Advertisement

Don't leave me alone with my thoughts

Nowadays, we enjoy any number of inexpensive and readily accessible stimuli, be they books, videos, or social media. We need never be alone, with no one to talk to and nothing to do. Wilson et al. explored the state of being alone with one's thoughts and found that it appears to be an unpleasant experience. In fact, many of the people studied, particularly the men, chose to give themselves a mild electric shock rather than be deprived of external sensory stimuli.
Science, this issue p. 75

Abstract

In 11 studies, we found that participants typically did not enjoy spending 6 to 15 minutes in a room by themselves with nothing to do but think, that they enjoyed doing mundane external activities much more, and that many preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts. Most people seem to prefer to be doing something rather than nothing, even if that something is negative.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Supplementary Material

Summary

Materials and Methods
Additional Analyses across Studies
Fig. S1
Tables S1 to S4
References (2840)

Resources

File (wilson.sm.pdf)

References and Notes

1
Raichle M. E., MacLeod A. M., Snyder A. Z., Powers W. J., Gusnard D. A., Shulman G. L., A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 676–682 (2001).
2
Buckner R. L., Andrews-Hanna J. R., Schacter D. L., The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1–38 (2008).
3
Andrews-Hanna J. R., The brain’s default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist 18, 251–270 (2012).
4
Immordino-Yang M. H., Christodoulou J. A., Singh V., Rest is not idleness: Implications of the brain’s default mode for human development and education. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7, 352–364 (2012).
5
Mason M. F., Norton M. I., Van Horn J. D., Wegner D. M., Grafton S. T., Macrae C. N., Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315, 393–395 (2007).
6
American Time Use Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor: www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm#data (2012).
7
McMillan R. L., Kaufman S. B., Singer J. L., Ode to positive constructive daydreaming. Front. Psychol. 4, 626 (2013).
8
Smallwood J., Schooler J. W., The restless mind. Psychol. Bull. 132, 946–958 (2006).
9
Killingsworth M. A., Gilbert D. T., A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science 330, 932 (2010).
10
Franklin M. S., Mrazek M. D., Anderson C. L., Smallwood J., Kingstone A., Schooler J. W., The silver lining of a mind in the clouds: Interesting musings are associated with positive mood while mind-wandering. Front. Psychol. 4, 583 (2013).
11
G. J. Huba, J. L. Singer, C. S. Aneshensel, J. S. Antrobus, Short Imaginal Processes Inventory: Manual (Research Psychologists Press, Port Huron, MI, 1982).
12
Roberti J. W., A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. J. Res. Pers. 38, 256–279 (2004).
13
S. Duval, R. A. Wicklund, A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1972).
14
R. F. Baumeister, Escaping the Self (BasicBooks, New York, 1991).
15
M. Leary, The Curse of the Self (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2004).
16
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco B. E., Lyubomirsky S., Rethinking rumination. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3, 400–424 (2008).
17
Mor N., Winquist J., Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 128, 638–662 (2002).
18
J. W. Pennebaker, R. J. Booth, M. E. Francis, LIWC2007: Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC.net, Austin, TX, 2007).
19
J. L. Singer, Daydreaming: An Introduction to the Experimental Study of Inner Experience (Random House, New York, 1966).
20
Singer J. L., Navigating the stream of consciousness: Research in day dreaming and related inner experience. Am. Psychol. 30, 727–738 (1975).
21
E. Klinger, Daydreaming (Tarcher, Los Angeles, CA, 1990).
22
Wegner D. M., Ironic processes of mental control. Psychol. Rev. 101, 34–52 (1994).
23
Grossman P., Niemann L., Schmidt S., Walach H., Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 57, 35–43 (2004).
24
Hofmann S. G., Grossman P., Hinton D. E., Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1126–1132 (2011).
25
Harvey A. G., Payne S., The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: Distraction with imagery versus general distraction. Behav. Res. Ther. 40, 267–277 (2002).
26
Baird B., Smallwood J., Mrazek M. D., Kam J. W., Franklin M. S., Schooler J. W., Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychol. Sci. 23, 1117–1122 (2012).
27
Schooler J. W., Mrazek M. D., Franklin M. S., Baird B., Mooneyham B. W., Zedelius C., Broadway J. M., The middle way: Finding the balance between mindfulness and mind-wandering. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 60, 1–33 (2014).
28
Watson D., Clark L. A., Tellegen A., Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54, 1063–1070 (1988).
29
Fillingim R. B., Sex, gender, and pain: Women and men really are different. Curr. Rev. Pain 4, 24–30 (2000).
30
Cacioppo J. T., Petty R. E., The need for cognition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 42, 116–131 (1982).
31
E. Diener, R. Biswas-Diener, Happiness: Unlocking The Mysteries of Psychological Wealth (Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2008).
32
Mar R. A., Mason M. F., Litvack A., How daydreaming relates to life satisfaction, loneliness, and social support: The importance of gender and daydream content. Conscious Cogn. 21, 401–407 (2012).
33
Gosling S. D., Rentfrow P. J., Swann W. B., A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. J. Res. Pers. 37, 504–528 (2003).
34
Gross J. J., John O. P., Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 348–362 (2003).
35
Carver C. S., Scheier M. F., Weintraub J. K., Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56, 267–283 (1989).
36
Higgins E. T., Friedman R. S., Harlow R. E., Idson L. C., Ayduk O. N., Taylor A., Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 31, 3–23 (2001).
37
Brown K. W., Ryan R. M., The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84, 822–848 (2003).
38
Trapnell P. D., Campbell J. D., Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76, 284–304 (1999).
39
Beck A. T., Ward C. H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J., An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4, 561–571 (1961).
40
Vallat-Azouvi C., Pradat-Diehl P., Azouvi P., The Working Memory Questionnaire: A scale to assess everyday life problems related to deficits of working memory in brain injured patients. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 22, 634–649 (2012).

(0)eLetters

eLetters is a forum for ongoing peer review. eLetters are not edited, proofread, or indexed, but they are screened. eLetters should provide substantive and scholarly commentary on the article. Embedded figures cannot be submitted, and we discourage the use of figures within eLetters in general. If a figure is essential, please include a link to the figure within the text of the eLetter. Please read our Terms of Service before submitting an eLetter.

Log In to Submit a Response

No eLetters have been published for this article yet.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Science
Volume 345 | Issue 6192
4 July 2014

Submission history

Received: 14 January 2014
Accepted: 10 June 2014
Published in print: 4 July 2014

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support of NSF grant SES-0951779. The data from all studies can be accessed at https://osf.io/cgwdy/files/. We thank J. Coan for his help with study 10 and E. Winkler, the pastor of Wesley Memorial United Methodist Church, for his help in recruiting participants for study 9.

Authors

Affiliations

Timothy D. Wilson* [email protected]
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
David A. Reinhard
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Erin C. Westgate
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Daniel T. Gilbert
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nicole Ellerbeck
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Cheryl Hahn
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Casey L. Brown
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Adi Shaked
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Notes

*
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Article Usage

Altmetrics

Citations

Cite as

Export citation

Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.

Cited by

  1. What to do with our days, Science, 368, 6497, (1321-1321), (2021)./doi/10.1126/science.abc1024
    Abstract
Loading...

View Options

Check Access

Log in to view the full text

AAAS ID LOGIN

AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS Members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.

Log in via OpenAthens.
Log in via Shibboleth.

More options

Register for free to read this article

As a service to the community, this article is available for free. Login or register for free to read this article.

Purchase this issue in print

Buy a single issue of Science for just $15 USD.

View options

PDF format

Download this article as a PDF file

Download PDF

Full Text

FULL TEXT

Media

Figures

Multimedia

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share on social media