Nontraumatic Exertional Fatalities in Football Players, Part 2: Excess in Conditioning Kills
Abstract
Background:
Purpose:
Study Design:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusion:
Methods
Results
All | SCA | EHS | ES With SCT | Asthma | Hyponatremia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 182 (100.0) | 105 (57.7) | 43 (23.6) | 22 (12.1) | 9 (4.9) | 3 (1.6) |
Average age, y | 16.5 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 17.6 | 16.2 | 17.0 |
Average BMI, kg/m2 | 32.6 | 30.2 | 36.4 | 31.7 | 27.9 | 28.2 |
Practice | 162 (86.6) | 82 (78.1) | 43 (100.0) | 22 (100.0) | 8 (88.9) | 2 (66.7) |
Game | 25 (13.4) | 23 (21.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (33.3) |
Out of season | 126 (70.6) | 63 (60.0) | 40 (93.0) | 18 (81.8) | 5 (55.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Preseason (August) | 64 (34.2) | 29 (27.6) | 24 (55.8) | 4 (18.2) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (100.0) |
High-intensity aerobic trainingb | 107 (94.7) | 39 (90.7) | 43 (100.0) | 22 (100.0) | 3 (60.0) | Unknown |
Low-intensity exerciseb | 6 (5.3) | 4 (9.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lineman positionc | 79 (66.4) | 33 (52.4) | 34 (97.1) | 8 (66.6) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (66.6) |
Causes
Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) (n = 105; 57.7%)
EHS (n = 43; 23.6%)
Diagnosis | Average Temperature | Maximum Temperature | Departure From Historic Average Temperature | Relative Humidity | Average WBGT | Maximum WBGT | Altitude (ft) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ES with SCT | 73.5 (30 to 89) | 83.0 (37 to 101) | 1.2 (–7 to 13) | 72.8 (45 to 88) | 65.2 (25 to 78) | 68.8 (30 to 80) | 596 (6 to 3294) |
EHS | 79.8 (48 to 91) | 90.8 (76 to 104) | 2.6 (–37 to 15) | 75.7 (55 to 91) | 72.8 (58 to 79) | 76.7 (65 to 94) | 440 (6 to 1285) |
ES With SCT (n = 22; 12.1%)
Asthma (n = 9; 4.9%)
Hyponatremia (n = 3; 1.6%)
Discussion
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Exertional Heat Stroke
ES With SCT
Asthma
Hyponatremia
Limitations
Conclusion
Competing Interests
Footnotes
References
APPENDIX 1
Conditioning Errorsa
Diagnosis | Description |
---|---|
Asthma | Post-thunderstorm: The head coach designed the “test,” consisting of 2160 yard of 28 serial sprints with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio in approximately 12 minutes (ten 100-yard dashes in ≤15 seconds, then 15 seconds of rest, eight 80 seconds in ≤13 seconds, then 13 seconds of rest, and continue sequence). The athlete had four 40 seconds left when he collapsed, unable to breathe, and died an hour later. He had a history of asthma. The workout lacked exercise science, sport specificity, and compliance. |
ECAST | Fast-tempo multiple conditioning stations: The athlete was not informed of his SCT condition, even though he tested positive. He pushed to continue during practice despite physically struggling. There was no targeted education or tailored precautions. |
ECAST | 2 minutes of continuous sprints with short breaks for 20 minutes on the first full day of practice. |
ECAST | Annual mat drills (“10 days of hell”): 3 segments, 21 minutes each, on padded mats with no break between each segment (jumping and scrambling, running through ropes, ducking under plastic pipes, stringent conditioning, and agility work). “Excruciating” stations were set up with trash cans for vomiting. One of the coaches said, “The body is a wonderful machine. You will pass out before you die. If you pass out, the trainers will take care of you.” The athlete had passed out the prior week while performing drills. During the fatal incident, the athlete collapsed on the ground and could not stand back up. “Come on!” his teammates cried. “You got to go 4 quarters!” They clapped to try to rally him, grabbed his arms, held him upright, and did the drills with him, just as they did in previous mat drills when he had struggled, never dreaming that they were dragging and exhorting him to his death. His foursome was ordered back to redo a set of drills, and when he fell behind again, he was sent back once more, the last man, finishing alone. The coach later said that he “worked himself to death.” The coach believed in pushing athletes to the breaking point.42 The SCT status was known, education occurred, and no precautions were implemented. |
ECAST | Repetitive 300-yard “do-or-die” shuttle runs. The athlete collapsed after 2 repetitions (600 yard). He was SCT positive at another school but signed a waiver at the new school, so it was unaware of his positive status (records were not transferred). He had a similar medical episode in 2014 but recovered. |
ECAST | Each session with 3 to 4 hours of intense football conditioning. The athlete collapsed at the end of the second session on day 1. A similar medical episode occurred 1 year earlier during football. The SCT status was unknown before the fatality. |
ECAST | Punishment drills: 16 consecutive 100-yard sprints. The SCT status was unknown before the fatality. |
ECAST | Punishment drills with obstacle course and extra sprints ordered because of players hanging their heads after a drill. Witnesses said that the player fell and was struggling but that the coach cursed and reprimanded him and ordered him to stand up and complete the drills. The SCT status was known, and no precautions were implemented. |
ECAST | Sprints at the end of football practice. The coaches yelled for the athlete to continue, despite his struggling and having difficulty breathing. The SCT status was reported on the PPE form. |
ECAST | The athlete collapsed on day 1 during the first 10 minutes of practice while running serial sprints. He ran half-speed sprints for 10 minutes and complained of calf cramps. He knew he had SCT but did not list it on his PPE form. |
ECAST | The athlete completed 4 of 6 conditioning stations and appeared fatigued, leaning on a teammate’s shoulder and then crawling on his knees. He said, “I’m trying…I’m not weak. I just can’t go on.” A strength and conditioning coach recalled that he was pushed too hard. Coaches made him repeat because they did not feel that he gave a full effort. The SCT status was unknown before the fatality. |
EHS | 36 sprints from sideline to sideline. |
EHS | Punishment conditioning session to discipline several athletes for violating team rules. Players were required to run for over 1 hour without a break. |
EHS | Punishment drills. The coach restricted water and was known for being verbally and physically abusive. |
EHS | The athlete collapsed after a second 3-hour practice on the second day of preseason practice, which was called one of the “hardest workouts of the year.” He blacked out several times during practice but tried to push through while wearing shorts and a T-shirt. |
EHS | Punishment drills. The athlete collapsed after morning practice. He had similar symptoms in high school and was trying to tough it out and be macho. |
EHS | The athlete was found unconscious in a bathroom before the third practice of day 1. A coach took him to practice in which he participated without treatment, despite exhibiting symptoms of heat illness. His symptoms continued through the night. He attended practice on day 2, lost consciousness after practice, and subsequently died. There were punishment drills, with coaches threatening and shouting profanities. They ignored signs and symptoms while the athlete was experiencing a medical emergency. |
EHS | Practice (102°F heat index) ended with 1100 yards of intense serial sprinting. After the drill, the athlete wandered off and was found approximately 15 minutes later by a dentist driving by 100 to 200 yards past the training room. |
EHS | Circuit conditioning: 4 minutes at each station, 2-minute rest period, and then rotating to the next station while wearing shorts and a T-shirt. After the first 2 conditioning stations, the athlete told a member of the coaching staff that he did not feel well. He was instructed to drink water and return to practice, despite exhibiting clear signs and symptoms of heat illness. |
EHS | The team’s first practice (105°F heat index) lasted 3.5 hours and ended with 16 sprints. An ambulance was called for another player immediately after practice, and a third player later went to the hospital. The second player was discharged, and the third player was kept overnight for observation. |
EHS | Practice lasted 3.5 hours and ended with 16 sprints. Signs and symptoms were missed, and the athlete collapsed after practice. |
EHS | 200-yard sprints after weight-training session. Coaches forced players who did not complete the sprints in less than 45 seconds to run additional sprints. Practice was called “voluntary,” but failure to participate yielded additional more extreme exercises or being cut from the team. |
EHS | Running wind sprints. The athlete asked another player to help him up so that he could “finish his last sprint.” |
EHS | Punishment drills for poor practice: 12 consecutive 220-yd sprints in 94°F heat with helmets and pads. The coach repetitively said, “We’re going to run till somebody quits.” The athlete was “struggling and went down to one knee.” The coach told a player to “help him up so he could finish his last sprint.” Another player collapsed 15 minutes before the deceased athlete but recovered after 2 days in the hospital.24 |
EHS | Punishment run, wearing full pads, at 5:45 AM for players who missed other preseason practices. |
EHS | Second practice of first day. The coach withheld water breaks as punishment. The player was vomiting during practice. He was found incoherent in the shower after practice, surrounded by ice packs, having been placed there by coaches. |
EHS | 3-day conditioning camp. The player was vomiting during the first practice. He collapsed during the second practice after a 1.5-mile run. |
EHS | Punishment drills: wind sprints after showing up late for practice. |
EHS | Thirty-six 50-yard sprints. The athlete was denied water. Up to 6 teammates said that he struggled in the sprints, 2 said he took a knee, and all agreed that the head coach loudly berated him. |
SCA | Punishment practice for poor performance in a scrimmage the day before: strenuous physical exertion of repetitive gassers. |
SCA | Second practice of the day. The athlete had symptoms since the first practice and worsened during the second practice, with loss of balance. He could not respond to questions and was sent to the sidelines, unsupervised for 45 minutes. He was coerced to continue drills, and the coach pushed him and called him names. He complained of dizziness and chest pain, collapsed, and began having a seizure. |
SCA | A walk-on athlete collapsed during indoor noncontact drills. He reported to the coach that he was not feeling well and asked to be excused. The coach challenged him to participate and replied, “Either practice or get your (expletive) out of here and don’t return.” |
SCA | Punishment drill for throwing helmet. The athlete collapsed near the end of a 2-mile run while sprinting on the straightaway. |
SCA | Sprint drills. |
SCA | The player collapsed while running laps. A malignant environment was reported. After the player collapsed, one coach yelled at him and grabbed him by the shirt; another coach grabbed him by the waistline of his pants, picked him up, and then dropped him. |
SCA | The athlete collapsed after sprints at the end of practice. Coaches yelled at him to continue when he was struggling. |
SCA | Practice with full pads as punishment for poor performance in a scrimmage the day before. The athlete collapsed during a strenuous conditioning drill including sprints. |
APPENDIX 2
Case Examplesa
Case Report 1
Case Report 2
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This article was published in Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine.
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