/55/50 expression and decreased phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase activity in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 54: 2351-2359, 2005.
10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2351
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
44 Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Qi Y, Wang J, Rajala MW, Pocai A, Scherer PE, Steppan CM, Ahima RS, Obici S, Rossetti L, Lazar MA. Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 303: 1195-1198, 2004.
10.1126/science.1092341
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
45 Banks EA, Brozinick JT, Jr., Yaspelkis BB, III, Kang HY, Ivy JL. Muscle glucose transport, GLUT-4 content, and degree of exercise training in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol 263: E1010-E1015, 1992.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
46 Barakat HA, Carpenter JW, McLendon VD, Khazanie P, Leggett N, Heath J, Marks R. Influence of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and NIDDM on LDL structure and composition. Possible link between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 39: 1527-1533, 1990.
10.2337/diabetes.39.12.1527
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
47 Barbieri M, Rizzo MR, Papa M, Boccardi V, Esposito A, White MF, Paolisso G. The IRS2 Gly1057Asp variant is associated with human longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65: 282-286, 2009.

PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
48 Barnard RJ. Prostate cancer prevention by nutritional means to alleviate metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 86: s889-s893, 2007.
10.1093/ajcn/86.3.889S
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
49 Barnard RJ, Faria DJ, Menges JE, Martin DA. Effects of a high-fat, sucrose diet on serum insulin and related atherosclerotic risk factors in rats. Atherosclerosis 100: 229-236, 1993.
10.1016/0021-9150(93)90209-D
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
50 Barnard RJ, Roberts CK, Varon SM, Berger JJ. Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other aspects of the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol 84: 1311-1315, 1998.
10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1311
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
51 Barnard RJ, Wen SJ. Exercise and diet in the prevention and control of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Med 18: 218-228, 1994.
10.2165/00007256-199418040-00002
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
52 Barnard RJ, Youngren JF, Martin DA. Diet, not aging, causes skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Gerontology 41: 205-211, 1995.
10.1159/000213683
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
53 Barnard RJ, Youngren JF, Scheck SH. Reversibility of diet-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes Research 32: 213-221, 1997.

Google Scholar
54 Baron AD. Hemodynamic actions of insulin. Am J Physiol 267: E187-E202, 1994.
10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.2.E187
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
55 Barwell N, Malkova D, Moran C, Cleland S, Packard C, Zammit V, Gill J. Exercise training has greater effects on insulin sensitivity in daughters of patients with type 2 diabetes than in women with no family history of diabetes. Diabetologia 51: 1912-1919, 2008.
10.1007/s00125-008-1097-6
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
56 Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3338-3342, 2000.
10.1210/jc.85.9.3338
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
57 Baumann CA, Ribon V, Kanzaki M, Thurmond DC, Mora S, Shigematsu S, Bickel PE, Pessin JE, Saltiel AR. CAP defines a second signalling pathway required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Nature 407: 202-207, 2000.
10.1038/35025089
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
58 Befroy DE, Petersen KF, Dufour S, Mason GF, de Graaf RA, Rothman DL, Shulman GI. Impaired mitochondrial substrate oxidation in muscle of insulin-resistant offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 56: 1376-1381, 2007.
10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135871
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
59 Benetos A, Thomas F, Pannier B, Bean K, Jego B, Guize L. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality using the different definitions of metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 102: 188-191, 2008.
10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.03.037
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
60 Benner JS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Neumann PJ, Weinstein MC, Avorn J. Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA 288: 455-461, 2002.
10.1001/jama.288.4.455
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
61 Benrick A, Jirholt P, Wernstedt I, Gustafsson M, Scheller J, Eriksson AL, Boren J, Hedner T, Ohlsson C, Hard T, Rose-John S, Jansson JO. A non-conservative polymorphism in the IL-6 signal transducer (IL6ST)/gp130 is associated with myocardial infarction in a hypertensive population. Regul Pept 146: 189-196, 2008.
10.1016/j.regpep.2007.09.031
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
62 Bento JL, Palmer ND, Mychaleckyj JC, Lange LA, Langefeld CD, Rich SS, Freedman BI, Bowden DW. Association of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53: 3007-3012, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.11.3007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
63 Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE. The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7: 947-953, 2001.
10.1038/90992
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
64 Berglund ED, Li CY, Bina HA, Lynes SE, Michael MD, Shanafelt AB, Kharitonenkov A, Wasserman DH. Fibroblast growth factor 21 controls glycemia via regulation of hepatic glucose flux and insulin sensitivity. Endocrinology 150: 4084-4093, 2009.
10.1210/en.2009-0221
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
65 Bergman RN. Lilly lecture 1989. Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach. Diabetes 38: 1512-1527, 1989.
10.2337/diab.38.12.1512
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
66 Bezaire V, Bruce CR, Heigenhauser GJ, Tandon NN, Glatz JF, Luiken JJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Identification of fatty acid translocase on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial membranes: Essential role in fatty acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E509-E515, 2006.
10.1152/ajpendo.00312.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
67 Bjorbaek C, Elmquist JK, Frantz JD, Shoelson SE, Flier JS. Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Mol Cell 1: 619-625, 1998.
10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80062-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
68 Bjorbak C, Lavery HJ, Bates SH, Olson RK, Davis SM, Flier JS, Myers MG, Jr. SOCS3 mediates feedback inhibition of the leptin receptor via Tyr985. J Biol Chem 275: 40649-40657, 2000.
10.1074/jbc.M007577200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
69 Bjorntorp P. “Portal” adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Arteriosclerosis 10: 493-496, 1990.
10.1161/01.ATV.10.4.493
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
70 Björntorp P, Fahlén M, Grimby G, Gustafson A, Holm J, Renström P, Scherstén T. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in middle-aged, physically well-trained men. Metabolism 21: 1037-1044, 1972.
10.1016/0026-0495(72)90034-0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
71 Blüher M. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117: 241-250, 2009.
10.1055/s-0029-1192044
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
72 Bo S, Ciccone G, Baldi C, Benini L, Dusio F, Forastiere G, Lucia C, Nuti C, Durazzo M, Cassader M, Gentile L, Pagano G. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on metabolic syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 22: 1695-1703, 2007.
10.1007/s11606-007-0399-6
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
73 Bonen A, Dyck DJ, Ibrahimi A, Abumrad NA. Muscle contractile activity increases fatty acid metabolism and transport and FAT/CD36. Am J PhysiolAm J Physiol 276: E642-E649, 1999.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
74 Bonen A, Luiken JJ, Arumugam Y, Glatz JF, Tandon NN. Acute regulation of fatty acid uptake involves the cellular redistribution of fatty acid translocase. J Biol Chem 275: 14501-14508, 2000.
10.1074/jbc.275.19.14501
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
75 Booth FW, Laye MJ. Lack of adequate appreciation of physical exercise's complexities can pre-empt appropriate design and interpretation in scientific discovery. J Physiol 587: 5527-5539, 2009.
10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179507
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
76 Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

Google Scholar
77 Bouchard C, An P, Rice T, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Gagnon J, Perusse L, Leon AS, Rao DC. Familial aggregation of VO2 max response to exercise training: Results from the HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol 87: 1003-1008, 1999.
10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
78 Boule NG, Weisnagel SJ, Lakka TA, Tremblay A, Bergman RN, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Effects of exercise training on glucose homeostasis: The heritage family study. Diabetes Care 28: 108-114, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.1.108
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
79 Bozaoglu K, Bolton K, McMillan J, Zimmet P, Jowett J, Collier G, Walder K, Segal D. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology 148: 4687-4694, 2007.
10.1210/en.2007-0175
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
80 Bozaoglu K, Segal D, Shields KA, Cummings N, Curran JE, Comuzzie AG, Mahaney MC, Rainwater DL, VandeBerg JL, MacCluer JW, Collier G, Blangero J, Walder K, Jowett JB. Chemerin is associated with metabolic syndrome phenotypes in a Mexican-American population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 3085-3088, 2009.
10.1210/jc.2008-1833
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
81 Braun B, Zimmermann MB, Kretchmer N. Effects of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol 78: 300-306, 1995.
10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.300
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
82 Brouwer BG, Visseren FLJ, and van der Graaf Y. The effect of leisure-time physical activity on the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with manifest arterial disease. The SMART study. Am Heart J 154: 1146-1152, 2007.
10.1016/j.ahj.2007.07.031
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
83 Brozinick JT, Jr., Etgen GJ, Jr., Yaspelkis BB, III, Ivy JL. Glucose uptake and GLUT-4 protein distribution in skeletal muscle of the obese Zucker rat. Am J Physiol 267: R236-R243, 1994.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
84 Brozinick JT, Jr., McCoid SC, Reynolds TH, Nardone NA, Hargrove DM, Stevenson RW, Cushman SW, Gibbs EM. GLUT4 overexpression in db/db mice dose-dependently ameliorates diabetes but is not a lifelong cure. Diabetes 50: 593-600, 2001.
10.2337/diabetes.50.3.593
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
85 Bruce CR, Carey AL, Hawley JA, Febbraio MA. Intramuscular heat shock protein 72 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52: 2338-2345, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2338
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
86 Bruce CR, Hawley JA. Improvements in insulin resistance with aerobic exercise training: A lipocentric approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1196-1201, 2004.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
87 Bruce CR, Hoy AJ, Turner N, Watt MJ, Allen TL, Carpenter K, Cooney GJ, Febbraio MA, Kraegen EW. Overexpression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in skeletal muscle is sufficient to enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 58: 550-558, 2009.
10.2337/db08-1078
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
88 Bruce CR, Thrush AB, Mertz VA, Bezaire V, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJ, Dyck DJ. Endurance training in obese humans improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and alters muscle lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E99-E107, 2006.
10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
89 Bryant NJ, Govers R, James DE. Regulated transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3: 267-277, 2002.
10.1038/nrm782
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
90 Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJF, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990, 2005.
10.1152/japplphysiol.01095.2004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
91 Burguera B, Proctor D, Dietz N, Guo Z, Joyner M, Jensen MD. Leg free fatty acid kinetics during exercise in men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278: E113-E117, 2000.
10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.E113
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
92 Burstein R, Polychronakos C, Toews CJ, MacDougall JD, Guyda HJ, Posner BI. Acute reversal of the enhanced insulin action in trained athletes. Association with insulin receptor changes. Diabetes 34: 756-760, 1985.
10.2337/diab.34.8.756
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
93 Busch AK, Gurisik E, Cordery DV, Sudlow M, Denyer GS, Laybutt DR, Hughes WE, Biden TJ. Increased fatty acid desaturation and enhanced expression of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase protects pancreatic beta-cells from lipoapoptosis. Diabetes 54: 2917-2924, 2005.
10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2917
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
94 Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11: 183-190, 2005.
10.1038/nm1166
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
95 Camhi SM, Stefanick ML, Katzmarzyk PT, Young DR. Metabolic syndrome and changes in body fat from a low-fat diet and/or exercise randomized controlled trial. Obesity 18: 548-554, 2009.
10.1038/oby.2009.304
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
96 Campbell SE, Tandon NN, Woldegiorgis G, Luiken JJ, Glatz JF, Bonen A. A novel function for fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36: Involvement in long chain fatty acid transfer into the mitochondria. J Biol Chem 279: 36235-36241, 2004.
10.1074/jbc.M400566200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
97 Camus JP. Gout, diabetes, hyperlipemia: A metabolic trisyndrome. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 33: 10-14, 1966.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
98 Caranti DA, de Mello MT, Prado WL, Tock L, Siqueira KO, de Piano A, Lofrano MC, Cristofalo DMJ, Lederman H, Tufik S, Dâmaso AR. Short- and long-term beneficial effects of a multidisciplinary therapy for the control of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Metabolism 56: 1293-1300, 2007.
10.1016/j.metabol.2007.05.004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
99 Carey A, Kingwell B. Novel pharmacological approaches to combat obesity and insulin resistance: Targeting skeletal muscle with ‘exercise mimetics’. Diabetologia 52: 2015-2026, 2009.
10.1007/s00125-009-1420-x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
100 Carey A, Petersen E, Bruce C, Southgate R, Pilegaard H, Hawley J, Pedersen B, Febbraio M. Discordant gene expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes: Effect of interleukin-6 infusion. Diabetologia 49: 1000-1007, 2006.
10.1007/s00125-006-0178-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
101 Carey AL, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Thomas WG, Holmes AG, Ramm G, Prelovsek O, Hohnen-Behrens C, Watt MJ, James DE, Kemp BE, Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes 55: 2688-2697, 2006.
10.2337/db05-1404
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
102 Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR, Jr, Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 290: 3092-3100, 2003.
10.1001/jama.290.23.3092
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
103 Carroll S, Cooke CB, Butterly RJ. Metabolic clustering, physical activity and fitness in nonsmoking, middle-aged men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 2079-2086, 2000.
10.1097/00005768-200012000-00018
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
104 Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B. An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72: 3666-3670, 1975.
10.1073/pnas.72.9.3666
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
105 Castaneda F, Layne JE, Castaneda C. Skeletal muscle sodium glucose co-transporters in older adults with type 2 diabetes undergoing resistance training. Int J Med Sci 3: 84-91, 2006.
10.7150/ijms.3.84
CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
106 Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Ramírez B, Silva C, Rotellar F, Gil M, Cienfuegos J, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Increased adipose tissue expression of lipocalin-2 in obesity is related to inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 activities in humans. J Mol Med 87: 803-813, 2009.
10.1007/s00109-009-0486-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
107 Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P. Strength and endurance training lead to different post exercise glucose profiles in diabetic participants using a continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system. Eur J Clin Invest 35: 745-751, 2005.
10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01573.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
108 Cha BS, Ciaraldi TP, Park KS, Carter L, Mudaliar SR, Henry RR. Impaired fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle cells is reversed by PPARgamma agonists. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289: E151-E159, 2005.
10.1152/ajpendo.00141.2004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
109 Chadt A, Leicht K, Deshmukh A, Jiang LQ, Scherneck S, Bernhardt U, Dreja T, Vogel H, Schmolz K, Kluge R, Zierath JR, Hultschig C, Hoeben RC, Schurmann A, Joost HG, Al-Hasani H. Tbc1d1 mutation in lean mouse strain confers leanness and protects from diet-induced obesity. Nat Genet 40: 1354-1359, 2008.
10.1038/ng.244
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
110 Chaika OV, Chaika N, Volle DJ, Hayashi H, Ebina Y, Wang L-M, Pierce JH, Lewis RE. Mutation of tyrosine 960 within the insulin receptor juxtamembrane domain impairs glucose transport but does not inhibit ligand-mediated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 274: 12075-12080, 1999.
10.1074/jbc.274.17.12075
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
111 Chang L, Chiang SH, Saltiel AR. Insulin signaling and the regulation of glucose transport. Mol Med 10: 65-71, 2004.
10.2119/2005-00029.Saltiel
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
112 Chavey C, Lazennec G, Lagarrigue S, Clapé C, Iankova I, Teyssier J, Annicotte J-S, Schmidt J, Mataki C, Yamamoto H, Sanches R, Guma A, Stich V, Vitkova M, Jardin-Watelet B, Renard E, Strieter R, Tuthill A, Hotamisligil GS, Vidal-Puig A, Zorzano A, Langin D, Fajas L. CXC ligand 5 is an adipose-tissue derived factor that links obesity to insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 9: 339-349, 2009.
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.03.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
113 Chen AK, Roberts CK, Barnard RJ. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on metabolic syndrome in overweight children. Metabolism 55: 871-878, 2006.
10.1016/j.metabol.2006.03.001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
114 Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA, Woolf EA, Weng X, Ellis SJ, Lakey ND, Culpepper J, Moore KJ, Breitbart RE, Duyk GM, Tepper RI, Morgenstern JP. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: Identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 84: 491-495, 1996.
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81294-5
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
115 Chiang S-H, Baumann CA, Kanzaki M, Thurmond DC, Watson RT, Neudauer CL, Macara IG, Pessin JE, Saltiel AR. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation requires the CAP-dependent activation of TC10. Nature 410: 944-948, 2001.
10.1038/35073608
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
116 Cho ER, Shin A, Kim J, Jee SH, Sung J. Leisure-time physical activity is associated with a reduced risk for metabolic syndrome. Ann Epidemiol 19: 784-792, 2009.
10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.010
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
117 Cho YM, Youn BS, Chung SS, Kim KW, Lee HK, Yu KY, Park HJ, Shin HD, Park KS. Common genetic polymorphisms in the promoter of resistin gene are major determinants of plasma resistin concentrations in humans. Diabetologia 47: 559-565, 2004.
10.1007/s00125-003-1319-x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
118 Choi CS, Savage DB, Abu-Elheiga L, Liu Z-X, Kim S, Kulkarni A, Distefano A, Hwang Y-J, Reznick RM, Codella R, Zhang D, Cline GW, Wakil SJ, Shulman GI. Continuous fat oxidation in acetyl–CoA carboxylase 2 knockout mice increases total energy expenditure, reduces fat mass, and improves insulin sensitivity. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 104: 16480-16485, 2007.
10.1073/pnas.0706794104
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
119 Christ-Roberts CY, Pratipanawatr T, Pratipanawatr W, Berria R, Belfort R, Kashyap S, Mandarino LJ. Exercise training increases glycogen synthase activity and GLUT4 expression but not insulin signaling in overweight nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism 53: 1233-1242, 2004.
10.1016/j.metabol.2004.03.022
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
120 Chung J, Nguyen A-K, Henstridge DC, Holmes AG, Chan MHS, Mesa JL, Lancaster GI, Southgate RJ, Bruce CR, Duffy SJ, Horvath I, Mestril R, Watt MJ, Hooper PL, Kingwell BA, Vigh L, Hevener A, Febbraio MA. HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 105: 1739-1744, 2008.
10.1073/pnas.0705799105
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
121 Chung SS, Choi HH, Kim KW, Cho YM, Lee HK, Park KS. Regulation of human resistin gene expression in cell systems: An important role of stimulatory protein 1 interaction with a common promoter polymorphic site. Diabetologia 48: 1150-1158, 2005.
10.1007/s00125-005-1762-y
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
122 Church TS, Blair SN. When will we treat physical activity as a legitimate medical therapy … even though it does not come in a pill? Br J Sports Med 43: 80-81, 2009.
10.1136/bjsm.2008.053850
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
123 Churilla JR, Fitzhugh EC. Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and metabolic syndrome using varying definitions: 1999-2004 NHANES. Diab Vasc Dis Res 6: 100-109, 2009.
10.1177/1479164109336040
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
124 Cianflone K, Xia Z, Chen LY. Critical review of acylation-stimulating protein physiology in humans and rodents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1609: 127-143, 2003.
10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00686-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
125 Cipolletta D, Kolodin D, Benoist C, Mathis D. Tissular T(regs): A unique population of adipose-tissue-resident Foxp3+CD4+ T cells that impacts organismal metabolism. Semin Immunol 23: 431-437, 2011.
10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
126 Clevenger CM, Parker Jones P, Tanaka H, Seals DR, DeSouza CA. Decline in insulin action with age in endurance-trained humans. J Appl Physiol 93: 2105-2111, 2002.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
127 Coe NR, Bernlohr DA. Physiological properties and functions of intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1391: 287-306, 1998.
10.1016/S0005-2760(97)00205-1
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
128 Coker RH, Hays NP, Williams RH, Brown AD, Freeling SA, Kortebein PM, Sullivan DH, Starling RD, Evans WJ. Exercise-induced changes in insulin action and glycogen metabolism in elderly adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 433-438, 2006.
10.1249/01.mss.0000191417.48710.11
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
129 Comuzzie AG, Funahashi T, Sonnenberg G, Martin LJ, Jacob HJ, Black AEK, Maas D, Takahashi M, Kihara S, Tanaka S, Matsuzawa Y, Blangero J, Cohen D, Kissebah A. The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 4321-4325, 2001.
10.1210/jcem.86.9.7878
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
130 Copps KD, Hancer NJ, Opare-Ado L, Qiu W, Walsh C, White MF. Irs1 serine 307 promotes insulin sensitivity in mice. Cell Metab 11: 84-92, 2010.
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.11.003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
131 Cortez-Cooper MY, DeVan AE, Anton MM, Farrar RP, Beckwith KA, Todd JS, Tanaka H. Effects of high intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and wave reflection in women. Am J Hypertens 18: 930-934, 2005.
10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.01.008
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
132 Coskun T, Bina HA, Schneider MA, Dunbar JD, Hu CC, Chen Y, Moller DE, Kharitonenkov A. Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice. Endocrinology 149: 6018-6027, 2008.
10.1210/en.2008-0816
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
133 Cox JH, Cortright RN, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Effect of aging on response to exercise training in humans: Skeletal muscle GLUT-4 and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 86: 2019-2025, 1999.
10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.2019
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
134 Craig BW, Everhart J, Brown R. The influence of high-resistance training on glucose tolerance in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 49: 147-157, 1989.
10.1016/0047-6374(89)90098-5
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
135 Crimmins NA, Martin LJ. Polymorphisms in adiponectin receptor genes ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 and insulin resistance. Obesity Reviews 8: 419-423, 2007.
10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00348.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
136 Crowe S, Wu LE, Economou C, Turpin SM, Matzaris M, Hoehn KL, Hevener AL, James DE, Duh EJ, Watt MJ. Pigment epithelium-derived factor contributes to insulin resistance in obesity. Cell Metab 10: 40-47, 2009.
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.06.001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
137 Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26: 2977-2982, 2003.
10.2337/diacare.26.11.2977
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
138 Czech MP. The nature and regulation of the insulin receptor: Structure and function. Annu Rev Physiol 47: 357-381, 1985.
10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.002041
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
139 D'Aiuto F SW, Netuveli G, Donos N, Hingorani AD, Deanfield J, Tsakos G. Association of the metabolic syndrome with severe periodontitis in a large U.S. population-based syrvey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 3989-3994, 2008.
10.1210/jc.2007-2522
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
140 D'Alessandris C, Lauro R, Presta I, Sesti G. C-reactive protein induces phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 in L6 myocytes, thereby impairing the insulin signalling pathway that promotes glucose transport. Diabetologia 50: 840-849, 2007.
10.1007/s00125-006-0522-y
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
141 da Luz G, Frederico MJ, da Silva S, Vitto MF, Cesconetto PA, de Pinho RA, Pauli JR, Silva AS, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, De Souza CT. Endurance exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance and reticulum stress in adipose and hepatic tissue in obese rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 111: 2015-2023, 2011.
10.1007/s00421-010-1802-2
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
142 Daray LA, Henagan TM, Zanovec M, Earnest CP, Johnson LG, Winchester J, Tuuri G, Stewart LK. Endurance and resistance training lowers C-reactive protein in young, healthy females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 36: 660-670, 2011.
10.1139/h11-077
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
143 Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, Lee S, Lam M, Ross R. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 169: 122-131, 2009.
10.1001/archinternmed.2008.558
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
144 Davis JE, Gabler NK, Walker-Daniels J, Spurlock ME. Tlr-4 deficiency selectively protects against obesity induced by diets high in saturated fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16: 1248-1255, 2008.
10.1038/oby.2008.210
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
145 de Kloet AD, Krause EG, Kim D-H, Sakai RR, Seeley RJ, Woods SC. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition using captopril on energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology 150: 4114-4123, 2009.
10.1210/en.2009-0065
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
146 de Zeeuw D, Bakker SJ. Does the metabolic syndrome add to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5 (Suppl 1): S10-S14, 2008.
10.1038/ncpcardio1271
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
147 DeFronzo RA. Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: Beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 37: 667-687, 1988.
10.2337/diab.37.6.667
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
148 Defronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14: 173-194, 1991.
10.2337/diacare.14.3.173
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
149 DeFronzo RA, Sherwin RS, Kraemer N. Effect of physical training on insulin action in obesity. Diabetes 36: 1379-1385, 1987.
10.2337/diab.36.12.1379
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
150 Dela F, Handberg A, Mikines KJ, Vinten J, Galbo H. GLUT 4 and insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in trained human muscle. J Physiol 469: 615-624, 1993.
10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019833
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
151 Dela F, Kjaer M. Resistance training, insulin sensitivity and muscle function in the elderly. Essays Biochem 42: 75-88, 2006.
10.1042/bse0420075
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
152 Dela F, Larsen JJ, Mikines KJ, Ploug T, Petersen LN, Galbo H. Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose clearance in patients with NIDDM. Effects of one-legged physical training. Diabetes 44: 1010-1020, 1995.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
153 Dela F, Mikines KJ, von Linstow M, Secher NH, Galbo H. Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle. Am J Physiol 263: E1134-E1143, 1992.
10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.6.E1134
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
154 Dela F, Ploug T, Handberg A, Petersen LN, Larsen JJ, Mikines KJ, Galbo H. Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 43: 862-865, 1994.
10.2337/diab.43.7.862
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
155 Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 444: 881-887, 2006.
10.1038/nature05488
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
156 Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, Rodes-Cabau J, Bertrand OF, Poirier P. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28: 1039-1049, 2008.
10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.159228
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
157 Devaraj S, Dasu MR, Singh U, Rao LV, Jialal I. C-reactive protein stimulates superoxide anion release and tissue factor activity in vivo. Atherosclerosis 203: 67-74, 2009.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.060
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
158 Devaraj S, Singh U, Jialal I. Human C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol 20: 182-189, 2009.
10.1097/MOL.0b013e32832ac03e
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
159 Di Paola R, Frittitta L, Miscio G, Bozzali M, Baratta R, Centra M, Spampinato D, Santagati MG, Ercolino T, Cisternino C, Soccio T, Mastroianno S, Tassi V, Almgren P, Pizzuti A, Vigneri R, Trischitta V. A variation in 3′ UTR of hPTP1B increases specific gene expression and associates with insulin resistance. Am J Hum Genet 70: 806-812, 2002.
10.1086/339270
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
160 DiPietro L, Dziura J, Yeckel CW, Neufer PD. Exercise and improved insulin sensitivity in older women: Evidence of the enduring benefits of higher intensity training. J Appl Physiol 100: 142-149, 2006.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
161 Dobbins RL, Szczepaniak LS, Bentley B, Esser V, Myhill J, McGarry JD. Prolonged inhibition of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 promotes intramyocellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in rats. Diabetes 50: 123-130, 2001.
10.2337/diabetes.50.1.123
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
162 Dobrzyn A, Gorski J. Ceramides and sphingomyelins in skeletal muscles of the rat: Content and composition. Effect of prolonged exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E277-E285, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00151.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
163 Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 304-313, 2010.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b117ca
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
164 Dostalova I, Haluzikova D, Haluzik M. Fibroblast growth factor 21: A novel metabolic regulator with potential therapeutic properties in obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 58: 1-7, 2009.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
165 Dube JJ, Amati F, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Sauers SE, Goodpaster BH. Exercise-induced alterations in intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance: The athlete's paradox revisited. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294: E882-E888, 2008.
10.1152/ajpendo.00769.2007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
166 DuBose KD, Eisenmann JC, Donnelly JE. Aerobic fitness attenuates the metabolic syndrome score in normal-weight, at-risk-for-overweight, and overweight children. Pediatrics 120: e1262-e1268, 2007.
10.1542/peds.2007-0443
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
167 Dudek RW, Dohm GL, Holman GD, Cushman SW, Wilson CM. Glucose transporter localization in rat skeletal muscle. Autoradiographic study using ATB-(2-3H]BMPA photolabel. FEBS Lett 339: 205-208, 1994.
10.1016/0014-5793(94)80416-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
168 Duffaut C, Galitzky J, Lafontan M, Bouloumie A. Unexpected trafficking of immune cells within the adipose tissue during the onset of obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 384: 482-485, 2009.
10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
169 Duffaut C, Zakaroff-Girard A, Bourlier V, Decaunes P, Maumus M, Chiotasso P, Sengenes C, Lafontan M, Galitzky J, Bouloumie A. Interplay between human adipocytes and T lymphocytes in obesity: CCL20 as an adipochemokine and T lymphocytes as lipogenic modulators. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29: 1608-1614, 2009.
10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.192583
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
170 Duncan GE, Perri MG, Theriaque DW, Hutson AD, Eckel RH, Stacpoole PW. Exercise training, without weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Diabetes Care 26: 557-562, 2003.
10.2337/diacare.26.3.557
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
171 Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25: 1729-1736, 2002.
10.2337/diacare.25.10.1729
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
172 Ebeling P, Bourey R, Koranyi L, Tuominen JA, Groop LC, Henriksson J, Mueckler M, Sovijarvi A, Koivisto VA. Mechanism of enhanced insulin sensitivity in athletes. Increased blood flow, muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT-4) concentration, and glycogen synthase activity. J Clin Invest 92: 1623-1631, 1993.
10.1172/JCI116747
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
173 Egawa K, Maegawa H, Shimizu S, Morino K, Nishio Y, Bryer-Ash M, Cheung AT, Kolls JK, Kikkawa R, Kashiwagi A. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B negatively regulates insulin signaling in L6 myocytes and fao hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 276: 10207-10211, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.M009489200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
174 Ehses JA, Lacraz G, Giroix M-H, Schmidlin F, Coulaud J, Kassis N, Irminger J-C, Kergoat M, Portha B, Homo-Delarche F, Donath MY. IL-1 antagonism reduces hyperglycemia and tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 106: 13998-14003, 2009.
10.1073/pnas.0810087106
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
175 Ekelund U, Brage Sr, Franks PW, Hennings S, Emms S, Wareham NJ. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians. Diabetes Care 28: 1195-1200, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.5.1195
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
176 Elchebly M, Payette P, Michaliszyn E, Cromlish W, Collins S, Loy AL, Normandin D, Cheng A, Himms-Hagen J, Chan C-C, Ramachandran C, Gresser MJ, Tremblay ML, Kennedy BP. Increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance in mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene. Science 283: 1544-1548, 1999.
10.1126/science.283.5407.1544
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
177 Elias CF, Aschkenasi C, Lee C, Kelly J, Ahima RS, Bjorbaek C, Flier JS, Saper CB, Elmquist JK. Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area. Neuron 23: 775-786, 1999.
10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80035-0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
178 Ellis L, Morgan DO, Koshland DE, Jr., Clauser E, Moe GR, Bollag G, Roth RA, Rutter WJ. Linking functional domains of the human insulin receptor with the bacterial aspartate receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83: 8137-8141, 1986.
10.1073/pnas.83.21.8137
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
179 Elmquist JK, Elias CF, Saper CB. From lesions to leptin: Hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight. Neuron 22: 221-232, 1999.
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81084-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
180 Eriksson J, Taimela S, Koivisto VA. Exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 40: 125-135, 1997.
10.1007/s001250050653
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
181 Ernst MC, Issa M, Goralski KB, Sinal CJ. Chemerin exacerbates glucose intolerance in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Endocrinology 151: 1998-2007, 2010.
10.1210/en.2009-1098
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
182 Ervin RB. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults 20 Years of Age and Over, by Sex, Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Body Mass Index: United States, 2003-2006. National Health Statistics Report. Hyattsville, MD, 2009.

Google Scholar
183 Evans EM, Van Pelt RE, Binder EF, Williams DB, Ehsani AA, Kohrt WM. Effects of HRT and exercise training on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women. J Appl Physiol 90: 2033-2040, 2001.
10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2033
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
184 Fagerholm S, Ortegren U, Karlsson M, Ruishalme I, Stralfors P. Rapid insulin-dependent endocytosis of the insulin receptor by caveolae in primary adipocytes. PLoS ONE 4: e5985, 2009.
10.1371/journal.pone.0005985
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
185 Falasca M, Hughes WE, Dominguez V, Sala G, Fostira F, Fang MQ, Cazzolli R, Shepherd PR, James DE, Maffucci T. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2α in insulin signaling. J Biol Chem 282: 28226-28236, 2007.
10.1074/jbc.M704357200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
186 Famulla S, Lamers D, Hartwig S, Passlack W, Horrighs A, Cramer A, Lehr S, Sell H, Eckel J. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is one of the most abundant proteins secreted by human adipocytes and induces insulin resistance and inflammatory signaling in muscle and fat cells. Int J Obes (Lond) 35: 762-772, 2010.
10.1038/ijo.2010.212
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
187 Farese RV, Sajan MP, Standaert ML. Atypical protein kinase C in insulin action and insulin resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 33: 350-353, 2005.
10.1042/BST0330350
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
188 Farese RV, Sajan MP, Yang H, Li P, Mastorides S, Gower WR, Jr., Nimal S, Choi CS, Kim S, Shulman GI, Kahn CR, Braun U, Leitges M. Muscle-specific knockout of PKC-lambda impairs glucose transport and induces metabolic and diabetic syndromes. J Clin Invest 117: 2289-2301, 2007.
10.1172/JCI31408
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
189 Farrell SW, Cheng YJ, Blair SN. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome across cardiorespiratory fitness levels in women. Obes Res 12: 824-830, 2004.
10.1038/oby.2004.99
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
190 Febbraio MA, Koukoulas I. HSP72 gene expression progressively increases in human skeletal muscle during prolonged, exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol 89: 1055-1060, 2000.
10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1055
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
191 Febbraio MA, Steensberg A, Walsh R, Koukoulas I, van Hall G, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Reduced glycogen availability is associated with an elevation in HSP72 in contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 538: 911-917, 2002.
10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013145
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
192 Fenicchia LM, Kanaley JA, Azevedo JL, Jr., Miller CS, Weinstock RS, Carhart RL, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Influence of resistance exercise training on glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 53: 284-289, 2004.
10.1016/j.metabol.2003.10.007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
193 Ferder L, Inserra F, Martinez-Maldonado M. Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress. Curr Hypertens Rep 8: 191-198, 2006.
10.1007/s11906-006-0050-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
194 Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern MP. Hyperinsulinaemia: The key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34: 416-422, 1991.
10.1007/BF00403180
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
195 Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61: 480-487, 2006.
10.1093/gerona/61.5.480
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
196 Festa A, D'Agostino R, Jr., Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102: 42-47, 2000.
10.1161/01.CIR.102.1.42
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
197 Finley CE, LaMonte MJ, Waslien CI, Barlow CE, Blair SN, Nichaman MZ. Cardiorespiratory fitness, macronutrient intake, and the metabolic syndrome: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 673-679, 2006.
10.1016/j.jada.2006.02.012
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
198 Fleischman A, Shoelson SE, Bernier R, Goldfine AB. Salsalate improves glycemia and inflammatory parameters in obese young adults. Diabetes Care 31: 289-294, 2008.
10.2337/dc07-1338
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
199 Flores MB, Fernandes MF, Ropelle ER, Faria MC, Ueno M, Velloso LA, Saad MJ, Carvalheira JB. Exercise improves insulin and leptin sensitivity in hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Diabetes 55: 2554-2561, 2006.
10.2337/db05-1622
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
200 Flynn MG, McFarlin BK. Toll-like receptor 4: Link to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 34: 176-181, 2006.
10.1249/01.jes.0000240027.22749.14
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
201 Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 28: 2745-2749, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.11.2745
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
202 Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. Adults. Diabetes Care 27: 2444-2449, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.10.2444
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
203 Ford ES, Kohl HW, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults[ast][ast]. Obesity 13: 608-614, 2005.
10.1038/oby.2005.65
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
204 Ford ES, Li C, Sattar N. Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: Current state of the evidence. Diabetes Care 31: 1898-1904, 2008.
10.2337/dc08-0423
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
205 Foster DW. Insulin resistance–a secret killer? N Engl J Med 320: 733-734, 1989.
10.1056/NEJM198903163201111
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
206 Franks PW, Ekelund U, Brage Sr, Wong M-Y, Wareham NJ. Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness? Diabetes Care 27: 1187-1193, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.5.1187
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
207 Fresno M, Alvarez R, Cuesta N. Toll-like receptors, inflammation, metabolism and obesity. Arch Physiol Biochem 117: 151-164, 2011.
10.3109/13813455.2011.562514
CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
208 Friedman JE, Dohm GL, Leggett-Frazier N, Elton CW, Tapscott EB, Pories WP, Caro JF. Restoration of insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle of morbidly obese patients after weight loss. Effect on muscle glucose transport and glucose transporter GLUT4. J Clin Invest 89: 701-705, 1992.
10.1172/JCI115638
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
209 Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395: 763-770, 1998.
10.1038/27376
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
210 Frøsig C, Jørgensen SB, Hardie DG, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase activity and protein expression are regulated by endurance training in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E411-E417, 2004.
10.1152/ajpendo.00317.2003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
211 Frosig C, Rose AJ, Treebak JT, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JF. Effects of endurance exercise training on insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle: Interactions at the level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160. Diabetes 56: 2093-2102, 2007.
10.2337/db06-1698
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
212 Fruebis J, Tsao T-S, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MRS, Yen FT, Bihain BE, Lodish HF. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 98: 2005-2010, 2001.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
213 Fruman DA, Cantley LC, Carpenter CL. Structural organization and alternative splicing of the murine phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85 alpha gene. Genomics 37: 113-121, 1996.
10.1006/geno.1996.0527
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
214 Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, Matsuki Y, Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Murakami H, Watanabe E, Takagi T, Akiyoshi M, Ohtsubo T, Kihara S, Yamashita S, Makishima M, Funahashi T, Yamanaka S, Hiramatsu R, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visfatin: A protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science 307: 426-430, 2005.
10.1126/science.1097243
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
215 Furuhashi M, Tuncman G, Gorgun CZ, Makowski L, Atsumi G, Vaillancourt E, Kono K, Babaev VR, Fazio S, Linton MF, Sulsky R, Robl JA, Parker RA, Hotamisligil GS. Treatment of diabetes and atherosclerosis by inhibiting fatty-acid-binding protein aP2. Nature 447: 959-965, 2007.
10.1038/nature05844
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
216 Gaidhu MP, Perry RL, Noor F, Ceddia RB. Disruption of AMPKalpha1 signaling prevents AICAR-induced inhibition of AS160/TBC1D4 phosphorylation and glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 24: 1434-1440, 2010.
10.1210/me.2009-0502
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
217 Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Med 119: 812-819, 2006.
10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.031
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
218 Galluzzo A, Amato MC, Giordano C. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18: 511-518, 2008.
10.1016/j.numecd.2008.05.004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
219 Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, Montori VM. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 403-414, 2007.
10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
220 Garvey WT, Maianu L, Hancock JA, Golichowski AM, Baron A. Gene expression of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant patients with obesity, IGT, GDM, and NIDDM. Diabetes 41: 465-475, 1992.
10.2337/diab.41.4.465
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
221 Garvey WT, Maianu L, Zhu JH, Brechtel-Hook G, Wallace P, Baron AD. Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 101: 2377-2386, 1998.
10.1172/JCI1557
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
222 Geering B, Cutillas PR, Vanhaesebroeck B. Regulation of class IA PI3Ks: Is there a role for monomeric PI3K subunits? Biochem Soc Trans 035: 199-203, 2007.
10.1042/BST0350199
CASGoogle Scholar
223 Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol 11: 607-615, 2011.
10.1038/nri3041
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
224 Goldfine AB, Silver R, Aldhahi W, Cai D, Tatro E, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Clin Transl Sci 1: 36-43, 2008.
10.1111/j.1752-8062.2008.00026.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
225 Goldstein BJ, Mahadev K, Wu X, Zhu L, Motoshima H. Role of insulin-induced reactive oxygen species in the insulin signaling pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 7: 1021-1031, 2005.
10.1089/ars.2005.7.1021
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
226 Goodpaster BH, He J, Watkins S, Kelley DE. Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: Evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 5755-5761, 2001.
10.1210/jcem.86.12.8075
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
227 Goodpaster BH, Katsiaras A, Kelley DE. Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 52: 2191-2197, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2191
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
228 Goodyear LJ. The exercise pill - too good to be true? N Engl J Med 359: 1842-1844, 2008.
10.1056/NEJMcibr0806723
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
229 Goossens GH. The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol Behav 94: 206-218, 2008.
10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.010
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
230 Goralski KB, McCarthy TC, Hanniman EA, Zabel BA, Butcher EC, Parlee SD, Muruganandan S, Sinal CJ. Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J Biol Chem 282: 28175-28188, 2007.
10.1074/jbc.M700793200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
231 Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 83: 157-175, 2009.
10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.024
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
232 Gordon S, Martinez FO. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity 32: 593-604, 2010.
10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
233 Gotto AM, Jr., Blackburn GL, Dailey GE, III, Garber AJ, Grundy SM, Sobel BE, Weir MR. The metabolic syndrome: A call to action. Coron Artery Dis 17: 77-80, 2006.
10.1097/00019501-200602000-00013
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
234 Graham TE, Yang Q, Bluher M, Hammarstedt A, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Wason CJ, Oberbach A, Jansson P-A, Smith U, Kahn BB. Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects. N Engl J Med 354: 2552-2563, 2006.
10.1056/NEJMoa054862
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
235 Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Thematic review series: Adipocyte biology. Adipocyte stress: The endoplasmic reticulum and metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 48: 1905-1914, 2007.
10.1194/jlr.R700007-JLR200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
236 Gregor MF, Yang L, Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Eagon JC, Hotamisligil GS, Klein S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is reduced in tissues of obese subjects after weight loss. Diabetes 58: 693-700, 2009.
10.2337/db08-1220
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
237 Grimditch GK, Barnard RJ, Hendricks L, Weitzman D. Peripheral insulin sensitivity as modified by diet and exercise training. Am J Clin Nutr 48: 38-43, 1988.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
238 Grimditch GK, Barnard RJ, Sternlicht E, Whitson RH, Kaplan SA. Effect of diet on insulin binding and glucose transport in rat sarcolemmal vesicles. Am J Physiol 252: E420-E425, 1987.
10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.3.E420
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
239 Grundy SM. Point: The metabolic syndrome still lives. Clin Chem 51: 1352-1354, 2005.
10.1373/clinchem.2005.050989
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
240 Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Jr, Lenfant C, and for the Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation 109: 433-438, 2004.
10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
241 Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Jr., Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112: 2735-2752, 2005.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
242 Gum RJ, Gaede LL, Koterski SL, Heindel M, Clampit JE, Zinker BA, Trevillyan JM, Ulrich RG, Jirousek MR, Rondinone CM. Reduction of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B increases insulin-dependent signaling in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 52: 21-28, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.1.21
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
243 Guo S, Copps KD, Dong X, Park S, Cheng Z, Pocai A, Rossetti L, Sajan M, Farese RV, White MF. The Irs1 branch of the insulin signaling cascade plays a dominant role in hepatic nutrient homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 29: 5070-5083, 2009.
10.1128/MCB.00138-09
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
244 Gupte AA, Bomhoff GL, Swerdlow RH, Geiger PC. Heat treatment improves glucose tolerance and prevents skeletal muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes 58: 567-578, 2009.
10.2337/db08-1070
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
245 Gupte AA, Bomhoff GL, Touchberry CD, Geiger PC. Acute heat treatment improves insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in aged skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 110: 451-457, 2011.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2010
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
246 Gustafson TA, He W, Craparo A, Schaub CD, O'Neill TJ. Phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction of SHC and insulin receptor substrate 1 with the NPEY motif of the insulin receptor via a novel non-SH2 domain. Mol Cell Biol 15: 2500-2508, 1995.
10.1128/MCB.15.5.2500
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
247 Gustavsson J, Parpal S, Karlsson M, Ramsing C, Thorn H, Borg M, Lindroth M, Peterson KH, Magnusson KE, Stralfors P. Localization of the insulin receptor in caveolae of adipocyte plasma membrane. FASEB J 13: 1961-1971, 1999.
10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1961
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
248 Haffner SM, Katz MS, Dunn JF. Increased upper body and overall adiposity is associated with decreased sex hormone binding globulin in postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 15: 471-478, 1991.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
249 Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41: 715-722, 1992.
10.2337/diab.41.6.715
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
250 Haider DG, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Artwohl M, Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Prager G, Roden M, Wolzt M. Free fatty acids normalize a rosiglitazone-induced visfatin release. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E885-E890, 2006.
10.1152/ajpendo.00109.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
251 Halldin M, Rosell M, de Faire U, Hellénius ML. The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and association to leisure-time and work-related physical activity in 60-year-old men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17: 349-357, 2007.
10.1016/j.numecd.2006.01.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
252 Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med 143: 722-728, 2005.
10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
253 Han DH, Hancock CR, Jung SR, Higashida K, Kim SH, Holloszy JO. Deficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in muscle does not cause insulin resistance. PLoS ONE 6: e19739, 2011.
10.1371/journal.pone.0019739
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
254 Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E, Chantepie S, Bruckert E, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 4963-4971, 2004.
10.1210/jc.2004-0305
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
255 Hansen PA, Gulve EA, Marshall BA, Gao J, Pessin J, Holloszy JO, Mueckler M. Skeletal muscle glucose transport and metabolism are enhanced in transgenic mice overexpressing the Glut4 glucose transporter. J Biol Chem 270: 1679-1684, 1995.
10.1074/jbc.270.5.1679
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
256 Hara K, Boutin P, Mori Y, Tobe K, Dina C, Yasuda K, Yamauchi T, Otabe S, Okada T, Eto K, Kadowaki H, Hagura R, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Taniyama M, Matsubara K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Kimura S, Tomita M, Ito C, Froguel P, Kadowaki T. Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Diabetes 51: 536-540, 2002.
10.2337/diabetes.51.2.536
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
257 Hassinen M, Lakka TA, Savonen K, Litmanen H, Kiviaho L, Laaksonen DE, Komulainen P, Rauramaa R. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a feature of metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Diabetes Care 31: 1242-1247, 2008.
10.2337/dc07-2298
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
258 Haunerland NH, Spener F. Fatty acid-binding proteins–insights from genetic manipulations. Prog Lipid Res 43: 328-349, 2004.
10.1016/j.plipres.2004.05.001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
259 Hawley JA, Holloszy JO. Exercise: It's the real thing! Nutr Rev 67: 172-178, 2009.
10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00185.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
260 Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Owen N. Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose. Diabetes Care 30: 1384-1389, 2007.
10.2337/dc07-0114
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
261 Heath GW, Gavin JR, III,, Hinderliter JM, Hagberg JM, Bloomfield SA, Holloszy JO. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 55: 512-517, 1983.
10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.512
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
262 Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Vieira VJ, Iwamoto GA, Wilund KR, Woods JA, Fernhall B. C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R1098-R1105, 2009.
10.1152/ajpregu.90936.2008
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
263 Hein TW, Singh U, Vasquez-Vivar J, Devaraj S, Kuo L, Jialal I. Human C-reactive protein induces endothelial dysfunction and uncoupling of eNOS in vivo. Atherosclerosis 206: 61-68, 2009.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
264 Heitmeier MR, Arnush M, Scarim AL, Corbett JA. Pancreatic beta-cell damage mediated by beta-cell production of interleukin-1. A novel mechanism for virus-induced diabetes. J Biol Chem 276: 11151-11158, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.M009159200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
265 Helge JW, Dobrzyn A, Saltin B, Gorski J. Exercise and training effects on ceramide metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 89: 119-127, 2004.
10.1113/expphysiol.2003.002605
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
266 Helledie T, Antonius M, Sorensen RV, Hertzel AV, Bernlohr DA, Kolvraa S, Kristiansen K, Mandrup S. Lipid-binding proteins modulate ligand-dependent trans-activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and localize to the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. J Lipid Res 41: 1740-1751, 2000.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
267 Hevener AL, Olefsky JM, Reichart D, Nguyen MT, Bandyopadyhay G, Leung HY, Watt MJ, Benner C, Febbraio MA, Nguyen AK, Folian B, Subramaniam S, Gonzalez FJ, Glass CK, Ricote M. Macrophage PPAR gamma is required for normal skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity and full antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinediones. J Clin Invest 117: 1658-1669, 2007.
10.1172/JCI31561
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
268 Higaki Y, Wojtaszewski JF, Hirshman MF, Withers DJ, Towery H, White MF, Goodyear LJ. Insulin receptor substrate-2 is not necessary for insulin- and exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 274: 20791-20795, 1999.
10.1074/jbc.274.30.20791
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
269 Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420: 333-336, 2002.
10.1038/nature01137
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
270 Hojman P, Dethlefsen C, Brandt C, Hansen J, Pedersen L, Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced muscle-derived cytokines inhibit mammary cancer cell growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301: E504-E510, 2011.
10.1152/ajpendo.00520.2010
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
271 Holland WL, Brozinick JT, Wang LP, Hawkins ED, Sargent KM, Liu Y, Narra K, Hoehn KL, Knotts TA, Siesky A, Nelson DH, Karathanasis SK, Fontenot GK, Birnbaum MJ, Summers SA. Inhibition of ceramide synthesis ameliorates glucocorticoid-, saturated-fat-, and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 5: 167-179, 2007.
10.1016/j.cmet.2007.01.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
272 Holland WL, Summers SA. Sphingolipids, insulin resistance, and metabolic disease: New insights from in vivo manipulation of sphingolipid metabolism. Endocr Rev 29: 381-402, 2008.
10.1210/er.2007-0025
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
273 Hollenbeck CB, Haskell W, Rosenthal M, Reaven GM. Effect of habitual physical activity on regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in older males. J Am Geriatr Soc 33: 273-277, 1985.
10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07116.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
274 Holloway GP, Chou CJ, Lally J, Stellingwerff T, Maher AC, Gavrilova O, Haluzik M, Alkhateeb H, Reitman ML, Bonen A. Increasing skeletal muscle fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) targets fatty acids to oxidation and does not predispose mice to diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetologia 54: 1457-1467, 2011.
10.1007/s00125-011-2114-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
275 Holme I, Tonstad S, Sogaard A, Larsen P, Haheim L. Leisure time physical activity in middle age predicts the metabolic syndrome in old age: Results of a 28-year follow-up of men in the Oslo study. BMC Public Health 7: 154, 2007.
10.1186/1471-2458-7-154
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
276 Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Dela F. Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53: 294-305, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.2.294
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
277 Hood MS, Little JP, Tarnopolsky MA, Myslik F, Gibala MJ. Low-volume interval training improves muscle oxidative capacity in sedentary adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43: 1849-1856, 2011.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182199834
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
278 Hopps E, Canino B, Caimi G. Effects of exercise on inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Acta diabetologica 48: 183-189, 2011.
10.1007/s00592-011-0278-9
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
279 Hori H, Sasaoka T, Ishihara H, Wada T, Murakami S, Ishiki M, Kobayashi M. Association of SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 2 with the insulin resistance of diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes 51: 2387-2394, 2002.
10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2387
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
280 Hotamisligil GS. The role of TNF-alpha and TNF receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. J Internal Medicine 245: 621-625, 1999.
10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00490.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
281 Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease. Cell 140: 900-917, 2010.
10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
282 Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95: 2409-2415, 1995.
10.1172/JCI117936
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
283 Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray D, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. Central role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Invest 94: 1543-1549, 1994.
10.1172/JCI117495
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
284 Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271: 665-668, 1996.
10.1126/science.271.5249.665
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
285 Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259: 87-91, 1993.
10.1126/science.7678183
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
286 Houmard JA, Egan PC, Neufer PD, Friedman JE, Wheeler WS, Israel RG, Dohm GL. Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men. J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 261: E437-E443, 1991.
10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.4.E437
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
287 Houmard JA, Hortobagyi T, Neufer PD, Johns RA, Fraser DD, Israel RG, Dohm GL. Training cessation does not alter GLUT-4 protein levels in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 74: 776-781, 1993.
10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.776
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
288 Houmard JA, Shaw CD, Hickey MS, Tanner CJ. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin-stimulated PI 3- kinase activity in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 277: E1055-E1060, 1999.
10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.6.E1055
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
289 Houmard JA, Shinebarger MH, Dolan PL, Leggett-Frazier N, Bruner RK, McCammon MR, Israel RG, Dohm GL. Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men. Am J Physiol 264: E896-E901, 1993.
10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.6.E896
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
290 Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Kraus WE. Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 96: 101-106, 2004.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
291 Houmard JA, Tyndall GL, Midyette JB, Hickey MS, Dolan PL, Gavigan KE, Weidner ML, Dohm GL. Effect of reduced training and training cessation on insulin action and muscle GLUT-4. J Appl Physiol 81: 1162-1168, 1996.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
292 Howard JK, Cave BJ, Oksanen LJ, Tzameli I, Bjorbaek C, Flier JS. Enhanced leptin sensitivity and attenuation of diet-induced obesity in mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs3. Nat Med 10: 734-738, 2004.
10.1038/nm1072
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
293 Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 271: 10697-10703, 1996.
10.1074/jbc.271.18.10697
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
294 Huang CJ, Lin CY, Haataja L, Gurlo T, Butler AE, Rizza RA, Butler PC. High expression rates of human islet amyloid polypeptide induce endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated beta-cell apoptosis, a characteristic of humans with type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 56: 2016-2027, 2007.
10.2337/db07-0197
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
295 Hubbard S, Wei L, Ellis l, Hendrickson W. Crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor. Nature 372: 746-754, 1994.
10.1038/372746a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
296 Hubbard SR. Crystal structure of the activated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in complex with peptide substrate and ATP analog. EMBO J 16: 5572-5581, 1997.
10.1093/emboj/16.18.5572
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
297 Huber J, Kiefer FW, Zeyda M, Ludvik B, Silberhumer GR, Prager G, Zlabinger GJ, Stulnig TM. CC chemokine and CC chemokine receptor profiles in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 3215-3221, 2008.
10.1210/jc.2007-2630
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
298 Huber K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (part two): Role for failure of thrombolytic therapy. PAI-1 resistance as a potential benefit for new fibrinolytic agents. J Thromb Thrombolysis 11: 195-202, 2001.
10.1023/A:1011952602122
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
299 Hughes VA, Fiatarone MA, Fielding RA, Kahn BB, Ferrara CM, Shepherd P, Fisher EC, Wolfe RR, Elahi D, Evans WJ. Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol 264: E855-E862, 1993.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
300 Hung J, McQuillan BM, Thompson PL, Beilby JP. Circulating adiponectin levels associate with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome independent of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 32: 772-779, 2008.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803793
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
301 Hurley BF, Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP, Seals DR, Ehsani AA, Brennan RE, Holloszy JO. Resistive training can reduce coronary risk factors without altering VO2max or percent body fat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20: 150-154, 1988.
10.1249/00005768-198820020-00008
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
302 Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia-Unciti M, Idoate F, Gorostiaga EM. Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28: 662-667, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.3.662
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
303 IDF. Worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. http://www.idf.org, 2005.

Google Scholar
304 Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindström J, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Hämäläinen H, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Valle TT, Lahtela J, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish diabetes prevention study. Diabetes Care 31: 805-807, 2008.
10.2337/dc07-1117
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
305 Ilanne-Parikka P, Laaksonen DE, Eriksson JG, Lakka TA, Lindstr J, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J. Leisure-time physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in the Finnish diabetes prevention study. Diabetes Care 33: 1610-1617, 2010.
10.2337/dc09-2155
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
306 Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE, Mayer-Davis EJ, Addy CL, Pate RR, Durstine JL. Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes Res 10: 1030-1037, 2002.
10.1038/oby.2002.140
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
307 Ishihara H, Sasaoka T, Kagawa S, Murakami S, Fukui K, Kawagishi Y, Yamazaki K, Sato A, Iwata M, Urakaze M, Ishiki M, Wada T, Yaguchi S, Tsuneki H, Kimura I, Kobayashi M. Association of the polymorphisms in the 5′-untranslated region of PTEN gene with type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population. FEBS Lett 554: 450-454, 2003.
10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01225-0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
308 Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care 21: 1353-1355, 1998.
10.2337/diacare.21.8.1353
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
309 Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24: 683-689, 2001.
10.2337/diacare.24.4.683
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
310 Itani SI, Ruderman NB, Schmieder F, Boden G. Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and IκB-α. Diabetes 51: 2005-2011, 2002.
10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
311 Izumiya Y, Bina HA, Ouchi N, Akasaki Y, Kharitonenkov A, Walsh K. FGF21 is an Akt-regulated myokine. FEBS Lett 582: 3805-3810, 2008.
10.1016/j.febslet.2008.10.021
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
312 Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M, Tu JV. Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 288: 462-467, 2002.
10.1001/jama.288.4.462
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
313 Jacob S, Machann J, Rett K, Brechtel K, Volk A, Renn W, Maerker E, Matthaei S, Schick F, Claussen C-D, Haring H-U. Association of increased intramyocellular lipid content with insulin resistance in lean nondiabetic offspring of tpe 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes 48: 1113-1119, 1999.
10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1113
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
314 JeBailey L, Rudich A, Huang X, Ciano-Oliveira CD, Kapus A, Klip A. Skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes differ in their reliance on TC10 and Rac for insulin-induced actin remodeling. Mol Endocrinol 18: 359-372, 2004.
10.1210/me.2003-0294
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
315 Jeppesen J, Mogensen M, Prats C, Sahlin K, Madsen K, Kiens B. FAT/CD36 is localized in sarcolemma and in vesicle-like structures in subsarcolemma regions but not in mitochondria. J Lipid Res 51: 1504-1512, 2010.
10.1194/jlr.M003756
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
316 Johnson JL, Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Samsa GP, Duscha BD, Aiken LB, McCartney JS, Tanner CJ, Kraus WE. Exercise training amount and intensity effects on metabolic syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise). Am J Cardiol 100: 1759-1766, 2007.
10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.027
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
317 Joost HG, Thorens B. The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: Nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review). Mol Membr Biol 18: 247-256, 2001.
10.1080/09687680110090456
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
318 Jung HS, Park KH, Cho YM, Chung SS, Cho HJ, Cho SY, Kim SJ, Kim SY, Lee HK, Park KS. Resistin is secreted from macrophages in atheromas and promotes atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 69: 76-85, 2006.
10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.09.015
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
319 Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Barlow CE, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 1849-1855, 2005.
10.1249/01.mss.0000175865.17614.74
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
320 Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Church TS, Earnest CP, Fitzgerald SJ, Barlow CE, Jordan AN, Kampert JB, Blair SN. Associations of muscle strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1301-1307, 2004.
10.1249/01.MSS.0000135780.88930.A9
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
321 Kaburagi Y, Yamamoto-Honda R, Tobe K, Ueki K, Yachi M, Akanuma Y, Stephens R, Kaplan D, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T. The role of the NPXY motif in the insulin receptor in tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and Shc. Endocrinology 136: 3437-3443, 1995.
10.1210/endo.136.8.7543044
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
322 Kaczocha M, Vivieca S, Sun J, Glaser ST, Deutsch DG. Fatty acid binding proteins transport N-acylethanolamines to nuclear receptors and are targets of endocannabinoid transport inhibitors. J Biol Chem 287: 3415-3424, 2011.
10.1074/jbc.M111.304907
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
323 Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 26: 439-451, 2005.
10.1210/er.2005-0005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
324 Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 116: 1784-1792, 2006.
10.1172/JCI29126
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
325 Kagawa S, Soeda Y, Ishihara H, Oya T, Sasahara M, Yaguchi S, Oshita R, Wada T, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T. Impact of transgenic overexpression of SH2-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase 2 on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in mice. Endocrinology 149: 642-650, 2008.
10.1210/en.2007-0820
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
326 Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: Time for a critical appraisal: Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 28: 2289-2304, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.9.2289
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
327 Kalmijn S, Foley D, White L, Burchfiel CM, Curb JD, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Launer LJ. Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in japanese- american elderly men: The honolulu-asia aging study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2255-2260, 2000.
10.1161/01.ATV.20.10.2255
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
328 Kamei N, Tobe K, Suzuki R, Ohsugi M, Watanabe T, Kubota N, Ohtsuka-Kowatari N, Kumagai K, Sakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Yamauchi T, Ueki K, Oishi Y, Nishimura S, Manabe I, Hashimoto H, Ohnishi Y, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Tsunoda M, Ide T, Murakami K, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in adipose tissues causes macrophage recruitment and insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 281: 26602-26614, 2006.
10.1074/jbc.M601284200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
329 Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 116: 1494-1505, 2006.
10.1172/JCI26498
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
330 Kane S, Sano H, Liu SC, Asara JM, Lane WS, Garner CC, Lienhard GE. A method to identify serine kinase substrates. Akt phosphorylates a novel adipocyte protein with a Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain. J Biol Chem 277: 22115-22118, 2002.
10.1074/jbc.C200198200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
331 Kanzaki M, Mora S, Hwang JB, Saltiel AR, Pessin JE. Atypical protein kinase C (PKCzeta/lambda) is a convergent downstream target of the insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and TC10 signaling pathways. J Cell Biol 164: 279-290, 2004.
10.1083/jcb.200306152
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
332 Kanzaki M, Watson RT, Khan AH, Pessin JE. Insulin stimulates actin comet tails on intracellular GLUT4-containing compartments in differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 276: 49331-49336, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.M109657200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
333 Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 149: 1514-1520, 1989.
10.1001/archinte.1989.00390070054005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
334 Karlsson HK, Zierath JR, Kane S, Krook A, Lienhard GE, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the Akt substrate AS160 is impaired in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes 54: 1692-1697, 2005.
10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1692
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
335 Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1563-1569, 2005.
10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
336 Katz EB, Stenbit AE, Hatton K, DePinho R, Charron MJ. Cardiac and adipose tissue abnormalities but not diabetes in mice deficient in GLUT4. Nature 377: 151-155, 1995.
10.1038/377151a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
337 Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 164: 1092-1097, 2004.
10.1001/archinte.164.10.1092
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
338 Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Janssen I, Ross R, Blair SN. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality. Diabetes Care 28: 391-397, 2005.
10.2337/diacare.28.2.391
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
339 Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Ross R, Church TS, Blair SN. The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome: Prospective analyses of mortality in men. Diabetes Care 29: 404-409, 2006.
10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1636
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
340 Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: Evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 1703-1709, 2003.
10.1249/01.MSS.0000089337.73244.9B
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
341 Kaur J, Adya R, Tan BK, Chen J, Randeva HS. Identification of chemerin receptor (ChemR23) in human endothelial cells: Chemerin-induced endothelial angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391: 1762-1768, 2010.
10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.150
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
342 Kavanaugh WM, Williams LT. An alternative to SH2 domains for binding tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Science 266: 1862-1865, 1994.
10.1126/science.7527937
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
343 Kawamoto R, Kohara K, Tabara Y, Miki T. An association between metabolic syndrome and the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Intern Med 47: 1399-1406, 2008.
10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1202
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
344 Kawanishi N, Yano H, Yokogawa Y, Suzuki K. Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exerc Immunol Rev 16: 105-118, 2010.

PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
345 Keaney JF, Jr., Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PWF, Lipinska I, Corey D, Massaro JM, Sutherland P, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ. Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: Clinical correlates of oxidative stress in The Framingham Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 434-439, 2003.
10.1161/01.ATV.0000058402.34138.11
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
346 Kelly KR, Blaszczak A, Haus JM, Patrick-Melin A, Fealy CE, Solomon TPJ, Kalinski MI, Kirwan JP. A 7-d exercise program increases high–molecular weight adiponectin in obese adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 69-74, 2012.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e318228bf85
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
347 Kemmler W, Von Stengel S, Engelke K, Kalender WA. Exercise decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome in elderly females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 297-305, 2009.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818844b7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
348 Khan AH, Capilla E, Hou JC, Watson RT, Smith JR, Pessin JE. Entry of newly synthesized GLUT4 into the insulin-responsive storage compartment is dependent upon both the amino terminus and the large cytoplasmic loop. J Biol Chem 279: 37505-37511, 2004.
10.1074/jbc.M405694200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
349 Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, Ford AM, Micanovic R, Galbreath EJ, Sandusky GE, Hammond LJ, Moyers JS, Owens RA, Gromada J, Brozinick JT, Hawkins ED, Wroblewski VJ, Li DS, Mehrbod F, Jaskunas SR, Shanafelt AB. FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest 115: 1627-1635, 2005.
10.1172/JCI23606
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
350 Kiens B, Kristiansen S, Jensen P, Richter EA, Turcotte LP. Membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) in human skeletal muscle is increased by endurance training. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 463-465, 1997.
10.1006/bbrc.1997.6118
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
351 Kim JY, Hickner RC, Cortright RL, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279: E1039-E1044, 2000.
10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.5.E1039
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
352 King DS, Dalsky GP, Clutter WE, Young DA, Staten MA, Cryer PE, Holloszy JO. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness. J Appl Physiol 64: 1942-1946, 1988.
10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.1942
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
353 King DS, Dalsky GP, Staten MA, Clutter WE, Van Houten DR, Holloszy JO. Insulin action and secretion in endurance-trained and untrained humans. J Appl Physiol 63: 2247-2252, 1987.
10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2247
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
354 Kirchgessner TG, Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to obesity-related hyperleptinemia by regulating leptin release from adipocytes. J Clin Invest 100: 2777-2782, 1997.
10.1172/JCI119824
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
355 Kirwan JP, del Aguila LF, Hernandez JM, Williamson DL, O'Gorman DJ, Lewis R, Krishnan RK. Regular exercise enhances insulin activation of IRS-1-associated PI3- kinase in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 88: 797-803, 2000.
10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.797
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
356 Kirwan JP, Solomon TP, Wojta DM, Staten MA, Holloszy JO. Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E151-E156, 2009.
10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
357 Klaman LD, Boss O, Peroni OD, Kim JK, Martino JL, Zabolotny JM, Moghal N, Lubkin M, Kim Y-B, Sharpe AH, Stricker-Krongrad A, Shulman GI, Neel BG, Kahn BB. Increased energy expenditure, decreased adiposity, and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 20: 5479-5489, 2000.
10.1128/MCB.20.15.5479-5489.2000
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
358 Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in beaver dam. Diabetes Care 25: 1790-1794, 2002.
10.2337/diacare.25.10.1790
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
359 Klimcakova E, Polak J, Moro C, Hejnova J, Majercik M, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Langin D, Stich V. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity without altering plasma levels and gene expression of adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 5107-5112, 2006.
10.1210/jc.2006-0382
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
360 Klover PJ, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Mooney RA. Chronic exposure to interleukin-6 causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice. Diabetes 52: 2784-2789, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2784
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
361 Knudsen SH, Hansen LS, Pedersen M, Dejgaard T, Hansen J, Hall GV, Thomsen C, Solomon TPJ, Pedersen BK, and Krogh-Madsen R. Changes in insulin sensitivity precede changes in body composition during 14 days of step reduction combined with overfeeding in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol 113: 7-15, 2012.

Google Scholar
362 Koren S, Fantus IG. Inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B: Potential therapy for obesity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 21: 621-640, 2007.
10.1016/j.beem.2007.08.004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
363 Kotani K, Ogawa W, Matsumoto M, Kitamura T, Sakaue H, Hino Y, Miyake K, Sano W, Akimoto K, Ohno S, Kasuga M. Requirement of atypical protein kinase clambda for insulin stimulation of glucose uptake but not for Akt activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol 18: 6971-6982, 1998.
10.1128/MCB.18.12.6971
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
364 Kovacikova M, Sengenes C, Kovacova Z, Siklova-Vitkova M, Klimcakova E, Polak J, Rossmeislova L, Bajzova M, Hejnova J, Hnevkovska Z, Bouloumie A, Langin D, Stich V. Dietary intervention-induced weight loss decreases macrophage content in adipose tissue of obese women. Int J Obes (Lond) 35: 91-98, 2010.
10.1038/ijo.2010.112
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
365 Krabbe K, Nielsen A, Krogh-Madsen R, Plomgaard P, Rasmussen P, Erikstrup C, Fischer C, Lindegaard B, Petersen A, Taudorf S, Secher N, Pilegaard H, Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50: 431-438, 2007.
10.1007/s00125-006-0537-4
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
366 Kramer HF, Witczak CA, Taylor EB, Fujii N, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. AS160 regulates insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 281: 31478-31485, 2006.
10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84060-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
367 Kressel G, Trunz B, Bub A, Hülsmann O, Wolters M, Lichtinghagen R, Stichtenoth DO, Hahn A. Systemic and vascular markers of inflammation in relation to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in adults with elevated atherosclerosis risk. Atherosclerosis 202: 263-271, 2009.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.012
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
368 Krisan AD, Collins DE, Crain AM, Kwong CC, Singh MK, Bernard JR, Yaspelkis BB, III. Resistance training enhances components of the insulin signaling cascade in normal and high-fat-fed rodent skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 96: 1691-1700, 2004.
10.1152/japplphysiol.01054.2003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
369 Kriska AM, Pereira MA, Hanson RL, de Courten MP, Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG, Chitson P, Bennett PH, Narayan KM, Knowler WC. Association of physical activity and serum insulin concentrations in two populations at high risk for type 2 diabetes but differing by BMI. Diabetes Care 24: 1175-1180, 2001.
10.2337/diacare.24.7.1175
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
370 Krogh-Madsen R, Thyfault JP, Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Olsen RH, Mounier R, Plomgaard P, van Hall G, Booth FW, Pedersen BK. A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 108: 1034-1040, 2010.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00977.2009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
371 Krssak M, Falk Petersen K, Dresner A, DiPietro L, Vogel SM, Rothman DL, Roden M, Shulman GI. Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: A 1H NMR spectroscopy study. Diabetologia 42: 113-116, 1999.
10.1007/s001250051123
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
372 Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, Eto K, Yamashita T, Kamon J, Satoh H, Yano W, Froguel P, Nagai R, Kimura S, Kadowaki T, Noda T. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 277: 25863-25866, 2002.
10.1074/jbc.C200251200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
373 Kurlawalla-Martinez C, Stiles B, Wang Y, Devaskar SU, Kahn BB, Wu H. Insulin hypersensitivity and resistance to streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice lacking PTEN in adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 25: 2498-2510, 2005.
10.1128/MCB.25.6.2498-2510.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
374 Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 25: 1612-1618, 2002.
10.2337/diacare.25.9.1612
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
375 Lacraz G, Giroix M-H, Kassis N, Coulaud J, Galinier A, Noll C, Cornut M, Schmidlin F, Paul J-L, Janel N, Irminger J-C, Kergoat M, Portha B, Donath MY, Ehses JA, Homo-Delarche F. Islet endothelial activation and oxidative stress gene expression is reduced by IL-1Ra treatment in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. PLoS One 4: e6963, 2009.
10.1371/journal.pone.0006963
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
376 Lagathu C, Bastard JP, Auclair M, Maachi M, Capeau J, Caron M. Chronic interleukin-6 (IL-6) treatment increased IL-6 secretion and induced insulin resistance in adipocyte: Prevention by rosiglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311: 372-379, 2003.
10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.013
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
377 Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 288: 2709-2716, 2002.
10.1001/jama.288.21.2709
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
378 Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Mannikko N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 1279-1286, 2003.
10.1249/01.MSS.0000079076.74931.9A
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
379 LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study of men and women. Circulation 112: 505-512, 2005.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.503805
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
380 Landin K, Tengborn L, Smith U. Elevated fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) In hypertension are related to metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 227: 273-278, 1990.
10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00157.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
381 Landsberg L. Body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk: A tale of 2 sites. Arch Intern Med 168: 1607-1608, 2008.
10.1001/archinte.168.15.1607
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
382 Lang CH, Silvis C, Deshpande N, Nystrom G, Frost RA. Endotoxin stimulates in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6, and high-mobility-group protein-1 in skeletal muscle. Shock 19: 538-546, 2003.
10.1097/01.shk.0000055237.25446.80
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
383 Larance M, Ramm G, James DE. The GLUT4 code. Mol Endocrinol 22: 226-233, 2008.
10.1210/me.2007-0282
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
384 Larsen J, Andersen M, Kragstrup J, Gram LF. High persistence of statin use in a Danish population: Compliance study 1993–1998. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53: 375-378, 2002.
10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01563.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
385 Laybutt DR, Preston AM, Akerfeldt MC, Kench JG, Busch AK, Biankin AV, Biden TJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to beta cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50: 752-763, 2007.
10.1007/s00125-006-0590-z
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
386 Lazar DF, Saltiel AR. Lipid phosphatases as drug discovery targets for type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5: 333-342, 2006.
10.1038/nrd2007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
387 LeBlanc J, Nadeau A, Boulay M, Rousseau-Migneron S. Effects of physical training and adiposity on glucose metabolism and 125I-insulin binding. J Appl Physiol 46: 235-239, 1979.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
388 LeBlanc J, Nadeau A, Richard D, Tremblay A. Studies on the sparing effect of exercise on insulin requirements in human subjects. Metabolism 30: 1119-1124, 1981.
10.1016/0026-0495(81)90057-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
389 Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 379: 632-635, 1996.
10.1038/379632a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
390 Lee J, Kim S-U, Kang H-S. Low cardio/respiratory fitness as an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome in Korean young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 633-639, 2010.
10.1007/s00421-009-1251-y
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
391 Lee J, O'Hare T, Pilch PF, Shoelson SE. Insulin receptor autophosphorylation occurs asymmetrically. J Biol Chem 268: 4092-4098, 1993.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
392 Lee J, Pilch PF. The insulin receptor: Structure, function, and signaling. Am J Physiol 266: C319-C334, 1994.
10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.2.C319
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
393 Lee JM, Kim JH, Son HS, Hong EG, Yu JM, Han KA, Min KW, Chang SA. Valsartan increases circulating adiponectin levels without changing HOMA-IR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. J Int Med Res 38: 234-241, 2010.
10.1177/147323001003800128
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
394 Leiter LA, Lewanczuk RZ. Of the renin-angiotensin system and reactive oxygen species Type 2 diabetes and angiotensin II inhibition. Am J Hypertens 18: 121-128, 2005.
10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.07.001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
395 Lemieux I, Pascot A, Prud'homme D, Almeras N, Bogaty P, Nadeau A, Bergeron J, Despres JP. Elevated C-reactive protein: Another component of the atherothrombotic profile of abdominal obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 961-967, 2001.
10.1161/01.ATV.21.6.961
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
396 Levin BE, Dunn-Meynell AA, Banks WA. Obesity-prone rats have normal blood-brain barrier transport but defective central leptin signaling before obesity onset. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286: R143-R150, 2004.
10.1152/ajpregu.00393.2003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
397 Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, Puc J, Miliaresis C, Rodgers L, McCombie R, Bigner SH, Giovanella BC, Ittmann M, Tycko B, Hibshoosh H, Wigler MH, Parsons R. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275: 1943-1947, 1997.
10.1126/science.275.5308.1943
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
398 Liao Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Garvey WT. Critical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 27: 978-983, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.4.978
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
399 Lin Y, Lee H, Berg AH, Lisanti MP, Shapiro L, Scherer PE. The lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 induces synthesis of the closely related receptor TLR-2 in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 275: 24255-24263, 2000.
10.1074/jbc.M002137200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
400 Little JP, Gillen JB, Percival ME, Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA, Punthakee Z, Jung ME, Gibala MJ. Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 111: 1554-1560, 2011.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00921.2011
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
401 Little JP, Safdar A, Wilkin GP, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: Potential mechanisms. J Physiol 588: 1011-1022, 2010.
10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181743
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
402 Liu G, Hou JC, Watson RT, Pessin JE. Initial entry of IRAP into the insulin-responsive storage compartment occurs prior to basal or insulin-stimulated plasma membrane recycling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289: E746-E752, 2005.
10.1152/ajpendo.00175.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
403 Liu J, Kimura A, Baumann CA, Saltiel AR. APS facilitates c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol 22: 3599-3609, 2002.
10.1128/MCB.22.11.3599-3609.2002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
404 Loh K, Deng H, Fukushima A, Cai X, Boivin B, Galic S, Bruce C, Shields BJ, Skiba B, Ooms LM, Stepto N, Wu B, Mitchell CA, Tonks NK, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA, Crack PJ, Andrikopoulos S, Tiganis T. Reactive oxygen species enhance insulin sensitivity. Cell metabolism 10: 260-272, 2009.
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
405 Lohmann D, Liebold F, Heilmann W, Senger H, Pohl A. Diminished insulin response in highly trained athletes. Metabolism 27: 521-524, 1978.
10.1016/0026-0495(78)90017-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
406 Luiken JJ, Arumugam Y, Dyck DJ, Bell RC, Pelsers MM, Turcotte LP, Tandon NN, Glatz JF, Bonen A. Increased rates of fatty acid uptake and plasmalemmal fatty acid transporters in obese Zucker rats. J Biol Chem 276: 40567-40573, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.M100052200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
407 Luiken JJ, Dyck DJ, Han XX, Tandon NN, Arumugam Y, Glatz JF, Bonen A. Insulin induces the translocation of the fatty acid transporter FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E491-E495, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00419.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
408 Luotola K, Paakkonen R, Alanne M, Lanki T, Moilanen L, Surakka I, Pietila A, Kahonen M, Nieminen MS, Kesaniemi YA, Peters A, Jula A, Perola M, Salomaa V, and for the Health AIRGENE Study Groups. Association of variation in the interleukin-1 gene family with diabetes and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 4575-4583, 2009.
10.1210/jc.2009-0666
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
409 Ma LJ, Mao SL, Taylor KL, Kanjanabuch T, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Brown NJ, Swift LL, McGuinness OP, Wasserman DH, Vaughan DE, Fogo AB. Prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabetes 53: 336-346, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.2.336
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
410 MacDougall JD, Hicks AL, MacDonald JR, McKelvie RS, Green HJ, Smith KM. Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol 84: 2138-2142, 1998.
10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2138
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
411 Maeda K, Cao H, Kono K, Gorgun CZ, Furuhashi M, Uysal KT, Cao Q, Atsumi G, Malone H, Krishnan B, Minokoshi Y, Kahn BB, Parker RA, Hotamisligil GS. Adipocyte/macrophage fatty acid binding proteins control integrated metabolic responses in obesity and diabetes. Cell Metab 1: 107-119, 2005.
10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.008
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
412 Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, Furuyama N, Kondo H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Tochino Y, Okutomi K, Horie M, Takeda S, Aoyama T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 8: 731-737, 2002.
10.1038/nm724
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
413 Maedler K, Dharmadhikari G, Schumann DM, Størling J. Interleukin-1 beta targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 9: 1177-1188, 2009.
10.1517/14712590903136688
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
414 Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ehses JA, Mathe Z, Bosco D, Berney T, Dayer J-M, Reinecke M, Halban PA, Donath MY. Leptin modulates β cell expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1β in human islets. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 101: 8138-8143, 2004.
10.1073/pnas.0305683101
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
415 Magnussen CG, Koskinen J, Chen W, Thomson R, Schmidt MD, Srinivasan SR, Kivimaki M, Mattsson N, Kahonen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Ronnemaa T, Viikari JSA, Berenson GS, Juonala M, Raitakari OT. Pediatric metabolic syndrome predicts adulthood metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus but is no better than body mass index alone: The Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 122: 1604-1611, 2010.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940809
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
416 Mahadev K, Wu X, Zilbering A, Zhu L, Lawrence JT, Goldstein BJ. Hydrogen peroxide generated during cellular insulin stimulation is integral to activation of the distal insulin signaling cascade in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 276: 48662-48669, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.M105061200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
417 Mahadev K, Zilbering A, Zhu L, Goldstein BJ. Insulin-stimulated hydrogen peroxide reversibly inhibits protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1b in vivo and enhances the early insulin action cascade. J Biol Chem 276: 21938-21942, 2001.
10.1074/jbc.C100109200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
418 Mao X, Kikani CK, Riojas RA, Langlais P, Wang L, Ramos FJ, Fang Q, Christ-Roberts CY, Hong JY, Kim R-Y, Liu F, Dong LQ. APPL1 binds to adiponectin receptors and mediates adiponectin signalling and function. Nat Cell Biol 8: 516-523, 2006.
10.1038/ncb1404
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
419 Massiera F, Bloch-Faure M, Ceiler D, Murakami K, Fukamizu A, Gasc JM, Quignard-Boulange A, Negrel R, Ailhaud G, Seydoux J, Meneton P, Teboul M. Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation. FASEB J 15: 2727-2729, 2001.
10.1096/fj.01-0457fje
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
420 Matsubara Y, Kano K, Kondo D, Mugishima H, Matsumoto T. Differences in adipocytokines and fatty acid composition between two adipocyte fractions of small and large cells in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Ann Nutr Metabol 54: 258-267, 2009.
10.1159/000229506
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
421 Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: Comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 22: 1462-1470, 1999.
10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
422 Matsumoto M, Ogawa W, Akimoto K, Inoue H, Miyake K, Furukawa K, Hayashi Y, Iguchi H, Matsuki Y, Hiramatsu R, Shimano H, Yamada N, Ohno S, Kasuga M, Noda T. PKClambda in liver mediates insulin-induced SREBP-1c expression and determines both hepatic lipid content and overall insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest 112: 935-944, 2003.
10.1172/JCI200318816
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
423 Matthews VB, Allen TL, Risis S, Chan MH, Henstridge DC, Watson N, Zaffino LA, Babb JR, Boon J, Meikle PJ, Jowett JB, Watt MJ, Jansson JO, Bruce CR, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop hepatic inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. Diabetologia 53: 2431-2441, 2010.
10.1007/s00125-010-1865-y
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
424 Matthews VB, Astrom MB, Chan MH, Bruce CR, Krabbe KS, Prelovsek O, Akerstrom T, Yfanti C, Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Penkowa M, Hojman P, Zankari A, Watt MJ, Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia 52: 1409-1418, 2009.
10.1007/s00125-009-1364-1
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
425 Mauvais-Jarvis F, Ueki K, Fruman DA, Hirshman MF, Sakamoto K, Goodyear LJ, Iannacone M, Accili D, Cantley LC, Kahn CR. Reduced expression of the murine p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase improves insulin signaling and ameliorates diabetes. J Clin Invest 109: 141-149, 2002.
10.1172/JCI0213305
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
426 Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Jr., Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, Bergman RN, Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 279: 669-674, 1998.
10.1001/jama.279.9.669
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
427 McGettrick AJ, Feener EP, Kahn CR. Human insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) polymorphism G972R causes IRS-1 to associate with the insulin receptor and inhibit receptor autophosphorylation. J Biol Chem 280: 6441-6446, 2005.
10.1074/jbc.M412300200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
428 Mendez-Hernandez P, Flores Y, Siani C, Lamure M, Dosamantes-Carrasco LD, Halley-Castillo E, Huitron G, Talavera J, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Salmeron J. Physical activity and risk of metabolic syndrome in an urban Mexican cohort. BMC Public Health 9: 276, 2009.
10.1186/1471-2458-9-276
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
429 Menzaghi C, Trischitta V, Doria A. Genetic influences of adiponectin on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 56: 1198-1209, 2007.
10.2337/db06-0506
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
430 Metcalfe RS, Babraj JA, Fawkner SG, Vollaard NB. Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: Beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2011.

PubMedGoogle Scholar
431 Mikines KJ. The influence of physical activity and inactivity on insulin action and secretion in man. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 609: 1-43, 1992.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
432 Mikines KJ, Dela F, Tronier B, Galbo H. Effect of 7 days of bed rest on dose-response relation between plasma glucose and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol 257: E43-E48, 1989.
10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.1.E43
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
433 Mikines KJ, Richter EA, Dela F, Galbo H. Seven days of bed rest decrease insulin action on glucose uptake in leg and whole body. J Appl Physiol 70: 1245-1254, 1991.
10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1245
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
434 Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Farrell PA, Tronier B, Galbo H. Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans. Am J Physiol 254: E248-E259, 1988.
10.1152/ajpendo.1988.254.3.E248
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
435 Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Farrell PA, Tronier B, Galbo H. Effect of training on the dose-response relationship for insulin action in men. J Appl Physiol 66: 695-703, 1989.
10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.695
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
436 Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Tronier B, Galbo H. Effects of acute exercise and detraining on insulin action in trained men. J Appl Physiol 66: 704-711, 1989a.
10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.704
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
437 Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Tronier B, Galbo H. Effects of training and detraining on dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol 256: E588-E596, 1989b.
10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.5.E588
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
438 Mikus CR, Oberlin DJ, Libla J, Boyle LJ, Thyfault JP. Glycaemic control is improved by 7 days of aerobic exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 55: 1417-1423, 2012.
10.1007/s00125-012-2490-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
439 Mikus CR, Oberlin DJ, Libla JL, Taylor AM, Booth FW, Thyfault JP. Lowering physical activity impairs glycemic control in healthy volunteers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 225-231, 2012.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822ac0c0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
440 Miller JP, Pratley RE, Goldberg AP, Gordon P, Rubin M, Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Hurley BF. Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol 77: 1122-1127, 1994.
10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1122
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
441 Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16: 539-543, 1984.
10.1249/00005768-198412000-00003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
442 Mills PJ, Hong S, Redwine L, Carter SM, Chiu A, Ziegler MG, Dimsdale JE, Maisel AS. Physical fitness attenuates leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in response to acute exercise. J Appl Physiol 101: 785-788, 2006.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
443 Min J, Okada S, Kanzaki M, Elmendorf JS, Coker KJ, Ceresa BP, Syu LJ, Noda Y, Saltiel AR, Pessin JE. Synip: A novel insulin-regulated syntaxin 4-binding protein mediating GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes. Mol Cell 3: 751-760, 1999.
10.1016/S1097-2765(01)80007-1
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
444 Min L, Leung YM, Tomas A, Watson RT, Gaisano HY, Halban PA, Pessin JE, Hou JC. Dynamin is functionally coupled to insulin granule exocytosis. J Biol Chem 282: 33530-33536, 2007.
10.1074/jbc.M703402200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
445 Minoura H, Takeshita S, Kimura C, Hirosumi J, Takakura S, Kawamura I, Seki J, Manda T, Mutoh S. Mechanism by which a novel non-thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, FK614, ameliorates insulin resistance in Zucker fatty rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 9: 369-378, 2007.
10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00619.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
446 Misra A, Alappan NK, Vikram NK, Goel K, Gupta N, Mittal K, Bhatt S, Luthra K. Effect of supervised progressive resistance-exercise training protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycemia, lipids, and body composition in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 31: 1282-1287, 2008.
10.2337/dc07-2316
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
447 Moller DE. Potential role of TNF-[alpha] in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11: 212-217, 2000.
10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00272-1
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
448 Monzavi R, Dreimane D, Geffner ME, Braun S, Conrad B, Klier M, Kaufman FR. Improvement in risk factors for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in overweight youth who are treated with lifestyle intervention. Pediatrics 117: e1111-e1118, 2006.
10.1542/peds.2005-1532
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
449 Moore JB. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The hepatic consequence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc 69: 211-220, 2010.
10.1017/S0029665110000030
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
450 Mootha VK, Handschin C, Arlow D, Xie X, St Pierre J, Sihag S, Yang W, Altshuler D, Puigserver P, Patterson N, Willy PJ, Schulman IG, Heyman RA, Lander ES, Spiegelman BM. Erralpha and Gabpa/b specify PGC-1alpha-dependent oxidative phosphorylation gene expression that is altered in diabetic muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 6570-6575, 2004.
10.1073/pnas.0401401101
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
451 Mori H, Hanada R, Hanada T, Aki D, Mashima R, Nishinakamura H, Torisu T, Chien KR, Yasukawa H, Yoshimura A. Socs3 deficiency in the brain elevates leptin sensitivity and confers resistance to diet-induced obesity. Nat Med 10: 739-743, 2004.
10.1038/nm1071
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
452 Morris MJ, Chen H, Watts R, Shulkes A, Cameron-Smith D. Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK and peripheral adipokine receptors: Temporal response in obesity induced by palatable diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 32: 249-258, 2008.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803716
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
453 Morrison JA, Ford ES, Steinberger J. The pediatric metabolic syndrome. Minerva Med 99: 269-287, 2008.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
454 Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 56: 1113-1132, 2010.
10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
455 Murata Y, Tsuruzoe K, Kawashima J, Furukawa N, Kondo T, Motoshima H, Igata M, Taketa K, Sasaki K, Kishikawa H, Kahn CR, Toyonaga T, Araki E. IRS-1 transgenic mice show increased epididymal fat mass and insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 364: 301-307, 2007.
10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
456 Murray I, Havel PJ, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Reduced body weight, adipose tissue, and leptin levels despite increased energy intake in female mice lacking acylation-stimulating protein. Endocrinology 141: 1041-1049, 2000.
10.1210/endo.141.3.7364
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
457 Murray I, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Enhanced triglyceride clearance with intraperitoneal human acylation stimulating protein in C57BL/6 mice. Am J Physiol 277: E474-E480, 1999.
10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.3.E474
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
458 Muscari A, Bozzoli C, Puddu GM, Rovinetti C, Fiorentini GP, Roversi RA, Puddu P. Correlations between serum lipids and complement components in adults without demonstrated atherosclerotic disease. Atherosclerosis 81: 111-118, 1990.
10.1016/0021-9150(90)90017-D
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
459 Muse ED, Obici S, Bhanot S, Monia BP, McKay RA, Rajala MW, Scherer PE, Rossetti L. Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 114: 232-239, 2004.
10.1172/JCI200421270
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
460 Myers MG, Jr., Grammer TC, Brooks J, Glasheen EM, Wang LM, Sun XJ, Blenis J, Pierce JH, White MF. The pleckstrin homology domain in insulin receptor substrate-1 sensitizes insulin signaling. J Biol Chem 270: 11715-11718, 1995.
10.1074/jbc.270.20.11715
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
461 Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, Chrousos GP, Sidossis LS. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 54: 1472-1479, 2005.
10.1016/j.metabol.2005.05.013
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
462 Nieto-Vazquez I, Fernández-Veledo S, de Alvaro C, Rondinone CM, Valverde AM, Lorenzo M. Protein–tyrosine phosphatase 1B–deficient myocytes show increased insulin sensitivity and protection against tumor necrosis factor-α–induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 56: 404-413, 2007.
10.2337/db06-0989
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
463 Nishimura S, Manabe I, Nagasaki M, Eto K, Yamashita H, Ohsugi M, Otsu M, Hara K, Ueki K, Sugiura S, Yoshimura K, Kadowaki T, Nagai R. CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Nat Med 15: 914-920, 2009.
10.1038/nm.1964
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
464 Niu W, Bilan PJ, Yu J, Gao J, Boguslavsky S, Schertzer JD, Chu G, Yao Z, Klip A. PKCepsilon regulates contraction-stimulated GLUT4 traffic in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 226: 173-180, 2011.
10.1002/jcp.22320
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
465 Nollen EAA, Morimoto RI. Chaperoning signaling pathways: Molecular chaperones as stress-sensing ‘heat shock’ proteins. J Cell Sci 115: 2809-2816, 2002.
10.1242/jcs.115.14.2809
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
466 Norheim F, Raastad T, Thiede B, Rustan AC, Drevon CA, Haugen F. Proteomic identification of secreted proteins from human skeletal muscle cells and expression in response to strength training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301: E1013-E1021, 2011.
10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2011
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
467 Norquay LD, D'Aquino KE, Opare-Addo LM, Kuznetsova A, Haas M, Bluestone JA, White MF. Insulin receptor substrate-2 in beta-cells decreases diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Endocrinology 150: 4531-4540, 2009.
10.1210/en.2009-0395
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
468 O'Neill TJ, Craparo A, Gustafson TA. Characterization of an interaction between insulin receptor substrate 1 and the insulin receptor by using the two-hybrid system. Mol Cell Biol 14: 6433-6442, 1994.
10.1128/MCB.14.10.6433
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
469 Odegaard JI, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goforth MH, Morel CR, Subramanian V, Mukundan L, Red Eagle A, Vats D, Brombacher F, Ferrante AW, Chawla A. Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Nature 447: 1116-1120, 2007.
10.1038/nature05894
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
470 Ofei F, Hurel S, Newkirk J, Sopwith M, Taylor R. Effects of an engineered human anti-TNF-alpha antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 45: 881-885, 1996.
10.2337/diab.45.7.881
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
471 Ohman MK, Wright AP, Wickenheiser KJ, Luo W, Russo HM, Eitzman DT. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 deficiency protects against visceral fat-induced atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 1151-1158, 2010.
10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.205914
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
472 Ohmori R, Momiyama Y, Kato R, Taniguchi H, Ogura M, Ayaori M, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. Associations between serum resistin levels and insulin resistance, inflammation, and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 379-380, 2005.
10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.022
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
473 Ohmura K, Ishimori N, Ohmura Y, Tokuhara S, Nozawa A, Horii S, Andoh Y, Fujii S, Iwabuchi K, Onoe K, Tsutsui H. Natural killer T cells are involved in adipose tissues inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 193-199, 2010.
10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.198614
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
474 Okura T, Nakata Y, Ohkawara K, Numao S, Katayama Y, Matsuo T, Tanaka K. Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome improvement in response to weight reduction[ast][ast]. Obesity 15: 2478-2484, 2007.
10.1038/oby.2007.294
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
475 Old LJ. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230: 630-632, 1985.
10.1126/science.2413547
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
476 Olsen RH, Krogh-Madsen R, Thomsen C, Booth FW, Pedersen BK. Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men. JAMA 299: 1261-1263, 2008.
10.1001/jama.299.11.1259
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
477 Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes (Lond) 31: 996-1003, 2007.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803534
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
478 Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S, and for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: The diabetes prevention program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 142: 611-619, 2005.
10.7326/0003-4819-142-8-200504190-00009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
479 Osawa H, Yamada K, Onuma H, Murakami A, Ochi M, Kawata H, Nishimiya T, Niiya T, Shimizu I, Nishida W, Hashiramoto M, Kanatsuka A, Fujii Y, Ohashi J, Makino H. The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at -420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3. Am J Hum Genet 75: 678-686, 2004.
10.1086/424761
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
480 Oshida Y, Yamanouchi K, Hayamizu S, Nagasawa J, Ohsawa I, Sato Y. Effects of training and training cessation on insulin action. Int J Sports Med 12: 484-486, 1991.
10.1055/s-2007-1024718
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
481 Oshida Y, Yamanouchi K, Hayamizu S, Sato Y. Long-term mild jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or VO2 max. J Appl Physiol 66: 2206-2210, 1989.
10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2206
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
482 Oshima Y, Ouchi N, Sato K, Izumiya Y, Pimentel DR, Walsh K. Follistatin-like 1 is an Akt-regulated cardioprotective factor that is secreted by the heart. Circulation 117: 3099-3108, 2008.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.767673
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
483 Ostergard T, Andersen JL, Nyholm B, Lund S, Nair KS, Saltin B, Schmitz O. Impact of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, physical fitness, and muscle oxidative capacity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E998-E1005, 2006.
10.1152/ajpendo.00012.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
484 Ouchi N, Oshima Y, Ohashi K, Higuchi A, Ikegami C, Izumiya Y, Walsh K. Follistatin-like 1, a secreted muscle protein, promotes endothelial cell function and revascularization in ischemic tissue through a nitric-oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 283: 32802-32811, 2008.
10.1074/jbc.M803440200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
485 Owyang AM, Maedler K, Gross L, Yin J, Esposito L, Shu L, Jadhav J, Domsgen E, Bergemann J, Lee S, Kantak S. XOMA 052, an anti-IL-1{beta} monoclonal antibody, improves glucose control and {beta}-cell function in the diet-induced obesity mouse model. Endocrinology 151: 2515-2527, 2010.
10.1210/en.2009-1124
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
486 Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Ozdelen E, Tuncman G, Gorgun C, Glimcher LH, Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 306: 457-461, 2004.
10.1126/science.1103160
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
487 Ozcan U, Yilmaz E, Ozcan L, Furuhashi M, Vaillancourt E, Smith RO, Gorgun CZ, Hotamisligil GS. Chemical chaperones reduce ER stress and restore glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of tType 2 diabetes. Science 313: 1137-1140, 2006.
10.1126/science.1128294
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
488 Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 163: 427-436, 2003.
10.1001/archinte.163.4.427
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
489 Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, Murdock PR, Holbrook JD, Plumpton C, Macphee CH, Smith SA. Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300: 472-476, 2003.
10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02841-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
490 Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, Miyazaki Y, Kohane I, Costello M, Saccone R, Landaker EJ, Goldfine AB, Mun E, DeFronzo R, Finlayson J, Kahn CR, Mandarino LJ. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 8466-8471, 2003.
10.1073/pnas.1032913100
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
491 Pearce LR, Komander D, Alessi DR. The nuts and bolts of AGC protein kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 9-22, 2010.
10.1038/nrm2822
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
492 Pedersen BK, Febbraio M. Muscle-derived interleukin-6–A possible link between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and brain. Brain Behav Immun 19: 371-376, 2005.
10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.008
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
493 Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev 88: 1379-1406, 2008.
10.1152/physrev.90100.2007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
494 Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Keller P, Keller C, Fischer C, Hiscock N, van Hall G, Plomgaard P, Febbraio MA. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: Lipolytic, anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects. Pflügers Arch 446: 9-16, 2003.
10.1007/s00424-002-0981-z
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
495 Pederson TM, Kramer DL, Rondinone CM. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 triggers its degradation: Possible regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation. Diabetes 50: 24-31, 2001.
10.2337/diabetes.50.1.24
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
496 Peeters RA, Veerkamp JH, Geurts van Kessel A, Kanda T, Ono T. Cloning of the cDNA encoding human skeletal-muscle fatty-acid-binding protein, its peptide sequence and chromosomal localization. Biochem J 276 (Pt 1): 203-207, 1991.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
497 Pellmé F, Smith U, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Brekke H, Wiklund O, Taskinen M-R, Jansson P-A. Circulating adiponectin levels are reduced in nonobese but insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 52: 1182-1186, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1182
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
498 Perseghin G, Price TB, Petersen KF, Roden M, Cline GW, Gerow K, Rothman DL, Shulman GI. Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects. N Engl J Med 335: 1357-1362, 1996.
10.1056/NEJM199610313351804
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
499 Perseghin G, Scifo P, De Cobelli F, Pagliato E, Battezzati A, Arcelloni C, Vanzulli A, Testolin G, Pozza G, Del Maschio A, Luzi L. Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: A 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes 48: 1600-1606, 1999.
10.2337/diabetes.48.8.1600
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
500 Pessin JE, Saltiel AR. Signaling pathways in insulin action: Molecular targets of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106: 165-169, 2000.
10.1172/JCI10582
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
501 Pessin JE, Thurmond DC, Elmendorf JS, Coker KJ, Okada S. Molecular basis of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle trafficking. Location! Location! Location! J Biol Chem 274: 2593-2596, 1999.
10.1074/jbc.274.5.2593
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
502 Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 98: 1154-1162, 2005.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
503 Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 350: 664-671, 2004.
10.1056/NEJMoa031314
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
504 Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Hu FB, Rimm EB. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 291: 1730-1737, 2004.
10.1001/jama.291.14.1730
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
505 Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Kavouras S, Stefanadis C. The associations between physical activity, inflammation, and coagulation markers, in people with metabolic syndrome: The ATTICA study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 12: 151-158, 2005.
10.1097/00149831-200504000-00010
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
506 Poehlman ET, Dvorak RV, DeNino WF, Brochu M, Ades PA. Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: A controlled randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 2463-2468, 2000.
10.1210/jc.85.7.2463
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
507 Polak J, Moro C, Klimcakova E, Hejnova J, Majercik M, Viguerie N, Langin D, Lafontan M, Stich V, Berlan M. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity and functional balance between adrenergic alpha 2A and beta pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects. Diabetologia 48: 2631-2640, 2005.
10.1007/s00125-005-0003-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
508 Poltorak A, Smirnova I, He X, Liu M-Y, Van Huffel C, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Du X, Thompson P, Chan EKL, Ledesma J, Roe B, Clifton S, Vogel SN, Beutler B. Genetic and physical mapping of the Lps locus: Identification of the toll-4 receptor as a candidate gene in the critical region. Blood Cells Mol Dis 24: 340-355, 1998.
10.1006/bcmd.1998.0201
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
509 Pomeroy C, Mitchell J, Eckert E, Raymond N, Crosby R, Dalmasso AP. Effect of body weight and caloric restriction on serum complement proteins, including factor D/adipsin: Studies in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Clin Exp Immunol 108: 507-515, 1997.
10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.3921287.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
510 Potashnik R, Bloch-Damti A, Bashan N, Rudich A. IRS1 degradation and increased serine phosphorylation cannot predict the degree of metabolic insulin resistance induced by oxidative stress. Diabetologia 46: 639-648, 2003.
10.1007/s00125-003-1097-5
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
511 Previs SF, Withers DJ, Ren J-M, White MF, Shulman GI. Contrasting effects of IRS-1 versus IRS-2 gene disruption on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo. J Biol Chem 275: 38990-38994, 2000.
10.1074/jbc.M006490200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
512 Prodi E, Obici S. Minireview: The brain as a molecular target for diabetic therapy. Endocrinology 147: 2664-2669, 2006.
10.1210/en.2006-0143
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
513 Qi L, Zhang C, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Interleukin-6 genetic variability and adiposity: Associations in two prospective cohorts and systematic review in 26,944 individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 3618-3625, 2007.
10.1210/jc.2007-0877
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
514 Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Strait-Bodey L, Stroud AM, Argiles JM. Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E191-E202, 2009.
10.1152/ajpendo.90506.2008
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
515 Rabe B, Chalaris A, May U, Waetzig GH, Seegert D, Williams AS, Jones SA, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Transgenic blockade of interleukin 6 transsignaling abrogates inflammation. Blood 111: 1021-1028, 2008.
10.1182/blood-2007-07-102137
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
516 Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, Takahashi N, Banerjee R, Pajvani UB, Sinha MK, Gingerich RL, Scherer PE, Ahima RS. Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting. Diabetes 53: 1671-1679, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1671
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
517 Rana JS, Nasir K, Santos RD, Roguin A, Orakzai SH, Carvalho JA, Meneghello R, Blumenthal RS. Increased level of cardiorespiratory fitness blunts the inflammatory response in metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol 110: 224-230, 2006.
10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.040
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
518 Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA. The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1: 785-789, 1963.
10.1016/S0140-6736(63)91500-9
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
519 Rangwala SM, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Shapiro JS, Obici S, Rossetti L, Lazar MA. Abnormal glucose homeostasis due to chronic hyperresistinemia. Diabetes 53: 1937-1941, 2004.
10.2337/diabetes.53.8.1937
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
520 Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, Secher NH, Pedersen BK, Pilegaard H. Evidence for a release of BDNF from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol 94: 1062-106, 2009.
10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
521 Rasouli N, Kern PA. Adipocytokines and the metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: s64-s73, 2008.
10.1210/jc.2008-1613
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
522 Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595-1607, 1988.
10.2337/diab.37.12.1595
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
523 Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome: How well do the emperor's clothes fit? Diabetes Care 27: 1011-1012, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.4.1011
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
524 Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome: Requiescat in pace. Clin Chem 51: 931-938, 2005.
10.1373/clinchem.2005.048611
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
525 Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome: Is this diagnosis necessary? Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1237-1247, 2006.
10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1237
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
526 Reaven GM, Chen YD, Jeppesen J, Maheux P, Krauss RM. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Invest 92: 141-146, 1993.
10.1172/JCI116541
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
527 Reaven GM, Risser TE, Chen Y-DI, Reaven EP. Characterizaiton of a model of dietary-induced hypetriglyceridemia in young, nonobese rats. J Lipid Res 20: 371-378, 1979.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
528 Reil TD, Barnard RJ, Kashyap VS, Roberts CK, Gelabert HA. Diet-induced changes in endothelial dependent relaxation of the rat aorta. J Surg Res 85: 96-100, 1999.
10.1006/jsre.1999.5666
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
529 Reilly MP, Lehrke M, Wolfe ML, Rohatgi A, Lazar MA, Rader DJ. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation 111: 932-939, 2005.
10.1161/01.CIR.0000155620.10387.43
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
530 Reinehr T, Kleber M, Toschke AM. Lifestyle intervention in obese children is associated with a decrease of the metabolic syndrome prevalence. Atherosclerosis 207: 174-180, 2009.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.041
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
531 Ren JM. Overexpression of Glut4 protein in muscle increases basal and insulin-stimulated whole body glucose disposal in conscious mice. J Clin Invest 95: 429-432, 1995.
10.1172/JCI117673
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
532 Rennie KL, McCarthy N, Yazdgerdi S, Marmot M, Brunner E. Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity. Int J Epidemiol 32: 600-606, 2003.
10.1093/ije/dyg179
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
533 Ress C, Tschoner A, Engl J, Klaus A, Tilg H, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR, Kaser S. Effect of bariatric surgery on circulating chemerin levels. Eur J Clin Invest 40: 277-280, 2010.
10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02255.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
534 Retnakaran R, Shen S, Hanley AJ, Vuksan V, Hamilton JK, Zinman B. Hyperbolic relationship between insulin secretion and sensitivity on oral glucose tolerance test. Obesity 16: 1901-1907, 2008.
10.1038/oby.2008.307
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
535 Rewers M, Zaccaro D, D'Agostino R, Haffner S, Saad MF, Selby JV, Bergman R, Savage P. Insulin sensitivity, insulinemia, and coronary artery disease: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 27: 781-787, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.3.781
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
536 Reynolds IVTH, Supiano MA, Dengel DR. Resistance training enhances insulin-mediated glucose disposal with minimal effect on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in older hypertensives. Metabolism 53: 397-402, 2004.
10.1016/j.metabol.2003.09.017
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
537 Reynolds THIV, Supiano MA, Dengel DR. Regional differences in glucose clearance: Effects of insulin and resistance training on arm and leg glucose clearance in older hypertensive individuals. J Appl Physiol 102: 985-991, 2007.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00914.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
538 Ribas V, Drew BG, Le JA, Soleymani T, Daraei P, Sitz D, Mohammad L, Henstridge DC, Febbraio MA, Hewitt SC, Korach KS, Bensinger SJ, Hevener AL. Myeloid-specific estrogen receptor {alpha} deficiency impairs metabolic homeostasis and accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 108: 16457-16462, 2011.
10.1073/pnas.1104533108
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
539 Richards JC, Johnson TK, Kuzma JN, Lonac MC, Schweder MM, Voyles WF, Bell C. Short-term sprint interval training increases insulin sensitivity in healthy adults but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Physiol 588: 2961-2972, 2010.
10.1113/jphysiol.2010.189886
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
540 Richter EA, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP. Can exercise mimetics substitute for exercise? Cell Metabolism 8: 96-98, 2008.
10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
541 Ritov VB, Menshikova EV, He J, Ferrell RE, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE. Deficiency of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54: 8-14, 2005.
10.2337/diabetes.54.1.8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
542 Roberts CK, Ng C, Hama S, Eliseo AJ, Barnard RJ. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in overweight/obese men with cardiovascular risk factors. J Appl Physiol 101: 1727-1732, 2006.
10.1152/japplphysiol.00345.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
543 Roberts CK, Vaziri ND, Liang KH, Barnard RJ. Reversibility of chronic experimental syndrome X by diet. Hypertension 37: 1323-1328, 2001.
10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1323
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
544 Roepstorff C, Steffensen CH, Madsen M, Stallknecht B, Kanstrup IL, Richter EA, Kiens B. Gender differences in substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E435-E447, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
545 Rogers MA, King DS, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Effect of 10 days of physical inactivity on glucose tolerance in master athletes. J Appl Physiol 68: 1833-1837, 1990.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
546 Roh SG, Song SH, Choi KC, Katoh K, Wittamer V, Parmentier M, Sasaki S. Chemerin–a new adipokine that modulates adipogenesis via its own receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 362: 1013-1018, 2007.
10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.104
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
547 Ronti T, Lupattelli G, Mannarino E. The endocrine function of adipose tissue: An update. Clin Endocrinol 64: 355-365, 2006.
10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02474.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
548 Ropelle ER, Fernandes MF, Flores MB, Ueno M, Rocco S, Marin R, Cintra DE, Velloso LA, Franchini KG, Saad MJ, Carvalheira JB. Central exercise action increases the AMPK and mTOR response to leptin. PLoS One 3: e3856, 2008.
10.1371/journal.pone.0003856
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
549 Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Prada PO, de Souza CT, Picardi PK, Faria MC, Cintra DE, Fernandes MF, Flores MB, Velloso LA, Saad MJ, Carvalheira JB. Reversal of diet-induced insulin resistance with a single bout of exercise in the rat: The role of PTP1B and IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. J Physiol 577: 997-1007, 2006.
10.1113/jphysiol.2006.120006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
550 Rose-John S, Scheller J, Elson G, Jones SA. Interleukin-6 biology is coordinated by membrane-bound and soluble receptors: Role in inflammation and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 80: 227-236, 2006.
10.1189/jlb.1105674
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
551 Rosen OM, Herrera R, Olowe Y, Petruzzelli LM, Cobb MH. Phosphorylation activates the insulin receptor tyrosine protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80: 3237-3240, 1983.
10.1073/pnas.80.11.3237
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
552 Ross A, Leveritt M. Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to short-sprint training: Implications for sprint training and tapering. Sports Med 31: 1063-1082, 2001.
10.2165/00007256-200131150-00003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
553 Ross R, Aru J, Freeman J, Hudson R, Janssen I. Abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance in obese men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E657-E663, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00469.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
554 Rotter V, Nagaev I, Smith U. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is, like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resistant subjects. J Biol Chem 278: 45777-45784, 2003.
10.1074/jbc.M301977200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
555 Rui L, Aguirre V, Kim JK, Shulman GI, Lee A, Corbould A, Dunaif A, White MF. Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-alpha stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser307 via distinct pathways. J Clin Invest 107: 181-189, 2001.
10.1172/JCI10934
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
556 Russell AP. Lipotoxicity: The obese and endurance-trained paradox. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28: S66-S71, 2004.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0802859
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
557 Ryan AS, Hurlbut DE, Lott ME, Ivey FM, Fleg J, Hurley BF, Goldberg AP. Insulin action after resistive training in insulin resistant older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 49: 247-253, 2001.
10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4930247.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
558 Ryan AS, Pratley RE, Goldberg AP, Elahi D. Resistive training increases insulin action in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51: M199-M205, 1996.
10.1093/gerona/51A.5.M199
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
559 Saberi M, Woods NB, de Luca C, Schenk S, Lu JC, Bandyopadhyay G, Verma IM, Olefsky JM. Hematopoietic cell-specific deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice. Cell Metab 10: 419-429, 2009.
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.09.006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
560 Sadagurski M, Norquay L, Farhang J, D'Aquino K, Copps K, White MF. Human IL6 enhances leptin action in mice. Diabetologia, 2009.

PubMedGoogle Scholar
561 Sajan MP, Standaert ML, Miura A, Kahn CR, Farese RV. Tissue-specific differences in activation of atypical protein kinase C and protein kinase B in muscle, liver, and adipocytes of insulin receptor substrate-1 knockout mice. Mol Endocrinol 18: 2513-2521, 2004.
10.1210/me.2004-0045
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
562 Saleh J, Blevins JE, Havel PJ, Barrett JA, Gietzen DW, Cianflone K. Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) acute effects on postprandial lipemia and food intake in rodents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25: 705-713, 2001.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0801613
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
563 Saltevo J, Vanhala M, Kautiainen H, Kumpusalo E, Laakso M. Association of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and adiponectin with the metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2007: 93573, 2007.
10.1155/2007/93573
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
564 Saltiel AR, Pessin JE. Insulin signaling in microdomains of the plasma membrane. Traffic 4: 711-716, 2003.
10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00119.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
565 Sano H, Kane S, Sano E, Miinea CP, Asara JM, Lane WS, Garner CW, Lienhard GE. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of a Rab GTPase-activating protein regulates GLUT4 translocation. J Biol Chem 278: 14599-14602, 2003.
10.1074/jbc.C300063200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
566 Santos AC, Ebrahim S, Barros H. Alcohol intake, smoking, sleeping hours, physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. Preventive Medicine 44: 328-334, 2007.
10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.016
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
567 Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 100: 7265-7270, 2003.
10.1073/pnas.1133870100
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
568 Sasaoka T, Wada T, Tsuneki H. Lipid phosphatases as a possible therapeutic target in cases of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacol Ther 112: 799-809, 2006.
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.06.001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
569 Sato Y, Iguchi A, Sakamoto N. Biochemical determination of training effects using insulin clamp technique. Horm Metab Res 16: 483-486, 1984.
10.1055/s-2007-1014825
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
570 Satoh H, Nguyen MT, Miles PD, Imamura T, Usui I, Olefsky JM. Adenovirus-mediated chronic “hyper-resistinemia” leads to in vivo insulin resistance in normal rats. J Clin Invest 114: 224-231, 2004.
10.1172/JCI20785
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
571 Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DSJ, Haffner SM, Isles C, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Cobbe SM, Shepherd J. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 108: 414-419, 2003.
10.1161/01.CIR.0000080897.52664.94
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
572 Sauter NS, Schulthess FT, Galasso R, Castellani LW, Maedler K. The antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia. Endocrinology 149: 2208-2218, 2008.
10.1210/en.2007-1059
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
573 Sawka-Verhelle D, Filloux C, Tartare-Deckert S, Mothe I, Obberghen E. Identification of stat 5B as a substrate of the insulin receptor. Eur J Biochem 250: 411-417, 1997.
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0411a.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
574 Schaffer JE, Lodish HF. Expression cloning and characterization of a novel adipocyte long chain fatty acid transport protein. Cell 79: 427-436, 1994.
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90252-6
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
575 Scheck SH, Barnard RJ, Lawani LO, Youngren IF, Martin DA, Singh, R. Effects of NIDDM on the glucose transport system in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes Res 16: 111-119, 1991.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
576 Schmitz-Peiffer C. Protein kinase C and lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967: 146-157, 2002.
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04272.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
577 Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Allen WK, Hurley BF, Dalsky GP, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 56: 1521-1525, 1984.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
578 Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women. JAMA 252: 645-649, 1984.
10.1001/jama.1984.03350050033022
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
579 Sebastian D, Herrero L, Serra D, Asins G, Hegardt FG. CPT I overexpression protects L6E9 muscle cells from fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292: E677-E686, 2007.
10.1152/ajpendo.00360.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
580 Seino S, Seino M, Nishi S, Bell GI. Structure of the human insulin receptor gene and characterization of its promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86: 114-118, 1989.
10.1073/pnas.86.1.114
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
581 Seino Y, Ikeda U, Takahashi M, Hojo Y, Irokawa M, Kasahara T, Shimada K. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vascular tissue. Cytokine 7: 575-579, 1995.
10.1006/cyto.1995.0078
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
582 Sell H, Laurencikiene J, Taube A, Eckardt K, Cramer A, Horrighs A, Arner P, Eckel J. Chemerin is a novel adipocyte-derived factor inducing insulin resistance in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Diabetes 58: 2731-2740, 2009.
10.2337/db09-0277
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
583 Senn JJ. Toll-like receptor-2 is essential for the development of palmitate-induced insulin resistance in myotubes. J Biol Chem 281: 26865-26875, 2006.
10.1074/jbc.M513304200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
584 Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Mooney RA. Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes 51: 3391-3399, 2002.
10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3391
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
585 Sethi JK, Xu H, Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Scheja L, Hotamisligil GS. Characterisation of receptor-specific TNF[alpha] functions in adipocyte cell lines lacking type 1 and 2 TNF receptors. FEBS Letters 469: 77-82, 2000.
10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01250-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
586 Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Ball GD, Weigensberg MJ, Salem GJ, Crespo NC, Goran MI. Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino sdolescent males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 1208-1215, 2006.
10.1249/01.mss.0000227304.88406.0f
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
587 Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Henson DA, Jin F, Knab AM, Sha W. Inflammation and oxidative stress are lower in physically fit and active adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01373.x.
10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01373.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
588 Shetty GK, Economides PA, Horton ES, Mantzoros CS, Veves A. Circulating adiponectin and resistin levels in relation to metabolic factors, inflammatory markers, and vascular reactivity in diabetic patients and subjects at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care 27: 2450-2457, 2004.
10.2337/diacare.27.10.2450
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
589 Shima Y, Kitaoka K, Yoshiki Y, Maruhashi Y, Tsuyama T, Tomita K. Effect of heat shock preconditioning on ROS scavenging activity in rat skeletal muscle after downhill running. J Physiol Sci 58: 341-348, 2008.
10.2170/physiolsci.RP004808
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
590 Shisheva A. Phosphoinositides in insulin action on GLUT4 dynamics: Not just PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295: E536-E544, 2008.
10.1152/ajpendo.90353.2008
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
591 Shojaee-Moradie F, Baynes K, Pentecost C, Bell J, Thomas E, Jackson N, Stolinski M, Whyte M, Lovell D, Bowes S, Gibney J, Jones R, Umpleby A. Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism. Diabetologia 50: 404-413, 2007.
10.1007/s00125-006-0498-7
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
592 Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Rizza RA, Coenen-Schimke JM, Nair KS. Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity. Diabetes 52: 1888-1896, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.8.1888
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
593 Simoneau JA, Kelley DE. Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol 83: 166-171, 1997.
10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.166
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
594 Simoneau JA, Veerkamp JH, Turcotte LP, Kelley DE. Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: Relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. FASEB J 13: 2051-2060, 1999.
10.1096/fasebj.13.14.2051
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
595 Simons LA, Levis G, Simons J. Apparent discontinuation rates in patients prescribed lipid-lowering drugs. Med J Aust 164: 208-211, 1996.
10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94138.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
596 Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I. C-reactive protein stimulates myeloperoxidase release from polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes: Implications for acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 55: 361-364, 2009.
10.1373/clinchem.2008.109207
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
597 Sleigh A, Raymond-Barker P, Thackray K, Porter D, Hatunic M, Vottero A, Burren C, Mitchell C, McIntyre M, Brage S, Carpenter TA, Murgatroyd PR, Brindle KM, Kemp GJ, O'Rahilly S, Semple RK, Savage DB. Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with primary congenital insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 121: 2457-2461, 2011.
10.1172/JCI46405
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
598 Smith SR, Bai F, Charbonneau C, Janderova L, Argyropoulos G. A promoter genotype and oxidative stress potentially link resistin to human insulin resistance. Diabetes 52: 1611-1618, 2003.
10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1611
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
599 Smutok MA, Kokkinos PF, Farmer C, Dawson P, Shulman R, DeVane-Bell J, Patterson J, Charabogos C, Goldberg AP, Hurley BF. Aerobic versus strength training for risk factor intervension in middle-aged men at high risk for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 42 (2): 177-184, 1993.
10.1016/0026-0495(93)90032-J
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
600 Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, Farmer CM, Dawson PK, DeVane J, Patterson J, Goldberg AP, Hurley BF. Effects of exercise training modality on glucose tolerance in men with abnormal glucose regulation. Int J Sports Med 15: 283-289, 1994.
10.1055/s-2007-1021061
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
601 Staib JL, Tumer N, Powers SK. Increased temperature and protein oxidation lead to HSP72 mRNA and protein accumulation in the in vivo exercised rat heart. Exp Physiol 94: 71-80, 2009.
10.1113/expphysiol.2008.044685
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
602 Standaert ML, Sajan MP, Miura A, Kanoh Y, Chen HC, Farese RV, Jr., and Farese RV. Insulin-induced activation of atypical protein kinase C, but not protein kinase B, is maintained in diabetic (ob/ob and Goto-Kakazaki) liver. Contrasting insulin signaling patterns in liver versus muscle define phenotypes of type 2 diabetic and high fat-induced insulin-resistant states. J Biol Chem 279: 24929-24934, 2004.
10.1074/jbc.M402440200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
603 Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Osada T, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283: E1272-E1278, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00255.2002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
604 Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 320: 915-924, 1989.
10.1056/NEJM198901053200122
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
605 Steinberg GR, Dyck DJ. Development of leptin resistance in rat soleus muscle in response to high-fat diets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279: E1374-E1382, 2000.
10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.6.E1374
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
606 Steinberg GR, McAinch AJ, Chen MB, O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Cameron-Smith D, Kemp BE. The suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 inhibits leptin activation of AMP-kinase in cultured skeletal muscle of obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3592-3597, 2006.
10.1210/jc.2006-0638
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
607 Steinberg GR, Parolin ML, Heigenhauser GJ, Dyck DJ. Leptin increases FA oxidation in lean but not obese human skeletal muscle: Evidence of peripheral leptin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283: E187-E192, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2001
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
608 Steinberg GR, Smith AC, Wormald S, Malenfant P, Collier C, Dyck DJ. Endurance training partially reverses dietary-induced leptin resistance in rodent skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E57-E63, 2004.
10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
609 Stenbit AE, Tsao TS, Li J, Burcelin R, Geenen DL, Factor SM, Houseknecht K, Katz EB, Charron MJ. GLUT4 heterozygous knockout mice develop muscle insulin resistance and diabetes. Nat Med 3: 1096-1101, 1997.
10.1038/nm1097-1096
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
610 Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409: 307-312, 2001.
10.1038/35053000
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
611 Steppan CM, Brown EJ, Wright CM, Bhat S, Banerjee RR, Dai CY, Enders GH, Silberg DG, Wen X, Wu GD, Lazar MA. A family of tissue-specific resistin-like molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 502-506, 2001.
10.1073/pnas.98.2.502
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
612 Steppan CM, Wang J, Whiteman EL, Birnbaum MJ, Lazar MA. Activation of SOCS-3 by resistin. Mol Cell Biol 25: 1569-1575, 2005.
10.1128/MCB.25.4.1569-1575.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
613 Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner K, Lim JG, Hees PS, Shapiro EP, Tayback M, Ouyang P. Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults. Am J Prev Med 28: 9-18, 2005.
10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.006
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
614 Stiles B, Wang Y, Stahl A, Bassilian S, Lee WP, Kim Y-J, Sherwin R, Devaskar S, Lesche R, Magnuson MA, Wu H. Live-specific deletion of negative regulator Pten results in fatty liver and insulin hypersensitivity. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 101: 2082-2087, 2004.
10.1073/pnas.0308617100
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
615 Stiles BL, Kuralwalla-Martinez C, Guo W, Gregorian C, Wang Y, Tian J, Magnuson MA, Wu H. Selective deletion of pten in pancreatic {beta} cells leads to increased islet mass and resistance to STZ-induced diabetes. Mol Cell Biol 26: 2772-2781, 2006.
10.1128/MCB.26.7.2772-2781.2006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
616 Stone S, Abkevich V, Russell DL, Riley R, Timms K, Tran T, Trem D, Frank D, Jammulapati S, Neff CD, Iliev D, Gress R, He G, Frech GC, Adams TD, Skolnick MH, Lanchbury JS, Gutin A, Hunt SC, Shattuck D. TBC1D1 is a candidate for a severe obesity gene and evidence for a gene/gene interaction in obesity predisposition. Hum Mol Genet 15: 2709-2720, 2006.
10.1093/hmg/ddl204
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
617 Stuart CA, Shangraw RE, Prince MJ, Peters EJ, Wolfe RR. Bed-rest-induced insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle. Metabolism 37: 802-806, 1988.
10.1016/0026-0495(88)90018-2
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
618 Summers SA. Ceramides in insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. Prog Lipid Res 45: 42-72, 2006.
10.1016/j.plipres.2005.11.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
619 Sun X, M M, MG M, EM G, JM B, CR K, and MF W. Expression and function of IRS-1 in insulin signal transmission. J Biol Chem 267: 22662-22672, 1992.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
620 Sun X, Rothenberg P, Kahn CR, Backer J, Araki E, Wilden P, Cahill D, Goldstein B, White MF. Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature 352: 73-77, 1991.
10.1038/352073a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
621 Suzuki T, Hirata K, Elkind MS, Jin Z, Rundek T, Miyake Y, Boden-Albala B, Di Tullio MR, Sacco R, Homma S. Metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, and risk of cardiovascular events: The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Am Heart J 156: 405-410, 2008.
10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.022
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
622 Sweeney G, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Volchuk A, Ueyama A, Klip A. An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase prevents insulin-stimulated glucose transport but not glucose transporter translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes. J Biol Chem 274: 10071-10078, 1999.
10.1074/jbc.274.15.10071
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
623 Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effect of exercise training modality on C-reactive protein in type-2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2011.

Google Scholar
624 Szczypaczewska M, Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H. Glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose load in body builders. Int J Sports Med 10: 34-37, 1989.
10.1055/s-2007-1024870
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
625 Tabata I, Suzuki Y, Fukunaga T, Yokozeki T, Akima H, Funato K. Resistance training affects GLUT-4 content in skeletal muscle of humans after 19 days of head-down bed rest. J Appl Physiol 86: 909-914, 1999.
10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.909
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
626 Takala TO, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Luotolahti M, Yki-Jarvinen H. Insulin action on heart and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in weight lifters and endurance athletes. Am J Physiol 276: E706-E711, 1999.
10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.E706
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
627 Tamemoto H. Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature 372: 182-186, 1994.
10.1038/372182a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
628 Tamura Y, Sugimoto M, Murayama T, Minami M, Nishikaze Y, Ariyasu H, Akamizu T, Kita T, Yokode M, Arai H. C-C chemokine receptor 2 inhibitor improves diet-induced development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 17: 219-228, 2010.
10.5551/jat.3368
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
629 Tamura Y, Sugimoto M, Murayama T, Ueda Y, Kanamori H, Ono K, Ariyasu H, Akamizu T, Kita T, Yokode M, Arai H. Inhibition of CCR2 ameliorates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28: 2195-2201, 2008.
10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.168633
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
630 Tan BK, Adya R, Farhatullah S, Lewandowski KC, O'Hare P, Lehnert H, Randeva HS. Omentin-1, a novel adipokine, is decreased in overweight insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Ex vivo and in vivo regulation of omentin-1 by insulin and glucose. Diabetes 57: 801-808, 2008.
10.2337/db07-0990
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
631 Tan BK, Chen J, Farhatullah S, Adya R, Kaur J, Heutling D, Lewandowski KC, O'Hare JP, Lehnert H, Randeva HS. Insulin and metformin regulate circulating and adipose tissue chemerin. Diabetes 58: 1971-1977, 2009.
10.2337/db08-1528
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
632 Taniguchi CM, Emanuelli B, Kahn CR. Critical nodes in signalling pathways: Insights into insulin action. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 85-96, 2006.
10.1038/nrm1837
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
633 Tanner CJ, Koves TR, Cortright RL, Pories WJ, Kim Y-B, Kahn BB, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity in middle-aged men. J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E147-E153, 2002.
10.1152/ajpendo.2002.282.1.E147
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
634 Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R, Richards GJ, Campfield LA, Clark FT, Deeds J, Muir C, Sanker S, Moriarty A, Moore KJ, Smutko JS, Mays GG, Wool EA, Monroe CA, Tepper RI. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 83: 1263-1271, 1995.
10.1016/0092-8674(95)90151-5
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
635 Taylor EB, An D, Kramer HF, Yu H, Fujii NL, Roeckl KS, Bowles N, Hirshman MF, Xie J, Feener EP, Goodyear LJ. Discovery of TBC1D1 as an insulin-, AICAR-, and contraction-stimulated signaling nexus in mouse skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 283: 9787-9796, 2008.
10.1074/jbc.M708839200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
636 Taylor L, Midgley AW, Chrismas B, Madden LA, Vince RV, McNaughton LR. The effect of acute hypoxia on heat shock protein 72 expression and oxidative stress in vivo. Eur J Appl Physiol 109: 849-855, 2010.
10.1007/s00421-010-1430-x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
637 Thirone AC, Huang C, Klip A. Tissue-specific roles of IRS proteins in insulin signaling and glucose transport. Trends Endocrinol Metab 17: 72-78, 2006.
10.1016/j.tem.2006.01.005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
638 Thomas TR, Warner SO, Dellsperger KC, Hinton PS, Whaley-Connell AT, Rector RS, Liu Y, Linden MA, Chockalingam A, Thyfault JP, Huyette DR, Wang Z, Cox RH. Exercise and the metabolic syndrome with weight regain. J Appl Physiol 109: 3-10, 2010.
10.1152/japplphysiol.01361.2009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
639 Thong FS, Bilan PJ, Klip A. The Rab GTPase-activating protein AS160 integrates Akt, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase signals regulating GLUT4 traffic. Diabetes 56: 414-423, 2007.
10.2337/db06-0900
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
640 Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY, Skogvoll E, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. Circulation 118: 346-354, 2008.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772822
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
641 Todd MK, Yaspelkis BB, III, Turcotte LP. Short-term leptin treatment increases fatty acids uptake and oxidation in muscle of high fat-fed rats. Metabolism 54: 1218-1224, 2005.
10.1016/j.metabol.2005.04.007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
642 Tracey KJ, Wei H, Manogue KR, Fong Y, Hesse DG, Nguyen HT, Kuo GC, Beutler B, Cotran RS, Cerami A, Lowry SF. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor induces cachexia, anemia, and inflammation. J Exp Med 167: 1211-1227, 1988.
10.1084/jem.167.3.1211
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
643 Treebak JT, Taylor EB, Witczak CA, An D, Toyoda T, Koh HJ, Xie J, Feener EP, Wojtaszewski JF, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Identification of a novel phosphorylation site on TBC1D4 regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298: C377-C385, 2010.
10.1152/ajpcell.00297.2009
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
644 Tremblay A, Simoneau JA, and Bouchard C. Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism 43: 814-818, 1994.
10.1016/0026-0495(94)90259-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
645 Trujillo ME, Scherer PE. Adiponectin–journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J Inter Med 257: 167-175, 2005.
10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01426.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
646 Trujillo ME, Sullivan S, Harten I, Schneider SH, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. Interleukin-6 regulates human adipose tissue lipid metabolism and leptin production in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 5577-5582, 2004.
10.1210/jc.2004-0603
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
647 Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS, Kyrou I, Chrousos GP. Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology 66: 54-62, 1997.
10.1159/000127219
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
648 Tsimikas S, Willerson JT, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: C19-C31, 2006.
10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.066
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
649 Tsochatzis EA, Manolakopoulos S, Papatheodoridis GV, Archimandritis AJ. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in chronic liver diseases: Old entities with new implications. Scand J Gastroenterol 44: 6-14, 2009.
10.1080/00365520802273058
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
650 Tsukumo DM, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JB, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araujo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJ. Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56: 1986-1998, 2007.
10.2337/db06-1595
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
651 Turban S, Hajduch E. Protein kinase C isoforms: Mediators of reactive lipid metabolites in the development of insulin resistance. FEBS letters 585: 269-274, 2011.
10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.022
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
652 Turcotte LP, Srivastava AK, Chiasson J-L. Fasting increases plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (FABPPM) in red skeletal muscle. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 166: 153-158, 1997.
10.1023/A:1006846907394
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
653 Turcotte LP, Swenberger JR, Tucker MZ, Yee AJ. Training-induced elevation in FABPPM is associated with increased palmitate use in contracting muscle. J Appl Physiol 87: 285-293, 1999.
10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.285
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
654 Turcotte LP, Swenberger JR, Zavitz Tucker M, Yee AJ. Increased fatty acid uptake and altered fatty acid metabolism in insulin-resistant muscle of obese Zucker rats. Diabetes 50: 1389-1396, 2001.
10.2337/diabetes.50.6.1389
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
655 Ueki K, Yballe CM, Brachmann SM, Vicent D, Watt JM, Kahn CR, Cantley LC. Increased insulin sensitivity in mice lacking p85β subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 99: 419-424, 2002.
10.1073/pnas.012581799
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
656 Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS. Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-[alpha] function. Nature 389: 610-614, 1997.
10.1038/39335
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
657 Vague J. La differentiation sexuelle-facteur determinant des formes de l'obesite’. Presse Med 30, 1947.

Google Scholar
658 van der Heijden G-J, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJJ, Sunehag AL. Aerobic exercise increases peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in sedentary adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 4292-4299, 2009.
10.1210/jc.2009-1379
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
659 Van Der Heijden G-J, Wang ZJ, Chu Z, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJJ, Sunehag AL. Strength exercise improves muscle mass and hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 1973-1980, 2010.
10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181df16d9
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
660 Van der Poll T, Romijn JA, Endert E, Borm JJ, Buller HR, Sauerwein HP. Tumor necrosis factor mimics the metabolic response to acute infection in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 261: E457-E465, 1991.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
661 Van Guilder GP, Hoetzer GL, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Influence of metabolic syndrome on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in obese adults. Obesity 14: 2127-2131, 2006.
10.1038/oby.2006.248
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
662 Van Harmelen V, Ariapart P, Hoffstedt J, Lundkvist I, Bringman S, Arner P. Increased adipose angiotensinogen gene expression in human obesity. Obesity 8: 337-341, 2000.
10.1038/oby.2000.40
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
663 Van Zwieten PA. Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. A critical evaluation. Blood Press Suppl 2: 67-70, 1997.

CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
664 Vasseur F, Helbecque N, Dina C, Lobbens S, Delannoy V, Gaget S, Boutin P, Vaxillaire M, Lepretre F, Dupont S, Hara K, Clement K, Bihain B, Kadowaki T, Froguel P. Single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in the both proximal promoter and exon 3 of the APM1 gene modulate adipocyte-secreted adiponectin hormone levels and contribute to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in French Caucasians. Hum Mol Genet 11: 2607-2614, 2002.
10.1093/hmg/11.21.2607
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
665 Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 9: 211-224, 2005.
10.1016/j.smrv.2005.01.006
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
666 Vistisen B, Roepstorff K, Roepstorff C, Bonen A, van Deurs B, Kiens B. Sarcolemmal FAT/CD36 in human skeletal muscle colocalizes with caveolin-3 and is more abundant in type 1 than in type 2 fibers. J Lipid Res 45: 603-609, 2004.
10.1194/jlr.M300424-JLR200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
667 Vukovich MD, Arciero PJ, Kohrt WM, Racette SB, Hansen PA, Holloszy JO. Changes in insulin action and GLUT-4 with 6 days of inactivity in endurance runners. J Appl Physiol 80: 240-244, 1996.
10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.240
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
668 Wadley GD, Tunstall RJ, Sanigorski A, Collier GR, Hargreaves M, Cameron-Smith D. Differential effects of exercise on insulin-signaling gene expression in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 90: 436-440, 2001.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
669 Waki H, Tontonoz P. Endocrine functions of adipose tissue. Annu Rev Pathol 2: 31-56, 2007.
10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.091859
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
670 Waki H, Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Uchida S, Kita S, Hara K, Hada Y, Vasseur F, Froguel P, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. J Biol Chem 278: 40352-40363, 2003.
10.1074/jbc.M300365200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
671 Walz A, Strieter RM, Schnyder S. Neutrophil-activating peptide ENA-78. Adv Exp Med Biol 351: 129-137, 1993.
10.1007/978-1-4615-2952-1_14
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
672 Wang J, Obici S, Morgan K, Barzilai N, Feng Z, Rossetti L. Overfeeding rapidly induces leptin and insulin resistance. Diabetes 50: 2786-2791, 2001.
10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2786
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
673 Wang Y, Lam KSL, Kraegen EW, Sweeney G, Zhang J, Tso AWK, Chow W-S, Wat NMS, Xu JY, Hoo RLC, Xu A. Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in humans. Clin Chem 53: 34-41, 2007.
10.1373/clinchem.2006.075614
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
674 Wang Y, Nishina PM, Naggert JK. Degradation of IRS1 leads to impaired glucose uptake in adipose tissue of the type 2 diabetes mouse model TALLYHO/Jng. J Endocrinol 203: 65-74, 2009.
10.1677/JOE-09-0026
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
675 Wang Y, Simar D, Fiatarone Singh MA. Adaptations to exercise training within skeletal muscle in adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25: 13-40, 2009.
10.1002/dmrr.928
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
676 Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Alberti KG. Physical activity, metabolic factors, and the incidence of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 160: 2108-2116, 2000.
10.1001/archinte.160.14.2108
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
677 Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 165: 2644-2650, 2005.
10.1001/archinte.165.22.2644
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
678 Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH. Modifiable lifestyle factors and the metabolic syndrome in older men: Effects of lifestyle changes. J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 1909-1914, 2006.
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00974.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
679 Warden SJ, Fuchs RK. Are “exercise pills” the answer to the growing problem of physical inactivity? Br J Sports Med 42: 562-563, 2008.
10.1136/bjsm.2008.053512
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
680 Watson RT, Pessin JE. GLUT4 translocation: The last 200 nanometers. Cell Signal 19: 2209-2217, 2007.
10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.06.003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
681 Watson RT, Pessin JE. Transmembrane domain length determines intracellular membrane compartment localization of syntaxins 3, 4, and 5. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281: C215-C223, 2001.
10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.1.C215
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
682 Weisberg SP, Hunter D, Huber R, Lemieux J, Slaymaker S, Vaddi K, Charo I, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW, Jr. CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding. J Clin Invest 116: 115-124, 2006.
10.1172/JCI24335
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
683 Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW, Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112: 1796-1808, 2003.
10.1172/JCI200319246
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
684 Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112: 1785-1788, 2003.
10.1172/JCI20514
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
685 Whaley MH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, III, Blair SN. Physical fitness and clustering of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 287-293, 1999.
10.1097/00005768-199902000-00013
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
686 White MF. The IRS-signalling system: A network of docking proteins that mediate insulin action. Mol Cell Biochem 182: 3-11, 1998.
10.1023/A:1006806722619
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
687 White MF, Kahn CR. The insulin signaling system. J Biol Chem 269: 1-4, 1994.
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42297-6
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
688 Whiteman EL, Cho H, Birnbaum MJ. Role of Akt/protein kinase B in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13: 444-451, 2002.
10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00662-8
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
689 Whyte LJ, Gill JMR, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism 59: 1421-1428, 2010.
10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.002
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
690 Wickham EP, Stern M, Evans RK, Bryan DL, Moskowitz WB, Clore JN, Laver JH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among obese adolescents enrolled in a multidisciplinary weight management program: Clinical correlates and response to treatment. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 7: 179-186, 2009.
10.1089/met.2008.0038
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
691 Wijesekara N, Konrad D, Eweida M, Jefferies C, Liadis N, Giacca A, Crackower M, Suzuki A, Mak TW, Kahn CR, Klip A, Woo M. Muscle-specific pten deletion protects against insulin resistance and diabetes. Mol Cell Biol 25: 1135-1145, 2005.
10.1128/MCB.25.3.1135-1145.2005
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
692 Wijndaele K, Duvigneaud N, Matton L, Duquet W, Thomis M, Beunen G, Lefevre J, Philippaerts RM. Muscular strength, aerobic fitness, and metabolic syndrome risk in Flemish adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 233-240, 2007.
10.1249/01.mss.0000247003.32589.a6
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
693 Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, McGinn AP, Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J, Sowers MR. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: Prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004). Arch Intern Med 168: 1617-1624, 2008.
10.1001/archinte.168.15.1617
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
694 Wilson FH, Hariri A, Farhi A, Zhao H, Petersen KF, Toka HR, Nelson-Williams C, Raja KM, Kashgarian M, Shulman GI, Scheinman SJ, Lifton RP. A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA. Science 306: 1190-1194, 2004.
10.1126/science.1102521
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
695 Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L, Meigs JB. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 112: 3066-3072, 2005.
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
696 Winnick JJ, Sherman WM, Habash DL, Stout MB, Failla ML, Belury MA, Schuster DP. Short-term aerobic exercise training in obese humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus improves whole-body insulin sensitivity through gains in peripheral, not hepatic insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 771-778, 2008.
10.1210/jc.2007-1524
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
697 Withers DJ, Gutierrez JS, Towery H, Burks DJ, Ren JM, Previs S, Zhang Y, Bernal D, Pons S, Shulman GI, Bonner-Weir S, White MF. Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 391: 900-904, 1998.
10.1038/36116
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
698 Wojtaszewski JFP, Birk JB, Frosig C, Holten M, Pilegaard H, Dela F. 5′AMP activated protein kinase expression in human skeletal muscle: Effects of strength training and type 2 diabetes. J Physiol (Lond) 564: 563-573, 2005.
10.1113/jphysiol.2005.082669
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
699 Wolfrum C, Borrmann CM, Borchers T, Spener F. Fatty acids and hypolipidemic drugs regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha - and gamma-mediated gene expression via liver fatty acid binding protein: A signaling path to the nucleus. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 98: 2323-2328, 2001.
10.1073/pnas.051619898
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
700 Wu J, Ruas JL, Estall JL, Rasbach KA, Choi JH, Ye L, Bostrom P, Tyra HM, Crawford RW, Campbell KP, Rutkowski DT, Kaufman RJ, Spiegelman BM. The unfolded protein response mediates adaptation to exercise in skeletal muscle through a PGC-1alpha/ATF6alpha complex. Cell metabolism 13: 160-169, 2011.
10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.003
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
701 Wu X, Hoffstedt J, Deeb W, Singh R, Sedkova N, Zilbering A, Zhu L, Park PK, Arner P, Goldstein BJ. Depot-specific variation in protein-tyrosine phosphatase activities in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue: A pPotential contribution to differential insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 5973-5980, 2001.

CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
702 Wu Y, Ouyang JP, Wu K, Wang SS, Wen CY, Xia ZY. Rosiglitazone ameliorates abnormal expression and activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in the skeletal muscle of fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 146: 234-243, 2005.
10.1038/sj.bjp.0706306
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
703 Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112: 1821-1830, 2003.
10.1172/JCI200319451
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
704 Xu J-W, Morita I, Ikeda K, Miki T, Yamori Y. C-reactive protein suppresses insulin signaling in endothelial cells: Role of Sspleen tyrosine knase. Mol Endocrinol 21: 564-573, 2007.
10.1210/me.2006-0354
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
705 Yamada P, Amorin F, Moseley P, Schneider S. Heat shock protein 72 response to exercise in humans. Sports Medicine 38: 715, 2008.
10.2165/00007256-200838090-00002
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
706 Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the integrated regulation of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 32: S13-S18, 2008.
10.1038/ijo.2008.233
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
707 Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S, Sugiyama T, Miyagishi M, Hara K, Tsunoda M, Murakami K, Ohteki T, Uchida S, Takekawa S, Waki H, Tsuno NH, Shibata Y, Terauchi Y, Froguel P, Tobe K, Koyasu S, Taira K, Kitamura T, Shimizu T, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature 423: 762-769, 2003.
10.1038/nature01705
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
708 Yamauchi T, Nio Y, Maki T, Kobayashi M, Takazawa T, Iwabu M, Okada-Iwabu M, Kawamoto S, Kubota N, Kubota T, Ito Y, Kamon J, Tsuchida A, Kumagai K, Kozono H, Hada Y, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Tsunoda M, Ide T, Murakami K, Awazawa M, Takamoto I, Froguel P, Hara K, Tobe K, Nagai R, Ueki K, Kadowaki T. Targeted disruption of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 causes abrogation of adiponectin binding and metabolic actions. Nat Med 13: 332-339, 2007.
10.1038/nm1557
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
709 Yan Q-W, Yang Q, Mody N, Graham TE, Hsu C-H, Xu Z, Houstis NE, Kahn BB, Rosen ED. The adipokine lipocalin 2 is regulated by obesity and promotes insulin resistance. Diabetes 56: 2533-2540, 2007.
10.2337/db07-0007
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
710 Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N, Preitner F, Peroni OD, Zabolotny JM, Kotani K, Quadro L, Kahn BB. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 436: 356-362, 2005.
10.1038/nature03711
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
711 Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, Pray J, Wu HB, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Fried SK, McLenithan JC, Gong DW. Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: Possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E1253-E1261, 2006.
10.1152/ajpendo.00572.2004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
712 Yfanti C, Nielsen AR, Åkerström T, Nielsen S, Rose AJ, Richter EA, Lykkesfeldt J, Fischer CP, Pedersen BK. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity in response to endurance exercise training. J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300: E761-E770, 2011.
10.1152/ajpendo.00207.2010
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
713 Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA. Effects of body composition on insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 32: 965-969, 1983.

PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
714 Youngren JF, Keen S, Kulp JL, Tanner CJ, Houmard JA, Goldfine ID. Enhanced muscle insulin receptor autophosphorylation with short-term aerobic exercise training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E528-E533, 2001.
10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.3.E528
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
715 Youngren JF, Paik J, Barnard RJ. Impaired insulin-receptor autophosphorylation is an early defect in fat-fed, insulin-resistant rats. J Appl Physiol 91: 2240-2247, 2001.
10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2240
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
716 Yu M, Blomstrand E, Chibalin AV, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Zierath JR, Krook A. Exercise-associated differences in an array of proteins involved in signal transduction and glucose transport. J Appl Physiol 90: 29-34, 2001.
10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.29
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
717 Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li Z-W, Karin M, Shoelson SE. Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of ikkbeta. Science 293: 1673-1677, 2001.
10.1126/science.1061620
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
718 Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: Associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 972-978, 1999.
10.1161/01.ATV.19.4.972
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
719 Yuen DY, Dwyer RM, Matthews VB, Zhang L, Drew BG, Neill B, Kingwell BA, Clark MG, Rattigan S, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 attenuates insulin-mediated increases in endothelial cell signaling but augments skeletal muscle insulin action via differential effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Diabetes 58: 1086-1095, 2009.
10.2337/db08-0775
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
720 Zabolotny JM, Haj FG, Kim Y-B, Kim H-J, Shulman GI, Kim JK, Neel BG, Kahn BB. Transgenic overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in muscle causes insulin resistance, but overexpression with leukocyte antigen-related phosphatase does not additively impair insulin action. J Biol Chem 279: 24844-24851, 2004.
10.1074/jbc.M310688200
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
721 Zachwieja JJ, Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Bier DM, Yarasheski KE. Resistance exercise and growth hormone administration in older men: effects on insulin sensitivity and secretion during a stable-label intravenous glucose tolerance test. Metabolism 45: 254-260, 1996.
10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90063-3
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
722 Zavaroni I, Sander S, Scott S, Reaven GM. Effect of fructose feeding on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rat. Metabolism 29: 970-973, 1980.
10.1016/0026-0495(80)90041-4
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
723 Zeigerer A, McBrayer MK, McGraw TE. Insulin stimulation of GLUT4 exocytosis, but not its inhibition of endocytosis, is dependent on RabGAP AS160. Mol Biol Cell 15: 4406-4415, 2004.
10.1091/mbc.E04-04-0333
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
724 Zhang B, Berger J, Hu E, Szalkowski D, White-Carrington S, Spiegelman B, Moller D. Negative regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene expression contributes to the antiadipogenic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mol Endocrinol 10: 1457-1466, 1996.
10.1210/me.10.11.1457
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
725 Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, LeRoith D, Bernlohr DA, Chen X. The role of lipocalin 2 in the regulation of inflammation in adipocytes and macrophages. Mol Endocrinol 22: 1416-1426, 2008.
10.1210/me.2007-0420
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
726 Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425-432, 1994.
10.1038/372425a0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
727 Zhou B, Wong CF. A computational study of the phosphorylation mechanism of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Jf Phys Chem A 113: 5144-5150, 2009.
10.1021/jp810827w
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
728 Zhou QL, Park JG, Jiang ZY, Holik JJ, Mitra P, Semiz S, Guilherme A, Powelka AM, Tang X, Virbasius J, Czech MP. Analysis of insulin signalling by RNAi-based gene silencing. Biochem Soc Trans 32: 817-821, 2004.
10.1042/BST0320817
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
729 Zinker BA, Rondinone CM, Trevillyan JM, Gum RJ, Clampit JE, Waring JF, Xie N, Wilcox D, Jacobson P, Frost L, Kroeger PE, Reilly RM, Koterski S, Opgenorth TJ, Ulrich RG, Crosby S, Butler M, Murray SF, McKay RA, Bhanot S, Monia BP, Jirousek MR. PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide lowers PTP1B protein, normalizes blood glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 99: 11357-11362, 2002.
10.1073/pnas.142298199
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
730 Zisman A, Peroni OD, Abel ED, Michael MD, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lowell BB, Wojtaszewski JF, Hirshman MF, Virkamaki A, Goodyear LJ, Kahn CR, Kahn BB. Targeted disruption of the glucose transporter 4 selectively in muscle causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Nat Med 6: 924-928, 2000.
10.1038/78693
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
731 Zoppini G, Targher G, Zamboni C, Venturi C, Cacciatori V, Moghetti P, Muggeo M. Effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16: 543-549, 2006
10.1016/j.numecd.2005.09.004
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
732 Zou C, Shao J. Role of adipocytokines in obesity-associated insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem 19: 277-286, 2008.
10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.006
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Comprehensive Physiology

Browse other articles of this reference work: